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BIOS5092 > CARDIOVASCULAR 1 > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what do chest radiographs usually show?

A

size of cardiovascular structures & lung parenchyma- PA and lateral views are used

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2
Q

how does the system circulate blood?

A

via a pump (heart) & conductive system (blood vessels)

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3
Q

what are the 2 parts of the system?

A

pulmonary & systemic circulation

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4
Q

what is the main function of the pulmonary system?

A

transport blood through the lungs under low pressure- right sid eof heart doesn’t have a large muscle mass

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5
Q

why is the pulmonary system low pressure?

A

low resistance in pulmonary vessels- right ventrice has small muscle mass due to not having developed high pressures

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6
Q

what is the main function of systemic circulation?

A

transport blood through tissues under high pressure system due to high resistance in systemic vessels- left ventricle has large muscle mass due to high pressures

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7
Q

where is the heart located?

A

1/3 to right midline + 2/3 to left

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8
Q

how much does the cardiac silhouette occupy?

A

less than 50% of transverse diameter of the chest- if more, it could mean that there is a disease

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9
Q

how is the heart rotated?

A

entire heart is rotated to the left- right side of the heart in anterior

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10
Q

what forms the right border in an AP view?

A

right atrium

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11
Q

what forms the left border in an AP view?

A

left ventricle

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12
Q

what forms the superior border in AP view?

A

right & left atria

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13
Q

what forms the inferior border in AP view?

A

right ventricle- rests on central tendon of diaphragm

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14
Q

where is the base of the heart?

A

superior surface

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15
Q

where is the apex of the heart?

A

inferior surface

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16
Q

what is length of normal adult heart from base to apex?

A

12.5cm

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17
Q

what is heart located in & suspended by?

A

in mediastinum, suspended by pericardial sac

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18
Q

what does the mediastinum contain?

A

great vessels fibres, oesophagus & trachea

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19
Q

where does the aorta leave?

A

left ventricle

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20
Q

what is the aorta divided into?

A

ascending, aortic arch, descending

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21
Q

what does the aortic arch curves over?

A

curves posterior over left lung

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22
Q

where is the descending aorta?

A

slightly anterior & to left of vertebral column- called thoracic while in thorax, called abdominal while in aorta

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23
Q

what are the branches of the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

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24
Q

what does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?

A

right common carotid & right subclavian (vertebral artery arises from subclavian)

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25
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk leave?

A

right ventricle

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26
Q

what attaches pulmonary trunk to aortic arch?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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27
Q

what does the SVC enter?

A

right atrium

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28
Q

what forms the SVC?

A

junction of brachiocephalic veins

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29
Q

what is the role of SVC & where is it located?

A

carries blood from thorax, head & neck- located posterior to ascending aorta

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30
Q

where does the IVC enter?

A

right atrium

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31
Q

what forms the IVC & where is it located?

A

formed by junction of iliac veins + ascends to right of abdominal aorta

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32
Q

where does the IVC pass through in diaphragm?

A

caval hiatus

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33
Q

what is the pericardium made of?

A

epicardium & parietal pericardium

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34
Q

what is the epicardium attached to?

A

attached to surface of heart

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35
Q

what is the partietal pericardium attached to?

A

inner surface of pericardial sac

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36
Q

what seperates the epicardium from pericardium?

A

pericardial cavity- filled with 15-50ml of pericardial fluid

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37
Q

what is the pericardial sac made of?

A

fibrous tissues

38
Q

what does contraction of atrium do?

A

“tops up” the ventricle

39
Q

what are the atria seperated by?

A

interarterial septum

40
Q

what are extension of atria known as?

A

auricle

41
Q

what are the valves of the ventricles?

A

atrioventricular valve & semilunar valves

42
Q

what is the atrioventricular valve made of?

A

leaflets attached to papillary mucles by chordae tendinae

43
Q

how many leaflets does right valve have?

A

three leaflets- tricupsid valve

44
Q

how many leaflets does left valve have?

A

2 leaflets- bicupsid (mitral) valve

45
Q

what is the function of semilunar valves?

A

seperate ventricle from great vessels- three crescent shaped cusps

46
Q

what seperates right ventricle & pulmonary artery?

A

pulmonary valve

47
Q

what seperates left ventricle & aorta?

A

aortic valve

48
Q

what is the role of the valves?

