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food and health Flashcards

1
Q

global food security index measures?

A

affordability, availability, quality and natural resources and their resilience

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2
Q

is the GFS index useful

A

doesn’t account for everything about food security as food can go to underdeveloped countries

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3
Q

what is global hunger index?

A

measures undernourishment, child wasting, child stunnting, and mortality from nutrition and unhealthy environments

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4
Q

how accuracte is hunger index?

A

more than the food security index, some don’t have sufficient access to food, has a focus on children and can be tweaked by overweight people

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5
Q

what is the difference between hunger and malnutrition?

A

hunger is only about caloric intake, malnutrition is about nutritional balance of things

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6
Q

nutrition transition

A

shift in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincided with economic, demographic and epidemiological changes

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7
Q

what happens in each stage of the epidemiological transition?

A

stage 1 - infectious and parasitic diseases, flu and accidents
stage 2 - receding epidemics, more sanitation and nutrition
stage 3 - degenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, and obesity
stage 4 - delayed degenerative diseases, extended life expectancy increase
stage 5 - potential resurgence of infectious diseases due to globalisation

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8
Q

nutrition transition stages

A

1 - hunter-gatherer
2 - early agriculture - cereals
3 - end of famine, income rise - nutrition improves
4 - overeating and obesity-related disease
5 - desired social behavioural change

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9
Q

HALE?

A

Health-adjusted life expectancy
amount of years that someone has a quality of life
combines mortality and morbidity rates

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10
Q

accuracy of HALE

A

accurate and realistic, however doesnt consider mental health

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11
Q

child mortality accuracy

A

links to healthcare however only for a particular group, not full picture

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12
Q

maternal mortality accuracy

A

health care systems and womens rights however for only one group

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13
Q

access to sanitation accuracy

A

government funding and regulations and their development - only looks at one aspect

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14
Q

doctor ratio accuracy

A

health care again, however doesn’t give a full picture

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15
Q

what is harts inverse care law

A

states that those who need access to healthcare the most do not have it, or people in rich countries have many doctors but people need them less because of diets and education

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16
Q

what is disease burden

A

the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality and morbidity

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17
Q

stakeholder ?

A

someone who has active interest in a decision

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18
Q

what is the world food program

A

largest humanitarian organisation saving lives in emergencies and
emergency relief aid and they support projects
funded by voluntary donations

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19
Q

what is the world health organisation

A

Who aims to connect nations to promote health and keep people safe
numerous investors

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20
Q

what is food and agriculture for the UN

A

specialised agency for the UN
they do projects like protecting farmed, funded by countries

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21
Q

what are NGOs that help food security?

A

food banks in the UK - there are more than there are mcdonalnds
- UK has grocery price inflation, food price increase while shrinkflation happens
- inability to find jobs
demand has gone up for food banks, especially in uni students

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22
Q

what are some government (domestic) initiatives?

A

SNAP - known as food stamps for low income
WIC - nutrition for women infants and children
national school lunch program - free lunch for low income students

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23
Q

what have increasing influence on food supply and security around the world?

A

TNC’s
mcdonalds - serve over 9 billion people, cultural hegemony
walmart - largest supermarket in the world, control the items of food they sell

