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IB geography > HL - human development and diversity > Flashcards

HL - human development and diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

HDI

A

human development index
measure of development - covers diff components
life expectancy
mean years of schooling
GNI per captia

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2
Q

why does norway have high HDI

A

rich
high life expectancy
health care accessible
school rate high
quality environment

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3
Q

niger HDI low?

A
  • Life expectancy is low
    ○ Disease and malaria
    • GNI is less than $100
    • Government doesn’t have enough money
    • Girls don’t go to school
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4
Q

pros of HDI

A
  • Composite so consideres many different facotrs
    • Revels global patterns
      Not only reliant on economic indicators
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5
Q

cons of HDI

A
  • Does not show disparities within countries like the super rich and super poor side
    • It doesn’t take into account environmental indicators - degradation and also like port access
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6
Q

GII

A

gender inequality index
heatlh (mortality)
empowerment (education) (gov seats)
labour market (rates)

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7
Q

pros of GII

A
  • Makes it more reliable than a single indicator
  • The method is successful to contrast gender inequality between countries
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8
Q

cons of GII

A
  • Measures empowerment by two factor and doesn’t consider anything else
    • Information about the type of employment isnt included
    • Unpaid work isnt considered
    • Ownership of assets and violence against women not included
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9
Q

microcredit

A

small loans, with low interest for people that are in need -

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10
Q

microfinance

A

includes microcredit and the provision of financial services, such as saving accounts

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11
Q

how can we reduce gender disparities through microcredit

A

Kerala - small businesses
kudumbashree mission provides financial support and training to women
women can establish a business together
loans are pooled within a whole group
increase in loan after 6 months
kudumbashree is a very successful program

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12
Q

how has kudumbadshree empowered women

A

allowed women confidence, establish companies, active role is society
high level of education in kerela, many women government people in Kerela

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13
Q

what are the disadvantages of microloans?

A
  • higher than commerical, lower than loan sharks
  • used to pay food or healthcare
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14
Q

what is the importance of social entrepreneurship for human development?

A

The work of microfinance organizations and their networks
* Alternative trading networks such as “Fairtrade”
* TNC corporate social responsibility frameworks and global agreements
* Unemployment is high -> people help others, product is placed on market and profit is generated and reinvested in order to increase quality of life and wellbeing of the entire community
* Balance social environmental and economic goals (positive changes)
* Maintain steady income

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15
Q

what is social entrepreneurs?

A

they use market-based ideas and practices to create “social value,” the enhanced well-being of individuals, communities, and the environment.

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16
Q

what is corporate social responsibility?

A

ecognizing that companies should behave in moral and ethical ways towards people and places as part of their business model

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17
Q

examples of social responsibility and the lack of

A

rana plaza factory in bangledesh - due to lack of safety codes the factory collapsed killed many
nike - move toward zero carbon and zero waste

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18
Q

what is fairtrade

A

organisation that focuses on fair pay and conditions for farmers

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19
Q

examples of fair trade

A

people tree - clothing company focus on sustainability

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20
Q

pros and cons of fair trade

A

pros
- opens and created alternative market
- driven by noble intentions
cons
- sustainability concerns - struggle for long term constraints
- dependency issues - creates dependency on beneficiaries, only short term solutions not long term
- ethical dilemmas - may face conflicts of interest
- limited scalability - scaling up is challenging

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21
Q

what is culture

A

way of life or characteristics of a group of people

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22
Q

cultural traits

A

different aspects of culture, include language beliefs dress music and religion

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23
Q

what is global culture

A

shared sense of belonging at the planetary scale that is demonstrated through common ways of communication, consuming media and food, dressing or behaving (including shard social norms such as commitment to upholding human rights)

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24
Q

what is global culture the product of

A

export of superior cultural traits and products from the western world - westernisation
mixing of cultures

25
Q

westernisation

A
  • The imposition and adoption of a combination of European and North American cultural traits and values at a global scale
26
Q

Americanisation

A
  • The imposition and adoption of US cultural traits and values at a global scale
27
Q

cultural imperialism

A

The practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another. It is usually the case that the former is a large, economically or military powerful nation and the latter is a smaller, less affluent one.

