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BIOS5092 > INFECTION & IMMUNITY > Flashcards

INFECTION & IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

what causes infectious diseases?

A

bacteria & viruses

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2
Q

what are bacteria?

A

single cells with simple internal structure

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3
Q

what determines the strains bacteria take up?

A

cell wall structure either gram positive or gram negative

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4
Q

what are viruses and what are they made of?

A

infectious agents that can only replicate inside cells made of DNA or RNA contained in an envelope

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5
Q

what does a viruses envelope contain?

A

has proteins that enable virus to attach to cells & insert genetic material by combining with cell receptors

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6
Q

what is an opportunists pathogen?

A

microbes become important in some situations- fungi in patients undergoing chemo or long term antibiotic treatment due to debiliated state

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7
Q

what is the role of normal fungi in human?

A

support immunity, prevent overgrowth of pathogenic microbes, produce vitamin & other chemicals- can be affects by # of factors e.g. age, antibiotic use & diet

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8
Q

can normal flora be pathogenic?

A

yes- can contaminate surfaces or be transmitted person-to-person by direct contact or aerosols - can be removed by washing

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9
Q

what is person to person transmission occur from?

A

surgery, trauma, immune disease, treatment with immunosuppressive drugs

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10
Q

what are colonising microbes?

A

live on body for a period of days or months

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11
Q

what are the stages of infectious disease?

A

incubation period (no signs/symptoms present- patient usually infectious)- prodromal illness (person begins to feel ill)- acute illness (specific signs & symptoms appear)- recovery phase

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12
Q

what is a subclinical infection?

A

is an infection that, being subclinical, is nearly or completely asymptomatic

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13
Q

how do we prevent transmission of pathogens?

A

good hand hygiene, infectious patients can appear asymptomatic- additional precautions required for patient known or suspected of have an infection or have been colonised by potential pathogens

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14
Q

what are additional precautions?

A

sterilisation, disinfections which removes pathogens but not necessarily non-pathogenic organisms, or spores

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15
Q

what are the 3 broad components of immune system?

A

natural barriers, innate immunity (non-specific), acquired immunity (specific)

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16
Q

what are natural barriers?

A

skin, tears, secretions, flushing

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17
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

when first-line defences are breaches the non-specific inflammatory response occurs- macrophages release cytokines, which activate other cells of immune system and activate inflammatory response

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18
Q

what are the signs of inflammation?

A

redness (increased blood flow), pain (release of chemical that activate nociceptors), swelling (increased vascular permeability), heat (increased blood flow), loss of function- can be acute or chronic

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19
Q

what does an inflammatory response result in?

A

tissue damage- may be direct cause of disease, may contribute to pathogenesis of disease, may need to be suppressed in some disease (e.g.pneumonia)

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20
Q

what is acquired immunity?

A

it is directed against a specific antigen only, systemic not localised, should only occur in respose to foreign antigens, has memory

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21
Q

what are the 2 components of acquired immunity?

A

humoral immunity & cell mediated immunity

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22
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

involves antibodies produced by B lymphocytes in response to antigens from bacteria, bacterial toxins or free viruses

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23
Q

what is the function of antibodies?

A

phagocytosis of antigen by neutrophils, precipitation, neutralization, lysis of antigenic cell membran, opsonisation (increasing susceptibility to phagocytosis)

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24
Q

what is cell medicated immunity?

A

response to virus infected cells, tumour cells & foreign tissue - antigens activate T cells

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25
Q

what are the types of T cells?

A

killer T cells destroy infected/foreign cells, helper T cells (stimulate & active other T cells, activate B cells), suppressor T cells make the immune response self limiting

26
Q

what is active immunity?

A

body produces antibodies & develops memory against specifc antigens by production of memory cells- can be naturally acquired through contact with pathogen & artificially acquired through vaccination

27
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

provides temporary protection- can be naturally acquired through maternal antibodies & artifically acquired through injected immunoglobulins

28
Q

what are the cell types & molecules of innate immunity?

A

cell types (phagocytes, natural killer cells, mast cells, dendritic cells)- molecules (cytokines, complement, acute phase proteins)

29
Q

what are cell types & molecules of acquired immunity?

A

cells (T & B cells)- molecules (antibodies & cytokines)

30
Q

what are th einteractions between components of immune system?

A

cytokines produces by macrophages help induce the specific immune response- complement of the innate immune system ban be activated by antibodies

31
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

collects intersitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries- capillaries join to form collecting vessels which pass through lymoh nodes & return to the venous blood

32
Q

where are cells of lymphatic system located?

A

in lymph nodes - approx. 600

33
Q

what is lymphoedema?

