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global resources Flashcards

1
Q

where does fresh water come from

A

69% comes from glaciers ad snow cover

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2
Q

why is fresh water becoming a probelm

A

glaciers are melting (climate change)

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3
Q

what is physical water scarcity

A

when physical acces to water is limited (demand and population is greater than capacity or ability)

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4
Q

economic water scarcity

A

when population does not have the necesscary monetary means to utilise an adequate source of water

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5
Q

what countries have little to no water scarcity and why

A

canada (small population lots of land)
europe (rich and smaller population)
south america (access)

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6
Q

what countries have physical water scarcity?

A

northern china (dry desert like)
middle east
north africa

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7
Q

what countries are starting to get water scarcity?

A

iran, pakistan and india as all the glaciers are melting

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8
Q

who has economic water scarcity?

A

central africa and south east asia

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9
Q

what is water used for in HICs

A

industrially (half)
and people

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10
Q

what is water used for in LIC’s

A

agriculture 82% and industrial is 10%
farmland is main source of food and income

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11
Q

why is the UK using more water

A

increased industrial production
populaiton is iincreasing so all of the leisure things, industrial, food, appliances, demand

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12
Q

what is happening to water around the world

A

availability of fresh water in many regions decreases due to climate change
these pressures will exacerbate economic disparities
population size increases meaning water demand rises - meat consumption is very water intensive

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13
Q

why is water hard not to use

A

its used in literally everything, even in ‘clean’ renewable and sustainable energy practises

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14
Q

what are main water supplies in countries

A

surface water (streams rivers lakes)
ground water however some are contaminated
desalination of saline water

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15
Q

what is embedded or virtual water

A

Measurement of water used in the production and transport to market of food and commodities

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16
Q

where has the highest water footprint

A

europe beacuse they import the most water intensive products

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17
Q

how much of the earths water is fresh drinkable

A

2%

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18
Q

what is happening to meat consumption

A

because meat is so expensive as countries develop the demand increases because they have more money to spend

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19
Q

how is meat consumption worsening water consumption

A

it takes lots of water to farm and raise cattle and livestock

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20
Q

what is situational poverty

A

caused by sudden crisis or loss, often temporary (disasters causing homelessness)

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21
Q

what is absolute poverty

A

involves lack of basic needs such as shelter water and food, focus on day to day survival

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22
Q

relative poverty

A

where peoples income fall below average for the area they live in (have access to basic needs but thats it)

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23
Q

what has the UN development goals achieved?

A

43 million more kids go to school
2 billion more have access to clean drinking water

