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BIOS5092 > NEURO 1 > Flashcards

NEURO 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of cells of nervous system?

A

neurons (cells that send & receive signals) & neuroglia (cells that support & protect neurons)- contains average 86 billion neurons- no cell division in neurons

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2
Q

what are the functions of the nervous syste?

A

monitor internal/external environment, integration (moniotr sensory input & initiate appropriate response, regulate & coordinate internal environment, control mental activity, control muscles & glands

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3
Q

what is the structure of a neuron?

A

cell body (presynaptic cell) containing organelles- has dendrites with one axon with telodendrites connecting to a postsynaptic cell with a neurotransmitter- neurons require large amounts of blood as energy

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4
Q

what makes up CNS?

A

brain & spinal cord- contains neural tissue, connective tissues, & blood vessels= PNS (sensory receptors, cranial & spinal nerves, ganglion, plexuses)

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5
Q

what is white matter?

A

regions of CNS with myelinated axons

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6
Q

what is gray matter?

A

unmyelinated areas of CNS (cell bodies)

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7
Q

what are functions of the CNS?

A

process & coordinate sensory data (from inside & outside body), motor commands (control activities of peripheral organs), higher function of brain (intelligence, emotion)

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8
Q

where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

between L1 & L2

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9
Q

what is the is the sulcus & fissue of dorsal & ventral surface?

A

dorsal= posterior median sulcus- ventral= anterior median fissure

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10
Q

what is the cervical enlargement?

A

nerves of shoulders & upper limbs

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11
Q

what is the lumbar enlargement?

A

nerves of pelvis & lower limbs

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12
Q

what is the conus medullaris?

A

thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement

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13
Q

what filum terminale?

A

fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris- attaches spinal cord to coccygeal ligament

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14
Q

what is cauda equina?

A

nerve roots extending below conus medullaris

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15
Q

how many spinal segments are there & what are they associated with?

A

31- every segment if associated with pair of dorsal root ganglia

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16
Q

where do dorsal & ventral roots exit through?

A

intervertebral foramina between successive vertebrae

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17
Q

how the spinal nerves named?

A

spinal nerves inferior to 1st thoracic vertebrae takes its name from vertebrae immediately superior to it e.g. spinal nerve T1 emerges inferior to vertebrae T1

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18
Q

where does the 1st pair of spinal nerves, C1, pass between?

A

between skull & first cervical vertebrae

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19
Q

how many cervical nerves are there?

A

8 cervical nerves even though there are 7 cervical vertebrae- 8 passes through C7 & T1

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20
Q

what is the corticospinal tract?

A

starts in cerebral cortex & terminates on lower motor neurons - controls movement of limbs & trunk

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21
Q

what is the spinothalamic tract?

A

from spine to thalamus then relayed to somatosensory cortex- gross touch & temperature

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22
Q

what is the rubrospinal tract?

A

from red nucleus to spinal cord- large muscle movement regulation flexor & inhibiting extendor tone as well as fine motor control

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23
Q

what is the vestibulospinal tract?

A

from vestibular nuclei to spinal cord- alters motor tone, extend, & change position of limbs & head with goal of supporting posture & maintaining balance of head & body

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24
Q

what are the nerves of the PNS?

A

cranial nerves (originate from brain- 12 pairs) & spinal nerves (31 pairs)

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25
Q

what are the 2 branches of spinal nerves?

A

ventral root (axons of motor neuron) & dorsal root (contain axons of sensory neurons)

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26
Q

what does dorsal root ganglia contain?

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons-

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27
Q

where are motor neuron cells bodies contain?

A

anterior & lateral horns of spinal cord gray matter - somatic in anterior (motor) horn & autonomic neurons in lateral horn

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28
Q

what is the function of the PNS?

A

deliver sensory information to CNS- carry motor commands to peripheral tissue & systems

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29
Q

what ais the afferent division of PNS?

A

Carries sensory information- from PNS receptors to CNS

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30
Q

what is the efferent division of PNS?

A

carries motor commands- from CNS to muscles & glands

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31
Q

what are receptors?

A

detect change in environment, neurons & specialised cells, complex sensory organs e.g. eyes

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32
Q

what are effectors?

A

respond to efferent signals- cells & organs

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33
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control?

A

skeletel muscle contractions both voluntary & involuntary muscle contractions (reflexes)

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34
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

visceral motor neurons that carry info from CNS to all other peripheral effectors (e.g. smooth muscle, cardiac muscle)

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35
Q

what are the divisiosn of the ANS?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

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36
Q

what does the ANS control?

A

subconscious actions e.g. contractions of smooth muscle & cardiac muscle & glandular secretions

37
Q

what is the function of the sympathetic division?

A

stimulating effect (fight or flight)- arises from thoracic & lumbar (thoracolumbar outflow)

38
Q

what is the function of parasympathetic division?

A

relaxing effect- rest or digest- arises from brainstem (Cranial nerves) & sacral spinal cord (craniosacral outflow)

39
Q

where do signals from CNS motor neurons to visceral effectors pass synapses?

A

autonomic ganglia- divides axons intro preganglionic fibres & postganglion fibers

40
Q

what are dermatomes?

A

bilateral regions of skin monitored by specific pair of spinal nerves

41
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers, released at presynaptic membrane, affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane, broken down by enzymes, reassembled at synaptic knob

42
Q

what are 3 classifications of neurons?

A

sensory neurons (afferent neurons of PNS-take info into CNS), motor neurons (efferent neurons of PNS- take info out from CNS), interneurons

43
Q

what do visceral & somatic sensory neurons monitor?

