Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOS5092 > NEURO 2 > Flashcards

NEURO 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

functional group that establishes emotion states, links conscious functions of cerebral cortex with autonomic functions of brain stem, faciliates memory storage & retrieval- also known as the motivational system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens if there is damage to hippocampus?

A

memory disorder & neurodegenerative diseases e.g. alzheimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the components of limbic system?

A

amygdaloid body, limbic lobe of cerebral hemisphere, fornx, anterior nucleus, reticular formation, hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the function of the amygdaloid body?

A

interfaces limbic system, cerebrum and sensory systems- interfaces limbic system, cerebrum and sensory systems- role in heartrate & sympathetic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what makes up the limbic lobe?

A

cingulate gyrus, dentate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus (conceals the hippocampus), hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the fornix?

A

tract of white matter, connects hippocampus with hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the role of the anterior nucleus of thalamus?

A

relays information from mamillary body to cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the role of the reticular formation?

A

stimulation or inhibition affects emotions (rage, fear, pain, sexual arousal, pleasure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the role of hypothalamus?

A

responsible for controlling functions such as hunger, thirst, emotions, body temperature regulation and circadian rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the role of hippocampus?

A

plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the brainstem include?

A

midbrain (mesencephalon), pons (part of metencephalon) & medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what levels is midbrain at?

A

Dorsal & ventral regions at level of cerebral/mesencephalic aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is at the tectum (roof) of dorsal midbrain?

A

superior (involved in vision) & inferior colliculi (auditory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what makes up the walls & floor of midbrain?

A

substantia nigra (involved in parkinsons), red nucleus, reticular formation (groups of nuclei- automatic processing centre)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is at the tegmentum (covering) of ventral midbrain?

A

crus cerebri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the role of the superior & inferior colliculi?

A

superior= preliminary visual processing and control of eye movements- inferior= auditory processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the tegmentum of mesencephalon contain?

A

red nucleus & substantia nigra (neuromalanin)- contains ascending & descending tract, relay nuclei & nuclei of cranial nerves III & IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles?

A

bundles of axons on ventrolateral surfaces containing descending fibers to cerebellum & corticospinal fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the structures of the mesencephalon?

A

tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles, reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the pons consist of?

A

pontine tegmentum & basilar pons (bulbous structure on anterior aspect of pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the pons provide links to?

A

Links cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the 4 groups of nuclei in pons?

A

sensory & motor nuclei of cranial nerves (v, vi, vii, viii), nuclei involved in respiration, nuclei & tracts, ascending + descending & transverse tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the basilar pons consist of?

A

large bundle of transversely orientated fibres that enter the cerebellum- middle cerebella peduncles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the function of medulla oblongata?

A

most caudal segment- all tracts passing to or from spinal cord transverse the medulla- cranial nerves vi to xii are associated with medulla or pons medullary junction- medullary retiular formation contain cell gorups that influence heart rate & respiration also controls visceral functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the anterior medulla characterised by?

A

characterized by an anterior median fissure, two laterally adjacent longitudinal ridges, the pyramids and the olive (inferior olivary eminence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is located inside the pyramids of medulla?

A

location of motor (pyramidal) decussation- 90% of corticospinal fibers cross the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the 2 parts of the olive of medulla?

A

superior olivary nucleus (auditory system- perception of sound)- inferior olivary nucleus (cerebellar motor learning & function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the posterior medulla characterised by?

A

by gracile & cuneate fasciculi & their respective tubercles- tubercles are formed by underlying gracile & cuneate nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the 3 nuclei in medulla oblongata?

A

autonomic nuclei (visceral activities), sensory & motor nuclei (of cranial nerves), relay stations (along sensory & motor pathways)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are the relay stations of the medulla?

A

nucleus gracilis & nucleus cuneatus (relay somatic sensory info to thalamus), solitary nucleus (receives visceral sensory information), olivary nuclei (relay info regarding somatic motor commands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the 4 classifications of cranial nerves?

A

sensory nerves (somatic sensory info e.g. touch, pressure), special sensory nerves (sensations e.g. smell, sight), motor nerves (axons of somatic motor neurons), mixed nerves (mixture of motor & sensory fibres)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what cranial nerves are sensory?

