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IB geography > food and health > Flashcards

food and health Flashcards

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1
Q

global food security index measures?

A

affordability, availability, quality and natural resources and their resilience

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2
Q

is the GFS index useful

A

doesn’t account for everything about food security as food can go to underdeveloped countries

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3
Q

what is global hunger index?

A

measures undernourishment, child wasting, child stunnting, and mortality from nutrition and unhealthy environments

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4
Q

how accuracte is hunger index?

A

more than the food security index, some don’t have sufficient access to food, has a focus on children and can be tweaked by overweight people

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5
Q

what is the difference between hunger and malnutrition?

A

hunger is only about caloric intake, malnutrition is about nutritional balance of things

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6
Q

nutrition transition

A

shift in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincided with economic, demographic and epidemiological changes

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7
Q

what happens in each stage of the epidemiological transition?

A

stage 1 - infectious and parasitic diseases, flu and accidents
stage 2 - receding epidemics, more sanitation and nutrition
stage 3 - degenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, and obesity
stage 4 - delayed degenerative diseases, extended life expectancy increase
stage 5 - potential resurgence of infectious diseases due to globalisation

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8
Q

nutrition transition stages

A

1 - hunter-gatherer
2 - early agriculture - cereals
3 - end of famine, income rise - nutrition improves
4 - overeating and obesity-related disease
5 - desired social behavioural change

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9
Q

HALE?

A

Health-adjusted life expectancy
amount of years that someone has a quality of life
combines mortality and morbidity rates

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10
Q

accuracy of HALE

A

accurate and realistic, however doesnt consider mental health

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11
Q

child mortality accuracy

A

links to healthcare however only for a particular group, not full picture

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12
Q

maternal mortality accuracy

A

health care systems and womens rights however for only one group

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13
Q

access to sanitation accuracy

A

government funding and regulations and their development - only looks at one aspect

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14
Q

doctor ratio accuracy

A

health care again, however doesn’t give a full picture

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15
Q

what is harts inverse care law

A

states that those who need access to healthcare the most do not have it, or people in rich countries have many doctors but people need them less because of diets and education

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16
Q

what is disease burden

A

the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality and morbidity

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17
Q

stakeholder ?

A

someone who has active interest in a decision

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18
Q

what is the world food program

A

largest humanitarian organisation saving lives in emergencies and
emergency relief aid and they support projects
funded by voluntary donations

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19
Q

what is the world health organisation

A

Who aims to connect nations to promote health and keep people safe
numerous investors

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20
Q

what is food and agriculture for the UN

A

specialised agency for the UN
they do projects like protecting farmed, funded by countries

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21
Q

what are NGOs that help food security?

A

food banks in the UK - there are more than there are mcdonalnds
- UK has grocery price inflation, food price increase while shrinkflation happens
- inability to find jobs
demand has gone up for food banks, especially in uni students

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22
Q

what are some government (domestic) initiatives?

A

SNAP - known as food stamps for low income
WIC - nutrition for women infants and children
national school lunch program - free lunch for low income students

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23
Q

what have increasing influence on food supply and security around the world?

A

TNC’s
mcdonalds - serve over 9 billion people, cultural hegemony
walmart - largest supermarket in the world, control the items of food they sell

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24
Q

globalisation

A

the world is getting smaller through interconnectedness

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25
Q

glocalisation

A

adapt a product to each culture to make more sales - mcdonalds is a great example of this - change based on local culture

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26
Q

intensive vs extensive farming

A

intensive is high input where as extensive is low input

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27
Q

factors influencing farming activies

A

physical - precipitation, temp, slope and soil
human - political and economic and ownership and demand

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28
Q

what are inputs

A

physical like labour and also land and soil

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29
Q

what are outputs

A

trading - the crop you get

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30
Q

processes?

A

doing something like milking and harvesting

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31
Q

what is the energy efficiency ratio?

A

measures amount of energy put into system compared to outputs
outputs/inputs

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32
Q

water footprint of food

A

water used in human activities
animals require most water

33
Q

why are GMO’s good

A

resilience of crop
drought resistance
increase of some nutrition - golden rice

34
Q

what makes food insecurity worse

A

affordability
natural disasters
conflict

35
Q

what is FAD

A

food availability deficit shortages of food as a result of physical climate change

36
Q

FED?

