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BIOS5092 > LECTURE 3 ANATOMY OF LOWER LIMB > Flashcards

LECTURE 3 ANATOMY OF LOWER LIMB Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the sacrum?

A

sacrum weight bears and transmit force to lower limbs- firm, secure & tight

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2
Q

what is nutation & counternutation of the sacrum?

A

to nutate= bend forward, counternutate= nod backwards

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3
Q

what are the joints of the pelvis?

A

sacro-iliac joints & pubic symphysis

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4
Q

what type of joint is sacro-iliac joint?

A

synovial joint but becomes fibrous by mid 60’s

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5
Q

what type of joint is pubic symphysis?

A

fibrocartilaginous with disc

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6
Q

what are the ligaments of the pelvis?

A

sacroiliac, inguinal, iliolumber, sacrospinous, sacrotuberous- non capsular

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7
Q

where does the sacroiliac lig. begin & end?

A

sacrum to iliac

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8
Q

where does the inguinal lig. begin & end?

A

pubic tubercle to anterior superior iliac spine

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9
Q

where does the iliolumbar lig. begin & end?

A

lumber transverse vertebrae to iliac crest- restricts destraction of joint

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10
Q

where does sacrospinous lig. begin & end?

A

sacrum to ischial spine- prevents coccyx going up when pelvis nutates/goes forwards

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11
Q

where does sacrotuberous lig. begin & end?

A

sacrum to ischial tuberosity- prevents coccyx going up when pelvis nutates/goes forwards

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12
Q

what are the movements of the hip joint?

A

ball & socket- flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation

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13
Q

what are the ligaments of the hip join?

A

iliofemoral (prevents extension & abduction), pubofemoral (abduction & internal rotation), ischiofemoral (resists extension)- all capsular

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14
Q

what is the function of hip joints ligs.?

A

limits hip extension

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15
Q

what is the function of the ligamentun teres?

A

transmits an artery to head of femur- in infant, it’s role is to transmit a nutrient artery to femoral head epiphysis- feed epiphyseal plates in children & prevents axial load with external rotation

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16
Q

where does the ligamentum teres begin & end?

A

passes from transverse ligament & acetabular notch of acetabulum to femoral head where it insert into fovea capitis (shallow depression)

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17
Q

what are the muscles acting on hips?

A

iliopsoas (flex), adductors, quadriceps femoris (flex hip, extend knee), gluteus maximus (extend hip, flexes knee) & medius, hamstrings

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18
Q

what muscles flex hip?

A

iliopsoas, rectus femoris (quads), adductors

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19
Q

what muscles extend hips?

A

gluteus maximus (also abducts), hamstrings

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20
Q

where does the iliopsoas originate & insert?

A

iliac fossa & lumbar spine to lesser trochanter of femur

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21
Q

what supplies the iliopsoas?

A

medial femoral circumflex artery & iliolumbar artery

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22
Q

what innervate iliopsoas?

A

branches from L1 to L3

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23
Q

what is iliopsoas main action?

A

flexion of hip

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24
Q

what is iliopsoas antagonist?

A

gluteus maximus & posterior compartment of thigh

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25
Q

what makes up adductors muscles?

A

adductor brevis, longus, magnus- pectineus- gracilis- obturator externus

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26
Q

where do the adductor muscles arise & insert?

A

pubis to femur & tibia

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27
Q

what supplies the adductor muscles?

A

obturator nerve

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28
Q

what are the actions of adductor muscles?

A

adduction of hip

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29
Q

what makes up quadriceps femoris?

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis

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30
Q

what is the origin & insertion of quads?

A

rectus femoris and vastus muscles to tibial tuberosity

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31
Q

what supplies & innervates quads?

A

femoral artery & nerve

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32
Q

what is the role of quads?

A

knee extension & hip flexion via rectus femoris

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33
Q

what is the origin & insertion of gluteal maximus?

A

gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous lig. to gluteal tuberosity of femus & iliotibial tracT

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34
Q

what is the action of the gluteal maximus?

A

external rotation & extension of hip joint and supports extended knee, antigravity muscle in sitting & abduction of hip

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35
Q

what is the origin & insertion of gluteal medius?

A

gluteal surface of ilium to greater trochanter of femur

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36
Q

what is the action of gluteal medius?

