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IB geography > HL - global risk and resilience > Flashcards

HL - global risk and resilience Flashcards

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1
Q

Transboundary pollution

A

pollution that had damaging effect for more than one country
- polluting activity is close to another border
- atmospheric ocean of hydrological processes carry pollution

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2
Q

case study for transboundary pollution

A

Fukushima
- 9.0 richter scale earthquake
consequential tsunami
- nuclear meltdown explosion due to radiation leak
raised to massive nuclear event bc of radiation

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3
Q

what caused the nuclear waste to escape case study

A

earthquake caused fukushima reactors to shut down
cooling system failed

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4
Q

what were the outcomes of fukushima

A

radiation escaped into atmosphere - can be traced globally
20km exclusion zone imposed - forced migration
radioactive dust cause local food sources to become bad
prevailing winds blowing pollution

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5
Q

water pollution of Fukushima

A

large amount of radioactive water percolated from the site into groundwater and local coasts
pollution was detected offshore
San Francisco had the highest detected levels

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6
Q

what has been the global response to Fukushima

A

japan begun to overhaul nuclear power industry
reactors were left idle - 30% gap in electricity supply
germany government responded by phasing out nuclear energy
Switzerland decommissioned five nuclear plants
there was a massive supply chain hit for technology in cars

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7
Q

impact of tourist flows

A

travelling distance is much easier due to low flight cost - more environmental degradation - machu pichu

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8
Q

impact of commodity flows

A

idea of consumption and making stuff is polluting local environments like Bangladesh

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9
Q

impact of shipping flows

A

foreign disease and viruses, ballast water carries over
release unknown things into different waters
CO2 emissions

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10
Q

impact of waste flows

A

shipping a HIC’s waste to developing countries impactful they don’t have the resources to manage

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11
Q

trash vortex

A

great pacific garbage patch
cant be broken down naturally
collected in the gyre were the ocean ciruclates
equivalent to size of texas
chemical sponge

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12
Q

what happened with the cone jellyfish

A

naturally found in atlanic ocean, were they were controlled by carnivores, international shipping and ballast water put some into other waters where there are no natural predators
black sea became overcrowded by them
they killed all the fish bc no population control

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13
Q

impact of cone jellyfish on farmers and fishermen

A
  • cant meet bare min wage
  • facing poverty
  • fish are disappearing in caspian sea
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14
Q

golden mussels

A

they infested the biggest hydroelectric dam on lake guiba
- supplies 10% of the energy
- they overheat the system as water cant get past them, shutting the power system
they infested the water around brazil and Argentina
power plant cost tripled

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15
Q

wicked probelm

A

a challenge that cannot be dealt with easily due to its scale and or complexity
they arise from the interactions of many different places people and issues

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16
Q

what are wicked problems

A

poverty
climate change
global conflict
pollution

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17
Q

resolutions through building local and global resilience

A

civil society action
- conservation
- use of renewable energy
- NGOS
crowdfunding
- food scrap electricity
corporate social responsibility
- businesses creating initiatives that help the environment
government actions

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18
Q

what are environmental issues related with global shift of industry

A

no regulations in LEDCs cause so much pollution, no legislation or taxing

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19
Q

what are the reasons for global shift of industry

A

lower wages
tax incentives
less regulations
lower overall costs
processes of globalisation
access to coasts

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20
Q

what is kuznets curve

A

as income increases the environment will worsen, yet it will reach a tipping point that lets the environment improve

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21
Q

garment manufacture in bangladesh

A

envrion
- lake is declared dead bc of pollution and chemicals
- deforestation
increase CO2
- radiation spills
social
- health risks to working
- labour intense
- low salary
- no sanitation
economic
- beneficial to TNCs
- brings work to Bangladesh however low wages

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22
Q

what will freedom from pollution controls impact

A

increase economic growth
however very polluting and damaging

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23
Q

what will government laws and reg control impact

A

increase envrionmental restoration and more tourism
however costs more

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24
Q

what will recycling waste heat and water impact

A

help locals - increase sanitation
no envirn degradation
costs more money initially

25
Q

e-waste

A

electronic waste
HICs ship to other countries like ghana
they get little salary from the metal scraps
health issues lung etc
cancer
air pollution from burning waste