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24
Q

globalisation

A

the world is getting smaller through interconnectedness

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25
glocalisation
adapt a product to each culture to make more sales - mcdonalds is a great example of this - change based on local culture
26
intensive vs extensive farming
intensive is high input where as extensive is low input
27
factors influencing farming activies
physical - precipitation, temp, slope and soil human - political and economic and ownership and demand
28
what are inputs
physical like labour and also land and soil
29
what are outputs
trading - the crop you get
30
processes?
doing something like milking and harvesting
31
what is the energy efficiency ratio?
measures amount of energy put into system compared to outputs outputs/inputs
32
water footprint of food
water used in human activities animals require most water
33
why are GMO's good
resilience of crop drought resistance increase of some nutrition - golden rice
34
what makes food insecurity worse
affordability natural disasters conflict
35
what is FAD
food availability deficit shortages of food as a result of physical climate change
36
FED?
food entitlement deficit - access to food and the conditions that affect access
37
what is obesity
the point where you get chronic diseases - high BMI
38
most obese and overweight people
in HIC's
39
why can people starve when food supply is adequate
- Accessibility - Ability to get food - disability - War - Food desserts in America - poor countries - 1 in 9 don't have enough to eat - governance - poor countries can control - media - songs - international aid
40
how many children are malnourished in africa
11.4 million
41
nutrition revolution
malnutrition rates remain high due to poor dietary diversity lack of education women empowerment
42
food security for the very poor
large families cultivate projects to improve economic and social conditions
43
why is food security hard
Farmer have been using chemicals to increase the production - these are very bead for the health of the public * They need to test all kind of food processing * Must find companies to help take up this role
44
why is food waste happening
Fridges are bigger * Supermarket access is increased * Increased takeout - reduced food in house * Supermarkets only want perfect produce * Not every bit of food is collected
45
solutions to food waste
- food cam at MIT - high schools reducing - compost - food plans - regulations and laws
46
what are modern approached to food waste
vertical farming - hydroponics and aquaponics controlling conditions
47
what are the advantages of modern approaches
- reduces cost of transport when done in urban areas - heavy equipment is eliminated - less pollution
48
what are the disadvantages of modern approaches
Not energy efficient * Land values are high in cities - not super economical * May lead to low food production - no large scale food cultivation
49
what is curative health
cure after they have been infected
50
what is preventative health
preventing
51
how to manage disease outbreak and spread
government policies invest in research and time vaccines
52
pros and cons of preventative healthcare
lead to a higher chance of recovery cheap and easy to distribute - education and campaigns stops spread can be hard without proper tech and education
53
pros and cons of curative healthcare
entirely get rid of disease supports recovery can be too late for certain things like cancer already spread and diffused
54
communicable disease
contagious disease - preventative
55
non-communicable disease
function of organ are effected - parkinsons alzheimers
56
infectious disease
cause by organisms like bacteria - vector bourne
57
degenerative
chronic disease - heart disease and diabeates
58
what is the diffusion of innovation
information becomes much more widespread which allows for the spread of innovations
59
what does the introduction of new ideas and innovations and the diffusion depends on?
information - education and willingness finance - government help View of adopter physical proximity to other adopters
60
what happens if diffusion is uneven
there will be inequalities in development
61
what are agricultural innovations
changes to agriculture processes that aim to make them either more profitable, more energy water-efficient or more sustainable
62
examples of agricultural innovation
hydroponics fertilisers tractors vertical farming
63
what factor influences the speed of adoption
If you are a large rich farmer they are more likely to adopt innovations first, opposite is true - Government supply for small farmers - Grows divide in rich poor
64
what factors influence disease diffusion
distance between communities isolation interactions - trade etc globalisation (mega cities)
65
what are the types of disease diffusion
expand relocation contagious hierarchical network
66
what is the expanding diffusion of disease
disease has source and spreads outwards
67
what is the relocation diffusion of disease
spreading disease moves to different areas leaving origin
68
what is the contagious diffusion of disease
spread via contact of individuals
69
what is the hierarchical diffusion of disease
phenomenon where disease goes from bg town to small cities or vice versa
70
what is the network diffusion of disease
via transportation network
71
factors that limit diffusion only physical
- sea and ocean barriers - climate conditions - distance decay
72
factors that limit diffusion only economic
globalisiation urbanisation access to sanitiaton and education EU - borders human-animal interactions
73
factors that limit diffusion only political
quarantines vaccinations WHO public info
73
74
what is the example of ZIKA virus
People did not want to go to the Rio Olympics as the mosquito bourne virus is sexually transmitted spread to 86 countries zika virus causes birth defects didn't spread in aerican - public programmes
75
example of EBOLA
- Distance between places - Infrastructure in place to stop issues - African fruit bats - Outbreaks are contained - Poor healthcare
76
examples of water and vector borne diseases
chloera is water borne malaria and dengue are vector borne
77
case study for dengue fever
vector borne- mosquitos common in tropical places transmittied to humans and through mosquito bites prevention - insect repellent, loose fitting clothing, control mosquitoes
78
how many people get dengue a year
400 million

IB geography (10 decks)

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