A

abduction of hip, prevents adduction of hip, medial & internal rotation & flexion of hip, extension & lateral/external rotation of hip

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37
Q

what is the action of the hemstrings?

A

flexion of knee & extension of hip

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38
Q

what is the function of piriformis & deep gluteals?

A

external rotator of thigh- draws hips into acetabulum

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39
Q

what is the knee stabilised by?

A

anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments

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40
Q

what are the 2 joints of the knee complex?

A

tibiofemoral joint & patellofemoral

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41
Q

what is the purpose of the anterior cruciate ligaments?

A

resists motion anterior tibial translation (moving forward) & interior tibial rotation- accessory lig

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42
Q

what is the purpose of posterior cruciate ligaments?

A

prevent the femur from sliding off the anterior edge of the tibia and to prevent the tibia from displacing posterior to the femur- prevent anterior translation of femur & posterior translation of tibia

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43
Q

what type of joint is tibiofemoral joint?

A

a condylar/modified hinge joint

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44
Q

what type of movement can knee joint perform?

A

flexion/extension & medial/lateral rotation

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45
Q

what are the ligaments of knee joint?

A

cruciate ligs., lateral & medial collateral ligs., medial & lateral meniscus

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46
Q

what is the role of menisci?

A

improve fit, absorbs and distribute shock- creates SA to absorb shock & spread synovial fluid

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47
Q

what is the function of medial collateral lig.?

A

resist inwards turning forces on knee- valgus movement- if lateral collateral lig shortens too much, medial collateral will snap

48
Q

what is the function of lateral collateral lig.?

A

resists outwards turning- verus movement- if medial collateral lig shortens too much, lateral collateral will snap

49
Q

what muscles act on knee?

A

sartorius, quads, hamstrings, popliteus

50
Q

what is the function of sartorius?

A

flexion, abduction & lateral rotation of hip- flexion of knee

51
Q

what is the function of hamstrings on knee?

A

flexion

52
Q

what is the function of quads on knee?

A

extension

53
Q

what is the function of popliteus?

A

medially rotates tibia on femur if femur is fixed (sitting) or laterally rotates femur on tibia if tibia is fixed (standing up)- unlocks knee to allow felxion

54
Q

what muscles flex the knee joint?

A

sartorius, hamstrings. popliteus

55
Q

what muscles facilitate rotation when knee is flex?

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis, and sartorius

56
Q

what muscle extend the knee joint?

A

quadriceps

57
Q

what innervates anterior compartment of upper leg?

A

femoral nerve

58
Q

what innervates posterior compartment of upper leg?

A

sciatic nerve

59
Q

what innervates medial compartment of thigh?

A

obturator nerve

60
Q

what is makes up the anterior compartment of lower leg?

A

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, entensor digitorum longus

61
Q

what is the action of tibialis anterior?

A

dorsiflexion & inversion of foot

62
Q

what is action of extensor hallucis longus?

A

Extends the big toe and assists in dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle.

63
Q

what is action of extensor digitorum longus?

A

extension of toes and dorsiflexion of ankle

64
Q

what innervates anterior compartment of lower leg?

A

deep peroneal nerve

65
Q

what makes up lateral compartment of lower leg?

A

fibularis (peroneus) longus & brevis

66
Q

what is the action of fibularis (peroneus longus & brevis)?

A

plantarflexion of ankle & eversion of foot

67
Q

what innervates the fibularis longus & brevis?

A

superficial peroneal nerve

68
Q

what makes up superficial group of posterior compartment of leg?

A

gastrocnemius & soleus

69
Q

what are the actions of gastrocnemius & soleus?

A

plantar flexes foot & flexes knee

70
Q

what are the deep muscles of posterior compartment of leg?

A

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

71
Q

what is the action of tibialis posterior?

A

Inversion of the foot and plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle

72
Q

what is the action of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Flexion of the four smaller digits

73
Q

what is action of flexor hallucis longus?

A

flexion of big toe

74
Q

what innervates posterior compartment of lower leg?

A

tibial nerve

75
Q

what are the movements of ankle & sub-talar joint?

A

plantarflexion/dorsiflexion & inversion/eversion

76
Q

what are the ligs. of ankle?

A

deltoid ligaments, anterior & posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular, lateral collated ligament

77
Q

what are the tarsals of the foot?

A

talus (ankle bone), calcaneus (heel bone), navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms

78
Q

what is the medial collateral lig./deltoid lig?