28
Q

cultural dilution

A

local cultures becoming less pronounced as they are influenced by outside (foreign) cultures

29
Q

hegemony

A

leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others
- The US has had this, however China is in competition now

30
Q

optimisic hyperglobalisers

A

interconnectedness is a good thing, loss of culture is okay

31
Q

pessimistic hyperglobalisers

A

the loss of culture would be devastating to society as a whole

32
Q

what is the impact of cultural diffusion on an indigenous population

A

malnutiriton
internal displacement
poverty
zooification
substance abuse

33
Q

indigenous tribe example

A

Jarawa tribe - Andaman islands
- Tribe that really doesn’t like outsiders
- Poachers steal their food (wild boars
- Encroachment, people going onto their land
- The main adaman road runs through their land, allowing zooification
- Have their own language
- Governed by india
- Hunt with bows and arrows
- Have been influenced by the modern world
○ Have to hunt deer now bc of poachers
○ Use clothes

34
Q

what is glocalisation

A

Adapting to the local market. Example: Nike’s Pro Hijab range, which is designed to encourage Muslim women to participate in sport

35
Q

Cultural commodification

A

when the objects, ideas and traits of a culture become part of the capitalist system of exchange and are bough and sold

36
Q

mocdonlands - the spread of global commodities and how have they gained power

A

spread to mcdonalds and glocalised the product
- made signature products for India, catered to them
- too westernised for india so they adapted
- growth of Mcdonalds has gone hand in hand with American power

37
Q

what is the homogenisation of landscapes?

A

process by which different places increasingly resemble those found in other areas
links to americanisation
economies become smaller
companies move

38
Q

what is causing homogenisaiton

A

time-space convergence
tech
globalisation
global elite - paying for similar experience
TNCs
aspirations to be part of global network
standardisation

39
Q

what is the loss of sovereignty?

A

loss of independent state and its own rules and regs, this can be due to increase globalisation

40
Q

cultural diasporas

A

dispersion of people who share common racial or ethical identity, they are permanently displaced but keep a strong sense of shared culture

41
Q

what are example of diasporas

A

irish people in US

42
Q

what are the causes of diasporas

A

migration

43
Q

case study of diasporas

A

American chinatowns
- Chinese migration started ages ago
- China maintains culture because it is so distinctive from that of the UK’s.
- Chinese cuisine is embraced by the British population.
- The degree of integration into their new locations has varied. In Indonesia, the country with the largest number of Chinese migrants, a separate and distinct Chinese community formed which adopted very few cultural traits of the Indonesian population

44
Q

how has social media use helped to challenge restricted freedoms

A

arab spring case study
- anti government protests
spread rapidly
social media facilitated interactions and the wide spread of the movement
- protesters used social media to organise, spread info and raise local and global awareness of events
- It also helped spread their message to the west and allowed them to bypass the Hosni Mubarak regime, which restricted what people were allowed to share on traditional media
- It did however come with some downfalls, like misinformation, translation problems and hate speech

45
Q

what is the rejection of globalised production

A

rejecting the use of a westernised or americanised product

46
Q

TNCs - rejection of globalisaed products

A

included campaigns against TNCs in favour for local sourcing of food and goods
○ Protects local businesses
○ Promote fair and environmental practice
○ Legal and political barriers
○ Boycotting
○ Balancing interests between the locals
○ Ensuring sustainability

47
Q

nestle - rejection of globalisaed products

A

campaign against nestle
○ Power - they gained lots of power, fueled by international things etc, massive network
○ Process: starter with concerns about Nestlé’s marketing and selling of infant formula in developing countries. Activists argues this hurt breastfeeding and infant health. Media coverage allowed the spread of this further
○ Place - various countries around the world,
Possibilities - they focused campaigning on ethical practices and responsible marketing in the industry

48
Q

local civil campaigns - rejection of globalisaed products

A

encourage the growth of locally grown food and sourced goods,
○ Lower carbon emissions
○ Boots local economy
○ Supports sustainability
○ Higher costs

49
Q

whats a subsidy

A

gives an industry money to make it viable

50
Q

what are examples of controls by militia

A

boko haram and self defense militias

51
Q

what are the four types of government and militia control

A

protective tariffs
import quotas
trade embargoes
voluntary export restraints

52
Q

what is resources nationalism

A

assertion of control by people and government for strategic and economic reasons

53
Q

what is the boko haram

A

a nigerian extremist group that has been a major threat to the countries security the governments response was several national legislations

54
Q

four Ps of boko haram

A

power - known for extreme violence making it hard for government to stop them
place - affected trade - stopping people from education
processes - violence
possibilities - continue active concerns for social justice

55
Q

why have anti immigration policies been on the rise

A
  • due to rapids globalisation several anti - immigration groups
  • ## risen due to racism
56
Q

why are anti-immigration policies bad

A

immigrants pay taxes and contribute to GDP
balance population
fill gaps in labour market

57
Q

why are anti-immigrants policies good

A

makes getting jobs harder
congestion of immigrants
racial tension

58
Q

what are governments doing for anti-immigration

A

france’s president
macron
his oppoistion wantes to reintrodue the Franc and add 3% tax on imported goods

IB geography (10 decks)

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