A

visceral= internal environment- somatic= external environment

44
Q

what are the 3 types of sensory receptors?

A

interoceptors, exteroceptors, proprioceptors

45
Q

what is the function of interoceptors?

A

monitor internal system (digestive, urinary) & internal senses (taste, pain)

46
Q

what is the function of exteroceptors?

A

external senses (touch, pressure), distance senses (sight, smell)

47
Q

what is the function of proprioceptors?

A

monitor position & movement (skeletal muscles & joints)

48
Q

where do motor neurons carry instructions from?

A

CNS to peripheral effectors/organs via efferent fibres (axons)

49
Q

what is the function of interneurons?

A

located in brain, spinal cord & autonomic ganglia- responsible for distribution of sensory information & coordinate motor activity- involved in higher functions (memory, planning, learning)

50
Q

what is the neuroglia of CNS?

A

astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia & oligodendrocytes

51
Q

what is the function of astrocytes?

A

regulate substances that reach the CNS from the blood, produce chemical that promote tight junctions to form BBB, regulate brain fluid composition, provide protection

52
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells?

A

line brain ventricles & central canal of spinal cord- form choroid plexus- secretes CSF

53
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A

migrate through neural tissue, clean up cellular debris + waste products & pathogens

54
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

myelinated axons of CNS neurons

55
Q

what are internodes?

A

myelinated segments of axons

56
Q

what are nodes/nodes of ranvier?

A

gaps between internodes- important for conducting action potential, contain high concentration of ion channels, critical for conducting of message between neurons

57
Q

what is the ventricular system?

A

interconnecting series of chambers & channels- contain CSF

58
Q

what does the ventricular system consist of?

A

lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle

59
Q

where is the lateral ventricle?

A

located within each cerebral hemisphere- communicates via interventricular foramen to 3rd ventricle

60
Q

what makes up the walls of 3rd ventricle?

A

lateral walls made of thalamus & hypothalamus- 3rd ventricle becomes continuous with cerebral aquaduct

61
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

between the brain stem (pons & medulla) & cerebellum- median aperture & 2 lateral apertures communicate with subarachnoid space surrounding the brain

62
Q

what does the prosencephalon (forebrain) turn in to?

A

telecephalon & diencephalon= cerebral hemisphere

63
Q

what does the mesencephalon (midbrain) turn in to?

A

mesencephalon= midbrain

64
Q

what does the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) turn in to?

A

metencephalon (pons, cerebellum) & myelencephalo (medulla oblongata)

65
Q

what is the function of the diencephalon and what do it contain?

A

integrates sensory information & motor commands- contains thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus & hypothalamus- acts as a filter to control amount of sensory information that reaches the cortex & decides if sensory information can deal with it as subcortical level

66
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

filters ascending sensory information to primary sensory cortex- relays motor information from basal nuclei & cerebellum to cerebral cortex

67
Q

what does the 3rd ventricle seperate?

A

left & right thalamus

68
Q

what is the intermediate mass of 3rd ventricle?

A

projection of gray matter- extends into ventricle from each side

69
Q

what are thalamic nuclei?

A

masses of grey matter that form the thalamus

70
Q

what are the 5 groups of thalamic nuclei?

A

anterior group, medial group, ventral group, posterior group, lateral group

71
Q

what is the function of anterior group?

A

part of limbic system (emotions)- conected with hippocampal formation, cingulate gyrus & mammillary bodies

72
Q

what is the function of medial group?

A

provides awareness of emotional states

73
Q

what is the function of ventral group?

A

relays sensoring information

74
Q

what are the neuclei of posterior group?

A

pulvinar nucleus (sensory), lateral geniculate nucleus (visual), medial geniculate nucleus (auditory)

75
Q

what is the function of lateral group?

A

affects emotional states, integrates sensory info

76
Q

what are the role of mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus?

A

process olfactory & other sensory information- controls reflex eating movements

77
Q

what is the role of the infundibulum of hypothalamus?

A

narrow stalk- connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

78
Q

what is the role of the tuberal area of hypothalamus?

A

located between the infundibulum & mamillary bodies- helps control pituitary gland function

79
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

subconscious control of skeletal muscle, controls autonomic function, coordinates activities of nervous & endocrine systems, secrete hormones (ADH from supraoptic nucleus, oxytocin from paraventricular), produces emotion & behavioural drives (feeding & thirst centres), coordinates voluntary & autonomic functions, regulates body temp (preoptic area), controls circadian rhythms (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

80
Q

where and what is the pineal gland?

A

founding in posterior epithalamus & secretes melatonin

81
Q

what are the basal nuclei?

A

4 subcortical nuclei- role in voluntary movement- no direct or indirect output connections to spinal cord- primary input from cortex

82
Q

what is the input & output of basal nuclei?

A

input from cortex & output from thalamus to prefrontal, premotor & motor cortex

83
Q

what is the function of dorsomedial nucleus?

A

associated with mediation of affective processes & emotional behaviour

84
Q

what is the function of ventral anterior & lateral nucleus?

A

ventral +lateral (control of motor function)

85
Q

what is the function of lateral dorsal nucleus?

A

projects info to parietal, occipitoparietal & temporal cortex- may play a role in memory

86
Q

what is the ventral basal complex?

A

made of ventral posterior lateral & ventral posterior medial nuclei- serve as relay nuclei for transmission of somatosensory info from body & head to regions of postcentral gyrus

87
Q

what is the function of lateral posterior nucleus?

A

associated with integration of different modalities of sensory input & cognitive functions associated with them

88
Q

what is the function of pulvinar nucleus?

A

cognitive functions involving auditory & visual stimuli

BIOS5092 (17 decks)

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