A

medial malleolus to tarsal bone- consists of multiple layers

79
Q

what is the function of deltoid lig.?

A

valgus tilting & eversion

80
Q

what does the lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint consist of?

A

anterior & posterior talofibular & calcaneofibular

81
Q

what is the function of the anterior talofibular lig.?

A

prevents foot sliding forward in relation to shin

82
Q

what is the overall function of lateral collateral ligament of ankle?

A

prevent verus tilting & inversion

83
Q

what is the function malleoli of the ankle?

A

forms a mortise which stabilises ankle joint

84
Q

what are the 2 plexuses supplying the lower limb?

A

lumbar (L1-L4) & lumbosacral (L4-S2)

85
Q

where does the femoral nerve arise from?

A

lumbar plexus of L1 to L4- anterior & medial thigh compartment- gives rise to femoral & obturator

86
Q

what does the femoral nerve supply?

A

anterior compartment of leg e.g. quads (muscles the flex the hip, extend the knee)

87
Q

what does the obturator nerve supply & arise from?

A

medial compartment of thigh- from lumbar plexus of L2-L4

88
Q

where does the sciatic nerve rise from?

A

lumbar & sacral plaexus (L4-S3)

89
Q

where does the sciatic nerve emerge from?

A

emerges below piriformis

90
Q

what does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

posterior thigh compartment (hamstrings- hip flexion & knee flexion)

91
Q

what does the sciatic nerve branch to?

A

tibial & common fibular (peroneal) nerve

92
Q

what does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

posterior thigh compartment- superficial (gastrocnemius & soleus= plantarflexion) & deep (tib post, flexor hallucis & digitorum longus= foot inversion & toe flexion)

93
Q

what does the common penoeal/fibularis nerve divide into?

A

superficial & deep as it winds around head of fibula

94
Q

what does the superficial peroneal supply?

A

lateral leg department e.g. peroneus longus & brevis (foot eversion)

95
Q

what does the deep peroneal supply?

A

anterior leg department e.g. tib ant, extensor hallucis & digitorium longus (dorsiflexion, foot inversion, toe extension

96
Q

what is the artery path of the leg?

A

abdominal aorta- common iliac- external iliac, femoral, popliteal, anterior & posterior tibial arteries, dorsalis pedis artery

97
Q

when does the external iliac change to femoral artery?

A

when it passes inguinal ligament

98
Q

what does the femoral artery give rise to?

A

circumflex artery & gives blood to neck & head of femur

99
Q

what does the femoral artery supply?

A

anterior compartment of leg

100
Q

when does the femoral artery change to popliteal artery?

A

inside adductor magnus

101
Q

what does the popliteal artery supply?

A

hamstrings, gastrocnemeus, soleus- sits in popliteal fossa

102
Q

what does the popliteal artery give rise to?

A

anterior & posterior tibial artery

103
Q

what does the anterior tibial artery supply?

A

anterior compartment of leg

104
Q

what does the posterior tibial artery supply?

A

posterior compartment of lower leg & plantar surface of foot

105
Q

what does the anterior tibial artery give rise to?

A

dorsalis pedis artery

106
Q

what does the dorsalis pedis artery supply?

A

dorsal surface of foot

107
Q

what are the deep veins of legs?

A

dorsal venous plexus to anterior & posterior tibial vein to popliteal vein to femoral vein to external iliac to IVC- have venae comitantes to help with venous return

108
Q

what are the superficial veins of legs?

A

great saphenous & short saphenous

109
Q

where does the great saphenous vein begin & end?

A

dorsal venous arch of foot to femoral vein

110
Q

where does the small saphenous vein begin & end?

A

dorsal venous arch of foot to popliteal vein

111
Q

In an elbow x-ray, the coronoid fossa appears more radiopaque than the olecranon process. True or False

A

FALSE

112
Q

The elbow complex consists of the ulnohumeral and radiohumeral joints. True or False

A

TRUE

113
Q

The collateral ligaments of the radiocarpal joint primarily limits movement in which anatomical plane of movement?

A

CORONAL PLANE

114
Q

The brachial artery is distal to the axillary artery. True or False

A

TRUE

115
Q

Which vein drains directly into the superior vena cava if the blood is coming from the upper extremity?

A

subclavian

BIOS5092 (17 decks)

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