skull, vertebral, spinal column Flashcards
when do primary curves of the spine develop?
before birth & secondary curves after birth
what are the primary curves?
throacic curve & sacral curve
what are secondary curves?
cervical curve & lumbar curve
when does the cervical curve develop?
as infant learns to balance the weight of the head on vertebrae of neck
when does the thoracic curve develop?
its primary so before birth to accomodate thoracic organs
when does the lumbar curve develop?
secondary to balance the weight of trunk over lower limbs- develops with ability to stand
when does the sacral curve develop?
primary (before birth) to accomodate abdominopelvic organs
what are the major components of a typical vertebra?
articular process, pedicle, vertebral body, transverse process, spinous process, articular facet
what makes up the vertebral body?
anulus fibrosus outside- nucleus pulposus centrally
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
what makes a cervical vertebrae special?
bifid spinous process & costal process for articulation with ribs + transverse foramen for vertebral artery/vein
how many thoracic vertebrae?
12
what does the trasnverse costal facet of thoracic v. articulate with?
for tubercle of superior head
what does the inferior costal facet of thoracic v. articulate with?
for head of inferior rib
what is the point where sagittal & coronal surture meet?
bregma
what is surture between parietal & temporal bone?
squamous suture
what is the point where frontal, parietal & temporal bone join together?
pterion- weak spot as so many bones join into it
what is the mastoid process a landmark for?
C2- wide transverse processes
what makes the skull light?
spongy bone in middle (cortical bone surrounds outside) but sinuses make it also lighter
why does the babys skull have to be soft?
baby head need to be able to mold out of mothers head
what are bones of neonatal skulls seperated by?
fibrous tissue along their edges (sutures)- & at the corners (posterior & anterior fontanelles)
what is the function of SCM?
attaches to mastoid- lateral flexion on same side + contralateral rotation
where does the pituitary gland sit?
in hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica
what are the hormones given off by pituitary gland?
prolactin, oxytocin, ADH, gonadotrophins, TSH, GH, MSH, ACTH
what are the tiny holes in crista galli?
cribiform plate (pieced by oflactory nerve)
how many vertebraes does each section have?
c(7), t (12), l (5)- sacral (4-6 but fuses)- coccyx (3-4)
why is the spine designed with curves?
flexibility, absorbing force when running & jumping
what is exaggerated lordosis & how is it diagnosed?
via the AIIS- can increase back pain & spine is squashed
what type of joint are the articular processes of the spine?
synovial & connect to vertebrae- all other joints are fibrocartilagenous
what contacts with the articular disc in spine?
goes bone, cartilage, then disc, cartilage, bone
what are zygapophyseal joints?
facet joints between superior articular facet to inferior articular facet e.g. 3rd superior articular facet articulates with 2nd inferior facet
what passes through the intervertebral foramen?
where nerve roots come out
what is the role of the nucleus pulposus?
more water vs annulus fibrosis which has more collagen
why is the cervical spinous process bifid?
the muscles have remolded due to moving of the head
what is the special features of cervical spine?
short transverse process for transverse foramen to protect vertebral artery- small vertebral body with large vertebral arch (large back to protect spinal cord and allow movement)- frontal spane
is the spinous process at C2 bifid?
no
what way do cervical facets face & what movement?
superior articular facing posteriorly & up & inferior facing anterioly & down- allows all movement
what way does the spinous processes of thoracic travel?
down but first 2 follow pattern of cervical (horizontal)
what are the features of the thoracic?
bigger vertebral bdoy (shape of heart)- vertebral foramen in narrow as their is no enlargement- has costal facets for ribs- transverse process posteriorly directed - frontal plane
where do the ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae?
costalvertebral (head of ribs to demifacet) & costotranverse (tubercle of rib with transverse process)
what way do the thoracic facets face & what movement ?
superior facets face posteriorly & inferior facets face anteriorly (frontal plane)- lateral flexion & rotation- no flexion/extension (ribs limit most movement)
what are the features of lumbar?
thick, large vertebral bodies- coronal plane- thick tranverse & spinous process- thick pedicle
what way do facets of lumbar spine face & their actions?
superior (medial) & inferior (lateral)- on a sagittal plane- only flexion & extension (no rotation)
what is a common ailment in lumbar region?
Spondylolisthesis- one of the lower vertebrae to slip forward onto the bone directly beneath it- lamina didnt fuse with the pedicle & vertebral foramen in reduced
what is the top & botton of the sacrum called?
base (top) & apex (bottom)
what does the ala of the sacrum contact with?
iliac forming the sacroiliac joint via auricular surface
what are transverse lines of the sacrum?
where the joints form
what is the function of sacral tuberostiy?
strong ligaments are attached to that area
what are the 2 crest of the sacrum?
median sacral & lateral sacral crest
what kind of curve is the sacral curve?
a kyphotic curve
what consists of the deep layer of erector spinae?
semispinalis group (semispinalis capitus, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis) & multifidus
what consists of the superficial layer of erector spinae?
spinalis, longissimus & iliocostalis groups + splenius capitis
what makes up the muscles in spinalis, longissimus & iliocostalis group?
longissimus capitis, spinalis cervicis, longissiumus cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracic, iliocostalis lumborum
what is the function of erector spinae?
extends vertebral column
where is the iliocostalis group located?
outermost (consist of iliocostalis cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)- attaches to ribs
where is the longissimus group located?
middle (longissimus capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
where is the spinalis group located?
innermost (spinalis cervicis, thoracis )
what is the multifidus?
located in lumbar spine- provides intersegmental stability (good at stabilising us)
what are the muscles of the deep layer of erector spinae?
intervertebral muscles (interspinales, rotatores, intertransversarii)- sensing & fine tuning (proprioception)
what are the spinal flexors?
quadratus lumborum (iliac crest to lumbar transverse processes)
what are the flexors of anterior cervical & thoracic spine?
longus capitus, longus colli
what are the impressions on the rectus abdominis?
tendinous inscriptions- flat piece of muscle with tendon between
what way do the external obliques face?
down posterioly from ribs
what way do internal obliques face?
run up on diagonal
what type of movement does rectus abdominis do?
flexion of lumbar spine
what is the function of external & internal obliques?
external (flexion & contralateral rotation of torso) & internal (Bilateral: Compresses abdomen Unilateral: Ipsilateral trunk rotation)- can both do flexion
what is the role of transverse abdominis?
compresses abdominal contents & erects spine
what occurs to muscles, such as quadratus lumborum, when injured?
fatty infiltration of muscle tissue
what is the function of quadratus lumborum?
lateral flexion of spine
what is the joint between cartilage of the rib and rib itself?
costalchondral joint
what ribs are true & false?
true ribs (1-7 as they attach to sternum) & false ribs (10-12 as they don’t)
what are the rib movements during inspiration?
upper ribs do pump handle movement (elevation of ribs- increase in antero-posterior diameter of thoracic cavity) & lower ribs do bucket handle (increase in lateral diameter of thracic cavity)