A

accumulation of fluid in soft tissue as result of impaired lymphatic drainage- causes inflammation, adipose tissue hypertrophy & fibrosis

34
Q

what can lymphoedema be due to?

A

primary hereditary or associated with congential conditions- secondary due to surgery or disease that damages the lymph nodes are lymphatic vessels

35
Q

how is imaging useful for in lymphoedema?

A

confirm the diagnosis, plain surgery, intraoperatively

36
Q

what is the pathology os lymph node enlargement?

A

may not cause an increase in lymph nodes size & lymph node enlargemtn is not always pathological

37
Q

what are the causes of lymph nodes enlargement?

A

infection of lymph, reaction to immune resposes elesewhere in the body, neoplasia, drugs

38
Q

what is the size of lymph nodes?

A

most nodes are 10mm- submental & submandibular (15mm)- retropharyngeal (8mm)

39
Q

what is hypersensitivity?

A

excessive immune response- antigen specifc & can only after exposure to antigen

40
Q

what is type I hypersensitivty?

A

immediate hypersensitivity reactions occurs within a few minutes (cause adverse reactions to contrast media)

41
Q

what is type II hypersensitivity?

A

cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions occurs after a few hours- cause myasthenia gravis & rheumatoid arthritis

42
Q

what is type III hypersensitivity?

A

immune complex reactions occur after a few hours

43
Q

what is type IV hypersensitivity?

A

delayed reactions occur after 24 to 72 hours

44
Q

what are idiosyncratic reactions?

A

typically begin within 20 mins of injection & dose independent - produce same effects as anaphylaxis but not a true hypersensitivity reaction (previous sensation is not required & may not recur)

45
Q

what increases risk to idiosyncratic reactions?

A

have previous history of reaction to contrast medium, asthma, other allergies

46
Q

what are symptoms of idiosyncratic reaction?

A

hives (urticaria), itching (pruritus), runny nose (rhinorrhea), nausea, coughing, dizziness- severe symptoms (anaphylatic shock, broncospasm, laryngeal or pulmonary oedema, seizures, death)

47
Q

what are nonidiosyncratic reactions?

A

contrast Can aggregate a # of underlying conditions

48
Q

what are delayed reactions?

A

become apparent at least 30 minutes after but within 7 days of the ICM injection

49
Q

what are symptoms of delayed reactions?

A

flulike symptoms, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache- resolve spontaneously

50
Q

what is autoimmune disease?

A

immune system loses tolerance for self antigens leading to tissue destruction- due to genetic make up, infections, drugs - localised or systemic (either rheumatological or vascular)

51
Q

what are localised autoimmune diseases?

A

addisons disease, coeliac disease, crohns disease, diabetes type 1, graves disease, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative disease

52
Q

what are systemic autoimmune disease?

A

dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma

53
Q

what are immune deficiency disorders?

A

prevent your body from fighting infections and diseaseso primary or secondary

54
Q

what are primary immunodeficiencies?

A

genetic & lead to various combinations of recurrent infections, autoimmunity, atopy, malignancy

55
Q

what are secondary immunodefiencies?

A

caused by age (old or young), medications, procedures (splenectomy), infections, metabolic, nutrition related, misc (burns, malignancies, radiation therapy )

56
Q

what is the function of the spleen?

A

immune responses, phagocytosis of red blood cells and microorganisms, haematopoiesis, red blood cell storage- located un left hypochondrium at level of 9th-11th ribs

57
Q

what does the spleen contact?

A

diaphragm, anterior surface of the left kidney, splenic flexure of the colon, fundus of stomach, tail of pancreas

58
Q

when evaluating the spleen, what should we ask?

A

is it present (may have been surgically removed), is it normal size (11 + 2cm) - is it ruptured, does it perfuse with contrast (non perfusing areas may indicate a blocked artery, abscess/infection, or tumour

59
Q

what are common pathologies of the spleen?

A

splenomegaly & splenic trauma

60
Q

what are common structural abnormalities of spleen?

A

accessory spleen or spenunculi formed from nodules that fail to fuse during development found in various locations through the abdomen, enlargement, asplenia (absence of spleen)

61
Q

what can enlargement of spleen be due to?

A

infections (malaria), malignancies (lymphomas, leukemias), portal hypertensions, spleen often enlarges as it performed its normal functions

62
Q

how can trauma of spleen be investigated?

A

plain radiographs (most common is left lower rib fractures)- CT (modality of choice with contrast)- clefts may mimic lacerations & splenic capsule will hold in blood from rubtured spleen

BIOS5092 (17 decks)

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