HL - global risk and resilience Flashcards
Transboundary pollution
pollution that had damaging effect for more than one country
- polluting activity is close to another border
- atmospheric ocean of hydrological processes carry pollution
case study for transboundary pollution
Fukushima
- 9.0 richter scale earthquake
consequential tsunami
- nuclear meltdown explosion due to radiation leak
raised to massive nuclear event bc of radiation
what caused the nuclear waste to escape case study
earthquake caused fukushima reactors to shut down
cooling system failed
what were the outcomes of fukushima
radiation escaped into atmosphere - can be traced globally
20km exclusion zone imposed - forced migration
radioactive dust cause local food sources to become bad
prevailing winds blowing pollution
water pollution of Fukushima
large amount of radioactive water percolated from the site into groundwater and local coasts
pollution was detected offshore
San Francisco had the highest detected levels
what has been the global response to Fukushima
japan begun to overhaul nuclear power industry
reactors were left idle - 30% gap in electricity supply
germany government responded by phasing out nuclear energy
Switzerland decommissioned five nuclear plants
there was a massive supply chain hit for technology in cars
impact of tourist flows
travelling distance is much easier due to low flight cost - more environmental degradation - machu pichu
impact of commodity flows
idea of consumption and making stuff is polluting local environments like Bangladesh
impact of shipping flows
foreign disease and viruses, ballast water carries over
release unknown things into different waters
CO2 emissions
impact of waste flows
shipping a HIC’s waste to developing countries impactful they don’t have the resources to manage
trash vortex
great pacific garbage patch
cant be broken down naturally
collected in the gyre were the ocean ciruclates
equivalent to size of texas
chemical sponge
what happened with the cone jellyfish
naturally found in atlanic ocean, were they were controlled by carnivores, international shipping and ballast water put some into other waters where there are no natural predators
black sea became overcrowded by them
they killed all the fish bc no population control
impact of cone jellyfish on farmers and fishermen
- cant meet bare min wage
- facing poverty
- fish are disappearing in caspian sea
golden mussels
they infested the biggest hydroelectric dam on lake guiba
- supplies 10% of the energy
- they overheat the system as water cant get past them, shutting the power system
they infested the water around brazil and Argentina
power plant cost tripled
wicked probelm
a challenge that cannot be dealt with easily due to its scale and or complexity
they arise from the interactions of many different places people and issues
what are wicked problems
poverty
climate change
global conflict
pollution
resolutions through building local and global resilience
civil society action
- conservation
- use of renewable energy
- NGOS
crowdfunding
- food scrap electricity
corporate social responsibility
- businesses creating initiatives that help the environment
government actions
what are environmental issues related with global shift of industry
no regulations in LEDCs cause so much pollution, no legislation or taxing
what are the reasons for global shift of industry
lower wages
tax incentives
less regulations
lower overall costs
processes of globalisation
access to coasts
what is kuznets curve
as income increases the environment will worsen, yet it will reach a tipping point that lets the environment improve
garment manufacture in bangladesh
envrion
- lake is declared dead bc of pollution and chemicals
- deforestation
increase CO2
- radiation spills
social
- health risks to working
- labour intense
- low salary
- no sanitation
economic
- beneficial to TNCs
- brings work to Bangladesh however low wages
what will freedom from pollution controls impact
increase economic growth
however very polluting and damaging
what will government laws and reg control impact
increase envrionmental restoration and more tourism
however costs more
what will recycling waste heat and water impact
help locals - increase sanitation
no envirn degradation
costs more money initially
e-waste
electronic waste
HICs ship to other countries like ghana
they get little salary from the metal scraps
health issues lung etc
cancer
air pollution from burning waste
what are threats to individuals and buisnesses
hacking and identity theft
political, economic and physical threats to global supply chain flows
how did risks to individuals and buisnesses occur
through globalisation
surveillance
monitoring of behaviour of individuals and groups
benefits of surveillance
- increased saftey and deterance of criminal activity, potential evidence
risks of surveillance
invasion of privacy abuse of tech and cost of installation
what was the arab spring
a wave of uprisings in the middle east and north Africa for pro-democracy
they were challenging the authoritarian regimes through the use of social media
example of geopolitical tensions
china and USA
they have a long relationship with each other
-they have declined trade flows - china produce so much, USA wants to return factories to US land
- china has access to advanced tech and the ability to produce
trade war
caused cost rise on both sides
what were the supply chain issues in japan and how did it globally effect the world
carmakers
- paint for ford
TVs
- japan makes like 100% of polarised material
- 40% of the worlds information and tech supply
envrion risks to supply chains
over consumption, earth quakes, volcanoes, overuse of materials
political risks to supply chains
tax fraud and evasion
counterfeit goods
attack on routes - jordan drone attacks
economic risks to supply chain
exploitation, protectionism
tariffs
currency fluctuations
tech risks to supply chains
using advanced tech to make attacks
what is profit repatriation?
a financial flow of profits where a TNC has overseas operations that bring money back to where its headquarters are
corporate migration
when a TNC changes locations for tax purposes
transfer pricing
a financial flow occurs when one division of TNC based in one country changes a division of the same firm in another country for the supply of a product of services
political sovereignty
the freedom of a state to govern itself fully independent of any other power
economic sovereignty
the freedom of a state from any outside intervention in its markets and trading relationships
case study of tax avoidance
apple
Ireland does not charge them tax they record the sales in Ireland
its subsidiaries are placed in tax havens
nandos case study
they avoid tax by imaging rights, they divert money to the Netherlands, the profit then goes to Malta which is a tax haven
all of these businesses are owned by Nando - imaging rights
they move all of their money to many different tax havens to increase profit
money leaks from UK economy
not illegal however extremely problematic for the UK
managing risks linked to supply chains
reshoring by TNCs
when they abandon their supply chain and instead return to productive operations in the country where it is headquartered
how does reshoring happen
giving companies incentives
trump lowered tax rate to 15%
lowers risk in supply chain bc if one country stop producing something the US will not be able to make the product
pros of reshoring
improved quality control
enhanced supply chain security
increase competitiveness
job creation
cons reshoring
higher labour costs
limited skill availability
infrastructure limitations
short term costs
tax avoidence in wealthy individuals
live in places with lower tax rate
pay spousewage - reduced income and tax
give to charity
start small companies with tax breaks
what is capital flight
a large scale exodus of finanical assets and capital from a nation due to events such as political or economic instability, currency or the imposition of capital controls
what is disruptive tech
tech which brings major chnages to the way people live and work instead of merely supporting and enhancing the current way things are done
examples of disruptive tech
drone attacks in the aidean channel attacking oil ships
AI
malware and viruses
phones
3d printing implications for state sovereignty
it cant control what gets passed through borders
they cant intercept a thumbnail that contains the print for weapons
creates tech disruptions
push for nationalism
brexit - UK nationalism
left the EU
reduced immigration and not be governed by the EUs regulations
britian would do better separated from the union
what is tribalisation
increaing desire of regional groups and entitles to have political power and split up from the state or groups they belong
nationalism
identifcation with ones own nation to the exclusion of the interests of other nations
how has globalisation increased nationalism
outsourcing - fear of loosing jobs or money
loss of culture - westernisation and cultural homogenisation
political - EU brexit
migration
tech and communication
