food and health Flashcards
global food security index measures?
affordability, availability, quality and natural resources and their resilience
is the GFS index useful
doesn’t account for everything about food security as food can go to underdeveloped countries
what is global hunger index?
measures undernourishment, child wasting, child stunnting, and mortality from nutrition and unhealthy environments
how accuracte is hunger index?
more than the food security index, some don’t have sufficient access to food, has a focus on children and can be tweaked by overweight people
what is the difference between hunger and malnutrition?
hunger is only about caloric intake, malnutrition is about nutritional balance of things
nutrition transition
shift in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincided with economic, demographic and epidemiological changes
what happens in each stage of the epidemiological transition?
stage 1 - infectious and parasitic diseases, flu and accidents
stage 2 - receding epidemics, more sanitation and nutrition
stage 3 - degenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, and obesity
stage 4 - delayed degenerative diseases, extended life expectancy increase
stage 5 - potential resurgence of infectious diseases due to globalisation
nutrition transition stages
1 - hunter-gatherer
2 - early agriculture - cereals
3 - end of famine, income rise - nutrition improves
4 - overeating and obesity-related disease
5 - desired social behavioural change
HALE?
Health-adjusted life expectancy
amount of years that someone has a quality of life
combines mortality and morbidity rates
accuracy of HALE
accurate and realistic, however doesnt consider mental health
child mortality accuracy
links to healthcare however only for a particular group, not full picture
maternal mortality accuracy
health care systems and womens rights however for only one group
access to sanitation accuracy
government funding and regulations and their development - only looks at one aspect
doctor ratio accuracy
health care again, however doesn’t give a full picture
what is harts inverse care law
states that those who need access to healthcare the most do not have it, or people in rich countries have many doctors but people need them less because of diets and education
what is disease burden
the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality and morbidity
stakeholder ?
someone who has active interest in a decision
what is the world food program
largest humanitarian organisation saving lives in emergencies and
emergency relief aid and they support projects
funded by voluntary donations
what is the world health organisation
Who aims to connect nations to promote health and keep people safe
numerous investors
what is food and agriculture for the UN
specialised agency for the UN
they do projects like protecting farmed, funded by countries
what are NGOs that help food security?
food banks in the UK - there are more than there are mcdonalnds
- UK has grocery price inflation, food price increase while shrinkflation happens
- inability to find jobs
demand has gone up for food banks, especially in uni students
what are some government (domestic) initiatives?
SNAP - known as food stamps for low income
WIC - nutrition for women infants and children
national school lunch program - free lunch for low income students
what have increasing influence on food supply and security around the world?
TNC’s
mcdonalds - serve over 9 billion people, cultural hegemony
walmart - largest supermarket in the world, control the items of food they sell
globalisation
the world is getting smaller through interconnectedness
glocalisation
adapt a product to each culture to make more sales - mcdonalds is a great example of this - change based on local culture
intensive vs extensive farming
intensive is high input where as extensive is low input
factors influencing farming activies
physical - precipitation, temp, slope and soil
human - political and economic and ownership and demand
what are inputs
physical like labour and also land and soil
what are outputs
trading - the crop you get
processes?
doing something like milking and harvesting
what is the energy efficiency ratio?
measures amount of energy put into system compared to outputs
outputs/inputs
water footprint of food
water used in human activities
animals require most water
why are GMO’s good
resilience of crop
drought resistance
increase of some nutrition - golden rice
what makes food insecurity worse
affordability
natural disasters
conflict
what is FAD
food availability deficit shortages of food as a result of physical climate change
FED?
food entitlement deficit - access to food and the conditions that affect access
what is obesity
the point where you get chronic diseases - high BMI
most obese and overweight people
in HIC’s
why can people starve when food supply is adequate
- Accessibility
- Ability to get food - disability
- War
- Food desserts in America
- poor countries
- 1 in 9 don’t have enough to eat
- governance - poor countries can control
- media - songs
- international aid
how many children are malnourished in africa
11.4 million
nutrition revolution
malnutrition rates remain high due to poor dietary diversity
lack of education
women empowerment
food security for the very poor
large families cultivate
projects to improve economic and social conditions
why is food security hard
Farmer have been using chemicals to increase the production - these are very bead for the health of the public
* They need to test all kind of food processing
* Must find companies to help take up this role
why is food waste happening
Fridges are bigger
* Supermarket access is increased
* Increased takeout - reduced food in house
* Supermarkets only want perfect produce
* Not every bit of food is collected
solutions to food waste
- food cam at MIT
- high schools reducing
- compost
- food plans
- regulations and laws
what are modern approached to food waste
vertical farming - hydroponics and aquaponics
controlling conditions
what are the advantages of modern approaches
- reduces cost of transport when done in urban areas
- heavy equipment is eliminated
- less pollution
what are the disadvantages of modern approaches
Not energy efficient
* Land values are high in cities - not super economical
* May lead to low food production - no large scale food cultivation
what is curative health
cure after they have been infected
what is preventative health
preventing
how to manage disease outbreak and spread
government policies
invest in research and time
vaccines
pros and cons of preventative healthcare
lead to a higher chance of recovery
cheap and easy to distribute - education and campaigns
stops spread
can be hard without proper tech and education
pros and cons of curative healthcare
entirely get rid of disease
supports recovery
can be too late for certain things like cancer
already spread and diffused
communicable disease
contagious disease - preventative
non-communicable disease
function of organ are effected
- parkinsons alzheimers
infectious disease
cause by organisms like bacteria - vector bourne
degenerative
chronic disease - heart disease and diabeates
what is the diffusion of innovation
information becomes much more widespread which allows for the spread of innovations
what does the introduction of new ideas and innovations and the diffusion depends on?
information - education and willingness
finance - government help
View of adopter
physical proximity to other adopters
what happens if diffusion is uneven
there will be inequalities in development
what are agricultural innovations
changes to agriculture processes that aim to make them either more profitable, more energy water-efficient or more sustainable
examples of agricultural innovation
hydroponics
fertilisers
tractors
vertical farming
what factor influences the speed of adoption
If you are a large rich farmer they are more likely to adopt innovations first, opposite is true
- Government supply for small farmers
- Grows divide in rich poor
what factors influence disease diffusion
distance between communities
isolation
interactions - trade etc
globalisation (mega cities)
what are the types of disease diffusion
expand
relocation
contagious
hierarchical
network
what is the expanding diffusion of disease
disease has source and spreads outwards
what is the relocation diffusion of disease
spreading disease moves to different areas leaving origin
what is the contagious diffusion of disease
spread via contact of individuals
what is the hierarchical diffusion of disease
phenomenon where disease goes from bg town to small cities or vice versa
what is the network diffusion of disease
via transportation network
factors that limit diffusion only physical
- sea and ocean barriers
- climate conditions
- distance decay
factors that limit diffusion only economic
globalisiation
urbanisation
access to sanitiaton and education
EU - borders
human-animal interactions
factors that limit diffusion only political
quarantines
vaccinations
WHO
public info
what is the example of ZIKA virus
People did not want to go to the Rio Olympics as the mosquito bourne virus is sexually transmitted
spread to 86 countries
zika virus causes birth defects
didn’t spread in aerican - public programmes
example of EBOLA
- Distance between places
- Infrastructure in place to stop issues
- African fruit bats
- Outbreaks are contained
- Poor healthcare
examples of water and vector borne diseases
chloera is water borne
malaria and dengue are vector borne
case study for dengue fever
vector borne- mosquitos
common in tropical places
transmittied to humans and through mosquito bites
prevention - insect repellent, loose fitting clothing, control mosquitoes
how many people get dengue a year
400 million
