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BIOS5092 > skull, vertebral, spinal column > Flashcards

skull, vertebral, spinal column Flashcards

1
Q

when do primary curves of the spine develop?

A

before birth & secondary curves after birth

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2
Q

what are the primary curves?

A

throacic curve & sacral curve

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3
Q

what are secondary curves?

A

cervical curve & lumbar curve

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4
Q

when does the cervical curve develop?

A

as infant learns to balance the weight of the head on vertebrae of neck

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5
Q

when does the thoracic curve develop?

A

its primary so before birth to accomodate thoracic organs

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6
Q

when does the lumbar curve develop?

A

secondary to balance the weight of trunk over lower limbs- develops with ability to stand

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7
Q

when does the sacral curve develop?

A

primary (before birth) to accomodate abdominopelvic organs

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8
Q

what are the major components of a typical vertebra?

A

articular process, pedicle, vertebral body, transverse process, spinous process, articular facet

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9
Q

what makes up the vertebral body?

A

anulus fibrosus outside- nucleus pulposus centrally

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10
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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11
Q

what makes a cervical vertebrae special?

A

bifid spinous process & costal process for articulation with ribs + transverse foramen for vertebral artery/vein

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12
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

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13
Q

what does the trasnverse costal facet of thoracic v. articulate with?

A

for tubercle of superior head

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14
Q

what does the inferior costal facet of thoracic v. articulate with?

A

for head of inferior rib

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15
Q

what is the point where sagittal & coronal surture meet?

A

bregma

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16
Q

what is surture between parietal & temporal bone?

A

squamous suture

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17
Q

what is the point where frontal, parietal & temporal bone join together?

A

pterion- weak spot as so many bones join into it

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18
Q

what is the mastoid process a landmark for?

A

C2- wide transverse processes

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19
Q

what makes the skull light?

A

spongy bone in middle (cortical bone surrounds outside) but sinuses make it also lighter

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20
Q

why does the babys skull have to be soft?

A

baby head need to be able to mold out of mothers head

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21
Q

what are bones of neonatal skulls seperated by?

A

fibrous tissue along their edges (sutures)- & at the corners (posterior & anterior fontanelles)

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22
Q

what is the function of SCM?

A

attaches to mastoid- lateral flexion on same side + contralateral rotation

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23
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit?

A

in hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica

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24
Q

what are the hormones given off by pituitary gland?

A

prolactin, oxytocin, ADH, gonadotrophins, TSH, GH, MSH, ACTH

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25
Q

what are the tiny holes in crista galli?

A

cribiform plate (pieced by oflactory nerve)

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26
Q

how many vertebraes does each section have?

A

c(7), t (12), l (5)- sacral (4-6 but fuses)- coccyx (3-4)

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27
Q

why is the spine designed with curves?

A

flexibility, absorbing force when running & jumping

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28
Q

what is exaggerated lordosis & how is it diagnosed?

A

via the AIIS- can increase back pain & spine is squashed

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29
Q

what type of joint are the articular processes of the spine?

A

synovial & connect to vertebrae- all other joints are fibrocartilagenous

30
Q

what contacts with the articular disc in spine?

A

goes bone, cartilage, then disc, cartilage, bone

31
Q

what are zygapophyseal joints?

A

facet joints between superior articular facet to inferior articular facet e.g. 3rd superior articular facet articulates with 2nd inferior facet

32
Q

what passes through the intervertebral foramen?

A

where nerve roots come out

33
Q

what is the role of the nucleus pulposus?

A

more water vs annulus fibrosis which has more collagen

34
Q

why is the cervical spinous process bifid?

A

the muscles have remolded due to moving of the head

35
Q

what is the special features of cervical spine?

A

short transverse process for transverse foramen to protect vertebral artery- small vertebral body with large vertebral arch (large back to protect spinal cord and allow movement)- frontal spane

36
Q

is the spinous process at C2 bifid?

A

no

37
Q

what way do cervical facets face & what movement?

A

superior articular facing posteriorly & up & inferior facing anterioly & down- allows all movement

38
Q

what way does the spinous processes of thoracic travel?

A

down but first 2 follow pattern of cervical (horizontal)

39
Q

what are the features of the thoracic?

