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IB geography > global resources > Flashcards

global resources Flashcards

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1
Q

where does fresh water come from

A

69% comes from glaciers ad snow cover

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2
Q

why is fresh water becoming a probelm

A

glaciers are melting (climate change)

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3
Q

what is physical water scarcity

A

when physical acces to water is limited (demand and population is greater than capacity or ability)

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4
Q

economic water scarcity

A

when population does not have the necesscary monetary means to utilise an adequate source of water

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5
Q

what countries have little to no water scarcity and why

A

canada (small population lots of land)
europe (rich and smaller population)
south america (access)

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6
Q

what countries have physical water scarcity?

A

northern china (dry desert like)
middle east
north africa

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7
Q

what countries are starting to get water scarcity?

A

iran, pakistan and india as all the glaciers are melting

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8
Q

who has economic water scarcity?

A

central africa and south east asia

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9
Q

what is water used for in HICs

A

industrially (half)
and people

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10
Q

what is water used for in LIC’s

A

agriculture 82% and industrial is 10%
farmland is main source of food and income

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11
Q

why is the UK using more water

A

increased industrial production
populaiton is iincreasing so all of the leisure things, industrial, food, appliances, demand

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12
Q

what is happening to water around the world

A

availability of fresh water in many regions decreases due to climate change
these pressures will exacerbate economic disparities
population size increases meaning water demand rises - meat consumption is very water intensive

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13
Q

why is water hard not to use

A

its used in literally everything, even in ‘clean’ renewable and sustainable energy practises

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14
Q

what are main water supplies in countries

A

surface water (streams rivers lakes)
ground water however some are contaminated
desalination of saline water

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15
Q

what is embedded or virtual water

A

Measurement of water used in the production and transport to market of food and commodities

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16
Q

where has the highest water footprint

A

europe beacuse they import the most water intensive products

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17
Q

how much of the earths water is fresh drinkable

A

2%

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18
Q

what is happening to meat consumption

A

because meat is so expensive as countries develop the demand increases because they have more money to spend

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19
Q

how is meat consumption worsening water consumption

A

it takes lots of water to farm and raise cattle and livestock

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20
Q

what is situational poverty

A

caused by sudden crisis or loss, often temporary (disasters causing homelessness)

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21
Q

what is absolute poverty

A

involves lack of basic needs such as shelter water and food, focus on day to day survival

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22
Q

relative poverty

A

where peoples income fall below average for the area they live in (have access to basic needs but thats it)

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23
Q

what has the UN development goals achieved?

A

43 million more kids go to school
2 billion more have access to clean drinking water

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24
Q

why has poverty gone down overall

A

globalisation
education
global shift
womens rights
life expectancy

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25
Q

what is the global middle class

A

the growing middle class as poverty decreases more are now classed as middle class

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26
Q

what is the effect pf the global middle class

A

consumption has gone up a ton

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27
Q

china - global middle class probelms

A

westernised diet is more meat and restaurants
consumes 50% of the worlds pork
every two years their consumption grows by the size of the whole US market
meat eating reduces land available for crop

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28
Q

what are the global trends and patterns of food

A

consuming more food due to expanding population
due to tech, we are getting better at agriculture
GMC - drought resistance
storage and availability

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29
Q

what are modern solutions to farming

A

re imagingin farming to reduce envrionmental impacts
hydroponics, GMC’s, reducing presticides and fertilisers
digital tools, robots and drones
localised farming (cut transport)

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30
Q

why is food waste increasing

A

in HIC’s because of storage, demand, choice and expendable money

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31
Q

why is food homogenising

A

diets are becoming similar due to westernisation and gobalisation as well as the nutrient transition

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32
Q

non renewable energy

A

coal, oil, gas, nuclear

33
Q

renewable energy

A

hydro, solar, geothermal, biomass, wind

34
Q

what does china use (energy)

A

wind, as its cost effective long term, little land and renewable, however it impacts wildlife and is loud and noisy

35
Q

France energy choices

A

they dont produce the most nuclear power however they use it the most
clean - provides pollution fre power, high yield
however causes nuclear waste and malfunctions can be catastrophic

36
Q

iceland energy choices

A

iceland and indonesia
pros heat homes, bathing very relliable and small land footprint
cons location dependent, high cost initially, surface insability

37
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

methane

38
Q

what are the countries that make the most oil

A

saudi
USA
russia
China
Venezuela

39
Q

what is energy surplus

A

more energy than the demands

40
Q

energy decifict

A

less energy than demand (high demand)

41
Q

energy security

A

access to reliable sources of energy

42
Q

what is peak oil refering to

A

the hypothetical point at which globa crude oil production will hit its maximum rate, after which the production will decline