26
Q

what are threats to individuals and buisnesses

A

hacking and identity theft
political, economic and physical threats to global supply chain flows

27
Q

how did risks to individuals and buisnesses occur

A

through globalisation

28
Q

surveillance

A

monitoring of behaviour of individuals and groups

29
Q

benefits of surveillance

A
  • increased saftey and deterance of criminal activity, potential evidence
30
Q

risks of surveillance

A

invasion of privacy abuse of tech and cost of installation

31
Q

what was the arab spring

A

a wave of uprisings in the middle east and north Africa for pro-democracy
they were challenging the authoritarian regimes through the use of social media

32
Q

example of geopolitical tensions

A

china and USA
they have a long relationship with each other
-they have declined trade flows - china produce so much, USA wants to return factories to US land
- china has access to advanced tech and the ability to produce
trade war
caused cost rise on both sides

33
Q

what were the supply chain issues in japan and how did it globally effect the world

A

carmakers
- paint for ford
TVs
- japan makes like 100% of polarised material
- 40% of the worlds information and tech supply

34
Q

envrion risks to supply chains

A

over consumption, earth quakes, volcanoes, overuse of materials

35
Q

political risks to supply chains

A

tax fraud and evasion
counterfeit goods
attack on routes - jordan drone attacks

36
Q

economic risks to supply chain

A

exploitation, protectionism
tariffs
currency fluctuations

37
Q

tech risks to supply chains

A

using advanced tech to make attacks

38
Q

what is profit repatriation?

A

a financial flow of profits where a TNC has overseas operations that bring money back to where its headquarters are

39
Q

corporate migration

A

when a TNC changes locations for tax purposes

40
Q

transfer pricing

A

a financial flow occurs when one division of TNC based in one country changes a division of the same firm in another country for the supply of a product of services

41
Q

political sovereignty

A

the freedom of a state to govern itself fully independent of any other power

42
Q

economic sovereignty

A

the freedom of a state from any outside intervention in its markets and trading relationships

43
Q

case study of tax avoidance

A

apple
Ireland does not charge them tax they record the sales in Ireland
its subsidiaries are placed in tax havens

44
Q

nandos case study

A

they avoid tax by imaging rights, they divert money to the Netherlands, the profit then goes to Malta which is a tax haven
all of these businesses are owned by Nando - imaging rights
they move all of their money to many different tax havens to increase profit
money leaks from UK economy
not illegal however extremely problematic for the UK

45
Q

managing risks linked to supply chains

A

reshoring by TNCs
when they abandon their supply chain and instead return to productive operations in the country where it is headquartered

46
Q

how does reshoring happen

A

giving companies incentives
trump lowered tax rate to 15%
lowers risk in supply chain bc if one country stop producing something the US will not be able to make the product

47
Q

pros of reshoring

A

improved quality control
enhanced supply chain security
increase competitiveness
job creation

48
Q

cons reshoring

A

higher labour costs
limited skill availability
infrastructure limitations
short term costs

49
Q

tax avoidence in wealthy individuals

A

live in places with lower tax rate
pay spousewage - reduced income and tax
give to charity
start small companies with tax breaks

50
Q

what is capital flight

A

a large scale exodus of finanical assets and capital from a nation due to events such as political or economic instability, currency or the imposition of capital controls

51
Q

what is disruptive tech

A

tech which brings major chnages to the way people live and work instead of merely supporting and enhancing the current way things are done

52
Q

examples of disruptive tech

A

drone attacks in the aidean channel attacking oil ships
AI
malware and viruses
phones

53
Q

3d printing implications for state sovereignty

A

it cant control what gets passed through borders
they cant intercept a thumbnail that contains the print for weapons
creates tech disruptions

54
Q

push for nationalism

A

brexit - UK nationalism
left the EU
reduced immigration and not be governed by the EUs regulations
britian would do better separated from the union

55
Q

what is tribalisation

A

increaing desire of regional groups and entitles to have political power and split up from the state or groups they belong

56
Q

nationalism

A

identifcation with ones own nation to the exclusion of the interests of other nations

57
Q

how has globalisation increased nationalism

A

outsourcing - fear of loosing jobs or money
loss of culture - westernisation and cultural homogenisation
political - EU brexit
migration
tech and communication

58
Q
A

IB geography (10 decks)

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