A

food entitlement deficit - access to food and the conditions that affect access

37
Q

what is obesity

A

the point where you get chronic diseases - high BMI

38
Q

most obese and overweight people

A

in HIC’s

39
Q

why can people starve when food supply is adequate

A
  • Accessibility
    • Ability to get food - disability
    • War
    • Food desserts in America
  • poor countries
  • 1 in 9 don’t have enough to eat
  • governance - poor countries can control
  • media - songs
  • international aid
40
Q

how many children are malnourished in africa

A

11.4 million

41
Q

nutrition revolution

A

malnutrition rates remain high due to poor dietary diversity
lack of education
women empowerment

42
Q

food security for the very poor

A

large families cultivate
projects to improve economic and social conditions

43
Q

why is food security hard

A

Farmer have been using chemicals to increase the production - these are very bead for the health of the public
* They need to test all kind of food processing
* Must find companies to help take up this role

44
Q

why is food waste happening

A

Fridges are bigger
* Supermarket access is increased
* Increased takeout - reduced food in house
* Supermarkets only want perfect produce
* Not every bit of food is collected

45
Q

solutions to food waste

A
  • food cam at MIT
  • high schools reducing
  • compost
  • food plans
  • regulations and laws
46
Q

what are modern approached to food waste

A

vertical farming - hydroponics and aquaponics
controlling conditions

47
Q

what are the advantages of modern approaches

A
  • reduces cost of transport when done in urban areas
  • heavy equipment is eliminated
  • less pollution
48
Q

what are the disadvantages of modern approaches

A

Not energy efficient
* Land values are high in cities - not super economical
* May lead to low food production - no large scale food cultivation

49
Q

what is curative health

A

cure after they have been infected

50
Q

what is preventative health

A

preventing

51
Q

how to manage disease outbreak and spread

A

government policies
invest in research and time
vaccines

52
Q

pros and cons of preventative healthcare

A

lead to a higher chance of recovery
cheap and easy to distribute - education and campaigns
stops spread
can be hard without proper tech and education

53
Q

pros and cons of curative healthcare

A

entirely get rid of disease
supports recovery
can be too late for certain things like cancer
already spread and diffused

54
Q

communicable disease

A

contagious disease - preventative

55
Q

non-communicable disease

A

function of organ are effected
- parkinsons alzheimers

56
Q

infectious disease

A

cause by organisms like bacteria - vector bourne

57
Q

degenerative

A

chronic disease - heart disease and diabeates

58
Q

what is the diffusion of innovation

A

information becomes much more widespread which allows for the spread of innovations

59
Q

what does the introduction of new ideas and innovations and the diffusion depends on?

A

information - education and willingness
finance - government help
View of adopter
physical proximity to other adopters

60
Q

what happens if diffusion is uneven

A

there will be inequalities in development

61
Q

what are agricultural innovations

A

changes to agriculture processes that aim to make them either more profitable, more energy water-efficient or more sustainable

62
Q

examples of agricultural innovation

A

hydroponics
fertilisers
tractors
vertical farming

63
Q

what factor influences the speed of adoption

A

If you are a large rich farmer they are more likely to adopt innovations first, opposite is true
- Government supply for small farmers
- Grows divide in rich poor

64
Q

what factors influence disease diffusion

A

distance between communities
isolation
interactions - trade etc
globalisation (mega cities)

65
Q

what are the types of disease diffusion

A

expand
relocation
contagious
hierarchical
network

66
Q

what is the expanding diffusion of disease

A

disease has source and spreads outwards

67
Q

what is the relocation diffusion of disease

A

spreading disease moves to different areas leaving origin

68
Q

what is the contagious diffusion of disease

A

spread via contact of individuals

69
Q

what is the hierarchical diffusion of disease

A

phenomenon where disease goes from bg town to small cities or vice versa

70
Q

what is the network diffusion of disease

A

via transportation network

71
Q

factors that limit diffusion only physical

A
  • sea and ocean barriers
  • climate conditions
  • distance decay
72
Q

factors that limit diffusion only economic

A

globalisiation
urbanisation
access to sanitiaton and education
EU - borders
human-animal interactions

73
Q

factors that limit diffusion only political

A

quarantines
vaccinations
WHO
public info

73
Q
A
74
Q

what is the example of ZIKA virus

A

People did not want to go to the Rio Olympics as the mosquito bourne virus is sexually transmitted
spread to 86 countries
zika virus causes birth defects
didn’t spread in aerican - public programmes

75
Q

example of EBOLA

A
  • Distance between places
    • Infrastructure in place to stop issues
    • African fruit bats
    • Outbreaks are contained
    • Poor healthcare
76
Q

examples of water and vector borne diseases

A

chloera is water borne
malaria and dengue are vector borne

77
Q

case study for dengue fever

A

vector borne- mosquitos
common in tropical places
transmittied to humans and through mosquito bites
prevention - insect repellent, loose fitting clothing, control mosquitoes

78
Q

how many people get dengue a year

A

400 million

IB geography (10 decks)

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