43
Q

ecological footprint

A

the theoretical footprint of the amount of land and water a population needs to produce the resources it consumes and absorb its waste

44
Q

bio capacity

A

the supply of reasources availbile for consumption

45
Q

ecological debtor

A

countries whose ecological footprint is higher than biocapacity

46
Q

ecological creditor

A

countries whose ecological footprint is lower than their biocapacity
when resources are used at a lower rate than that at which they can produced

47
Q

global hectare

A

measure of biocapcity and ecological footprint

48
Q

why is our ecological footprint increasing

A

development causing an increase in consumption of clothes, food and eating meat

49
Q

what is the nexus of food

A

the close links between food energy and water and the ways the changes effects each sector

50
Q

case study for nexus

A

india and canada

51
Q

water in india and canada

A

in india 250 million people lack access to clean water
where as in canada they don’t have water scarcity because its a small population however local shortages happen

52
Q

food security in india and canada

A

in india - increased freq of droughts and floods, urbanisation reduces availability of agricultural land
canada - some people don’t have food availability, temp increased

53
Q

energy security in india and canada

A

bad in india bc of natural disasters and poor - can adopt hydropower
good in canada - high security for energy

54
Q

nexus links for india

A

don’t have water so food becomes difficult to grow, also agricultural productivity will fall due to climate change, if they adopt hydropower it will allow more energy for more food and then water
however it decreases drinking water

55
Q

nexus links for canada

A

they dont have water shortages so they will have food and energy, the temperature is also warming so they have more land to grow food
they have energy surplus so theyll be able to grow food and get water

56
Q

e-waste in US

A

little management
- recycling and reuse programs,
- domestic landfill dumping
- international shipment
creates toxic materials - lead mercury and cadmium

57
Q

Waste in US

A

268 million tones of waste -> 140 million goes into landfills
Main source: trash, products and packaging, electronics
massive envrionmental impacts - land degradation and water pollution
social impacts - lowers health

58
Q

E waste in NEE - brazil

A

main waste is organic material
brazil disposes of their waste there
they dispose of e -waste as they same as general waste
place most of the waste in landfills

59
Q

what is the waste hierarchy

A

new waste management shows that we should be reducing by preventing waste and use landfill as a last resort

60
Q

why do LIC’s struggle with waste

A

population growth = more waste = more consumption
growing so rapidly means they cant build the places for it

61
Q

e - waste in LIC

A

ghana, africa
e-waste gets sent to there from other countries
they burn the waste causing many health issues
they sell usable parts for very little
low quality of life

62
Q

how many tons of e waste per year

A

40 million

63
Q

international flows of waste

A

International flows of waste
- China used to import everyones waste
- Now they have banned it
- Plastic is now turned into new products

Benefit of international waste
- Sweden buys waste to make into biofuels
- Germany has built 81 biofuel power stations for waste

64
Q

malthus theory

A

population will increase, and so will resources, however they will converge and meet a point of crisis that states we have more people than resources

65
Q

proof of malthus theory

A

1 billion starve to death everyday
children are malnourished
people dont have access to food and water

66
Q

boserup theory

A

population will increase however we will find new ways to solve problems
eg
tech fertilizers pesticides
renewable energy
going to space
GMC

67
Q

ehrlich theory

A

population growth cannot continue without control because the planet will reach capacity

68
Q

proof of ehrlich theory

A

mass starvation in parts of the world due to increase
- chinas one child policy

69
Q

resource steward ship

A

is the sustainable and responsible approach to managing resources that look at the future generations needs

70
Q

what are the global commons

A

refers to areas of the world that cannot be interfered with by any other nation
for example antartica and international waters

71
Q

how are the SDG’s resource stewardship

A

13 ensures government tackle climate change and provides resources to combat for it
12 promotes sustainable lifestyles and protect the future

72
Q

circular economy

A

it is a model that reduces material use and doesnt allow things to become waste
raw materials get produced, used, recycled, and so on and so forth

73
Q

what are local initiatives (circular economy)

A

chineses factories use recovered copper waste rather than mining new

74
Q

what are national initiatives (circular economy)

A

france and italy have taken steps that makes companies keep food waste and donate it to charity

75
Q

what are global initiatives (circular economy)

A

EU has committed to target of no food waste

76
Q

what is linear economy

A

raw materials
production
use
non-recycable waste

77
Q

reuse economy

A

raw materials
production
use, then recycling
it will eventually become waste

78
Q

IKEA is which economy

A

reuse
- they use lots of energy and waste and lack lots of recycling and carbon emissions, illegal logging in ukraine
they are more sustainable as they are biodegradable, and they get reused and recycled in ikea
have a goal to move toward only recycled stuff

79
Q
A

IB geography (10 decks)

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