A

bigger vertebral bdoy (shape of heart)- vertebral foramen in narrow as their is no enlargement- has costal facets for ribs- transverse process posteriorly directed - frontal plane

40
Q

where do the ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae?

A

costalvertebral (head of ribs to demifacet) & costotranverse (tubercle of rib with transverse process)

41
Q

what way do the thoracic facets face & what movement ?

A

superior facets face posteriorly & inferior facets face anteriorly (frontal plane)- lateral flexion & rotation- no flexion/extension (ribs limit most movement)

42
Q

what are the features of lumbar?

A

thick, large vertebral bodies- coronal plane- thick tranverse & spinous process- thick pedicle

43
Q

what way do facets of lumbar spine face & their actions?

A

superior (medial) & inferior (lateral)- on a sagittal plane- only flexion & extension (no rotation)

44
Q

what is a common ailment in lumbar region?

A

Spondylolisthesis- one of the lower vertebrae to slip forward onto the bone directly beneath it- lamina didnt fuse with the pedicle & vertebral foramen in reduced

45
Q

what is the top & botton of the sacrum called?

A

base (top) & apex (bottom)

46
Q

what does the ala of the sacrum contact with?

A

iliac forming the sacroiliac joint via auricular surface

47
Q

what are transverse lines of the sacrum?

A

where the joints form

48
Q

what is the function of sacral tuberostiy?

A

strong ligaments are attached to that area

49
Q

what are the 2 crest of the sacrum?

A

median sacral & lateral sacral crest

50
Q

what kind of curve is the sacral curve?

A

a kyphotic curve

51
Q

what consists of the deep layer of erector spinae?

A

semispinalis group (semispinalis capitus, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis) & multifidus

52
Q

what consists of the superficial layer of erector spinae?

A

spinalis, longissimus & iliocostalis groups + splenius capitis

53
Q

what makes up the muscles in spinalis, longissimus & iliocostalis group?

A

longissimus capitis, spinalis cervicis, longissiumus cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracic, iliocostalis lumborum

54
Q

what is the function of erector spinae?

A

extends vertebral column

55
Q

where is the iliocostalis group located?

A

outermost (consist of iliocostalis cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)- attaches to ribs

56
Q

where is the longissimus group located?

A

middle (longissimus capitis, cervicis, thoracis)

57
Q

where is the spinalis group located?

A

innermost (spinalis cervicis, thoracis )

58
Q

what is the multifidus?

A

located in lumbar spine- provides intersegmental stability (good at stabilising us)

59
Q

what are the muscles of the deep layer of erector spinae?

A

intervertebral muscles (interspinales, rotatores, intertransversarii)- sensing & fine tuning (proprioception)

60
Q

what are the spinal flexors?

A

quadratus lumborum (iliac crest to lumbar transverse processes)

61
Q

what are the flexors of anterior cervical & thoracic spine?

A

longus capitus, longus colli

62
Q

what are the impressions on the rectus abdominis?

A

tendinous inscriptions- flat piece of muscle with tendon between

63
Q

what way do the external obliques face?

A

down posterioly from ribs

64
Q

what way do internal obliques face?

A

run up on diagonal

65
Q

what type of movement does rectus abdominis do?

A

flexion of lumbar spine

66
Q

what is the function of external & internal obliques?

A

external (flexion & contralateral rotation of torso) & internal (Bilateral: Compresses abdomen Unilateral: Ipsilateral trunk rotation)- can both do flexion

67
Q

what is the role of transverse abdominis?

A

compresses abdominal contents & erects spine

68
Q

what occurs to muscles, such as quadratus lumborum, when injured?

A

fatty infiltration of muscle tissue

69
Q

what is the function of quadratus lumborum?

A

lateral flexion of spine

70
Q

what is the joint between cartilage of the rib and rib itself?

A

costalchondral joint

71
Q

what ribs are true & false?

A

true ribs (1-7 as they attach to sternum) & false ribs (10-12 as they don’t)

72
Q

what are the rib movements during inspiration?

A

upper ribs do pump handle movement (elevation of ribs- increase in antero-posterior diameter of thoracic cavity) & lower ribs do bucket handle (increase in lateral diameter of thracic cavity)

BIOS5092 (17 decks)

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