A

act as seals- ensure blood flow is unidirectional- that backflow does not occur

49
Q

what are valves attached to?

A

walls of chambers

50
Q

what acts as anchors on the valves?

A

chordae tendinae & papillary muscles limit amount of movement

51
Q

what makes the valves open & close?

A

pressure gradients

52
Q

what happens if valves fail?

A

chambers of heart will not empty properly, chamber will contain excessive amount of blood, murmurs may be produced by regurgitation of blood through the failing valve

53
Q

what is the heart made of?

A

myocardium

54
Q

how does the heart function?

A

in a cycle of relaxation (diastole) followed by contraction (systole)

55
Q

what supplies myocardium?

A

coronary circulation

56
Q

where do left & right coronary arteries originate from?

A

at base of ascending aorta

57
Q

what does coronary sulci mark the seperation of?

A

seperates atria & ventricles

58
Q

what does interventricular sulcus seperate?

A

between the ventricles

59
Q

what does the left coronary artery supply?

A

left ventricle, left atrium & interventricular septum

60
Q

what does the left coronary artery divide into?

A

left interventricular (anterior descending) + circumflex

61
Q

what does the left coronary artery travel in?

A

anterior interventricular sulcus to apex of heart

62
Q

what does the circumflex travel in?

A

coronary sulcus and joins the right coronary artery

63
Q

what does the right coronary artery supply?

A

right atrium, parts of both ventricles, parts of the conducting system

64
Q

what does the right coronary artery divide into?

A

right interventricular

65
Q

where does the coronary sinus collect blood from?

A

from myocardial veins & returns to right atrium

66
Q

how is the cardiac muscle similar to skeletal muscle?

A

contracts when depolarised & force of contraction depends on resting length of muscle

67
Q

how is the cardiac muscle different to skeletal muscle?

A

not under voluntary control & once one cell depolarised, all cells will- functions as a syncytium

68
Q

what acts as the pacemaker?

A

whichever part depolarises firtst- usually sinoatrial (SA) node (in base of heart, above atrium)

69
Q

what does the stretch of the muscle depend on?

A

the filling of the ventricles

70
Q

what does the P wave represent in the ECG?

A

atrial contraction

71
Q

what does the QRS complex mean in ECG?

A

ventricular contraction (and atrial relaxation)

72
Q

what does the T wave mean in ECG?

A

ventricular relaxation

73
Q

what can ECG signal be used for?

A

as reference for image collection & trigger imaging- identifies if valves are working properly

74
Q

what happens during systole?

A

AV valves closed & semilunar valves open (pulmonary or aortic)

75
Q

what happens during diastole?

A

AV valves open & semilunar valves closed- ventricle is not contracted

76
Q

what is prospective gating?

A

image acquired at specific point in ECG cycle

77
Q

what is retrospective gating?

A

imaging performed continuously with ECG signal stored

78
Q

what is the stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped by the contracting ventricle on each beat

79
Q

what is the cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped each minute (into either the systemic or pulmonary circulation)

80
Q

what is heart rate regulated by?

A

sympathetic/parasympathetic balance- Q=HR x SV

81
Q

what is the ejection fraction?

A

measurement, expressed as a percentage, of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction as it does not empty each time it contracts- stroke volume divided by end distolic volume- proportion of end diastolic volme which is pumped out of heart is ejection fraction e.g. 50% is optimal

82
Q

what is the ventricular volume at the end of filling phase known as?

A

end diastolic volume

83
Q

how is ejection fraction calculated?

A

by echocardiography

84
Q

what is the structure of blood vessels?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica external

85
Q

what is the tunica intima?

A

endothelial layer (regulate blood pressure) & underlying CT

86
Q

what is the tunica media?

A

concentric layers of smooth muscle

87
Q

what is the tunica externa?

A

connective tissue sheath

88
Q

what type of pressure do arteries receive blood?

A

under high blood pressure from heart- arterial pressure is a function of vessel diameter

89
Q

what are the walls of arteries made of?

A

have elastic walls- expand to accommodate surge of blood ejected from heart- pressure rise is limited because they expand

90
Q

what is the main role of arterioles?

A

to control the distribution of blood flow around the body by changing diameter of blood vessels, the resistance to blood flow changes- also controls blood pressure

BIOS5092 (17 decks)

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