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24
Q

why has poverty gone down overall

A

globalisation
education
global shift
womens rights
life expectancy

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25
what is the global middle class
the growing middle class as poverty decreases more are now classed as middle class
26
what is the effect pf the global middle class
consumption has gone up a ton
27
china - global middle class probelms
westernised diet is more meat and restaurants consumes 50% of the worlds pork every two years their consumption grows by the size of the whole US market meat eating reduces land available for crop
28
what are the global trends and patterns of food
consuming more food due to expanding population due to tech, we are getting better at agriculture GMC - drought resistance storage and availability
29
what are modern solutions to farming
re imagingin farming to reduce envrionmental impacts hydroponics, GMC's, reducing presticides and fertilisers digital tools, robots and drones localised farming (cut transport)
30
why is food waste increasing
in HIC's because of storage, demand, choice and expendable money
31
why is food homogenising
diets are becoming similar due to westernisation and gobalisation as well as the nutrient transition
32
non renewable energy
coal, oil, gas, nuclear
33
renewable energy
hydro, solar, geothermal, biomass, wind
34
what does china use (energy)
wind, as its cost effective long term, little land and renewable, however it impacts wildlife and is loud and noisy
35
France energy choices
they dont produce the most nuclear power however they use it the most clean - provides pollution fre power, high yield however causes nuclear waste and malfunctions can be catastrophic
36
iceland energy choices
iceland and indonesia pros heat homes, bathing very relliable and small land footprint cons location dependent, high cost initially, surface insability
37
what are hydrocarbons
methane
38
what are the countries that make the most oil
saudi USA russia China Venezuela
39
what is energy surplus
more energy than the demands
40
energy decifict
less energy than demand (high demand)
41
energy security
access to reliable sources of energy
42
what is peak oil refering to
the hypothetical point at which globa crude oil production will hit its maximum rate, after which the production will decline
43
ecological footprint
the theoretical footprint of the amount of land and water a population needs to produce the resources it consumes and absorb its waste
44
bio capacity
the supply of reasources availbile for consumption
45
ecological debtor
countries whose ecological footprint is higher than biocapacity
46
ecological creditor
countries whose ecological footprint is lower than their biocapacity when resources are used at a lower rate than that at which they can produced
47
global hectare
measure of biocapcity and ecological footprint
48
why is our ecological footprint increasing
development causing an increase in consumption of clothes, food and eating meat
49
what is the nexus of food
the close links between food energy and water and the ways the changes effects each sector
50
case study for nexus
india and canada
51
water in india and canada
in india 250 million people lack access to clean water where as in canada they don't have water scarcity because its a small population however local shortages happen
52
food security in india and canada
in india - increased freq of droughts and floods, urbanisation reduces availability of agricultural land canada - some people don't have food availability, temp increased
53
energy security in india and canada
bad in india bc of natural disasters and poor - can adopt hydropower good in canada - high security for energy
54
nexus links for india
don't have water so food becomes difficult to grow, also agricultural productivity will fall due to climate change, if they adopt hydropower it will allow more energy for more food and then water however it decreases drinking water
55
nexus links for canada
they dont have water shortages so they will have food and energy, the temperature is also warming so they have more land to grow food they have energy surplus so theyll be able to grow food and get water
56
e-waste in US
little management - recycling and reuse programs, - domestic landfill dumping - international shipment creates toxic materials - lead mercury and cadmium
57
Waste in US
268 million tones of waste -> 140 million goes into landfills Main source: trash, products and packaging, electronics massive envrionmental impacts - land degradation and water pollution social impacts - lowers health
58
E waste in NEE - brazil
main waste is organic material brazil disposes of their waste there they dispose of e -waste as they same as general waste place most of the waste in landfills
59
what is the waste hierarchy
new waste management shows that we should be reducing by preventing waste and use landfill as a last resort
60
why do LIC's struggle with waste
population growth = more waste = more consumption growing so rapidly means they cant build the places for it
61
e - waste in LIC
ghana, africa e-waste gets sent to there from other countries they burn the waste causing many health issues they sell usable parts for very little low quality of life
62
how many tons of e waste per year
40 million
63
international flows of waste
International flows of waste - China used to import everyones waste - Now they have banned it - Plastic is now turned into new products Benefit of international waste - Sweden buys waste to make into biofuels - Germany has built 81 biofuel power stations for waste
64
malthus theory
population will increase, and so will resources, however they will converge and meet a point of crisis that states we have more people than resources
65
proof of malthus theory
1 billion starve to death everyday children are malnourished people dont have access to food and water
66
boserup theory
population will increase however we will find new ways to solve problems eg tech fertilizers pesticides renewable energy going to space GMC
67
ehrlich theory
population growth cannot continue without control because the planet will reach capacity
68
proof of ehrlich theory
mass starvation in parts of the world due to increase - chinas one child policy
69
resource steward ship
is the sustainable and responsible approach to managing resources that look at the future generations needs
70
what are the global commons
refers to areas of the world that cannot be interfered with by any other nation for example antartica and international waters
71
how are the SDG's resource stewardship
13 ensures government tackle climate change and provides resources to combat for it 12 promotes sustainable lifestyles and protect the future
72
circular economy
it is a model that reduces material use and doesnt allow things to become waste raw materials get produced, used, recycled, and so on and so forth
73
what are local initiatives (circular economy)
chineses factories use recovered copper waste rather than mining new
74
what are national initiatives (circular economy)
france and italy have taken steps that makes companies keep food waste and donate it to charity
75
what are global initiatives (circular economy)
EU has committed to target of no food waste
76
what is linear economy
raw materials production use non-recycable waste
77
reuse economy
raw materials production use, then recycling it will eventually become waste
78
IKEA is which economy
reuse - they use lots of energy and waste and lack lots of recycling and carbon emissions, illegal logging in ukraine they are more sustainable as they are biodegradable, and they get reused and recycled in ikea have a goal to move toward only recycled stuff
79

IB geography (10 decks)

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