A

olfactory (i), optic (ii), vestibulocochlear (viii)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what cranial nerves are motor?

A

occulomotor (iii), trochlear (iv), abducens (vi), spinal accessory (xi), hypoglossal (xii)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what cranial nerves are both sensory & motor?

A

trigeminal (v), facial (vii), glossopharyngeal (ix), vagus (x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where does cranial nerve i to iv originate from and function?

A

telencephalon (smell), retinal ganglion (vision), anterior aspect of midbrain (eyelid & eyeball movement), dorsal aspect of midbrain (innervates superior obligue + turns eye downward & laterally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where does CN V originate from and function?

A

lateral part of pons at junction between pons & middle cerebellar peduncle - chewing, face & mouth touch & pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

where does CN VI originate from and function?

A

nuclei lying under floor of 4th ventricle & pons- turn eye laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

where does CN VII originate from and function?

A

pons (cerebellopontine angle) above olive - controls most facial expressions, secretions of tears & saliva, taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where does CN VIII originate from and function?

A

lateral to CN VII (cerebellopontine angle) - hearing & equilibrium sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

where does CN IX originate from and function?

A

3 or 4 rootlets from groove between the olive & inferior cerebellar peduncle - taste & senses carotid blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where does CN X originate from and function?

A

8 to 10 rootlets from groove between olive & inferior cerebellar peduncle - senses aortic blood pressure, slows heart rate, stimulates digestive organs, taste

42
Q

where does CN XI originate from and function?

A

spinal root: segments from c6 to c1 join & ascend up through foramen magnum- cranial root: 4 or 5 rootlets from lateral part of medulla- controls trapezius, SCM, swallowing movements

43
Q

where does CN XII originate from and function?

A

10 to 15 rootlets from groove between olive & pyramid of medulla - controls tongue movements

44
Q

what does the dorsal root ganglion contain?

A

collection of cell bodies of sensory neurons

45
Q

where are motor neuron cell bodies?

A

in anterior & lateral horns of spinal cord gray matter - somatic in anterior horn & autonomic in lateral horm

46
Q

what are 3 major somatic sensory pathways?

A

posterior column pathway (dorsal column/medial lemniscus), anterolateral pathway (spinothalamic), spinocerebellar pathway

47
Q

what is the function of dorsal column/medial lemniscus?

A

carries sensations of highly localised (fine) discriminative touch, pressure, vibration & proprioception

48
Q

what are the tracts if the dorsal column?

A

left & right fasciculus gracilis (carry sensation from inferior half below T6) & left and right fasciculus cuneatus (carry sensation from superior half of trunk t6 & above, upper limbs & neck)

49
Q

where does the dorsal column synapse?

A

on 2nd order neurons of nucleus gracilis & nucleus cuneatus in medulla oblongata - then they cross over to opposite side of brains stem & enter medial lemniscus tract to synapse in ventral nuclei of thalamus

50
Q

how does the ventral nuclei of thalamus sort info?

A

accoding to nature of stimulus & region of body involved - determines whether a given sensation is perceived as fine touch, pressure or vibration

51
Q

what is the function of the anterolateral pathway?

A

provides conscious sensations of poorly localised (crude) touch, pressure & temperature

52
Q

where does anterolateral pathway 1st order synapse?

A

synapse on 2nd order neurons within posterior (dorsal) gray horns- axons of interneurons cross to opposite of spinal cord before ascending with anterior or lateral spinothalamic tracts

53
Q

what does the anterior spinothalamic tract carry?

A

crude touch & pressure sensations

54
Q

what does the lateral spinothalamic tract carry?

A

pain & temp sensation

55
Q

what are the descending corticospinal pathways?

A

corticonuclear tracts, lateral corticospinal tracts, anterior corticospinal tracts

56
Q

what are the descending medial pathways?

A

vestibulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, resticulospinal tract

57
Q

what are the descending lateral pathways?

A

rubrospinal tracts

58
Q

what is the function of descending tracts?

A

conscious & subconscios commands

59
Q

what is the somatomotor pathway?

A

cell body of UMN in motor cortex sends its axon to cell body of LMN in ventral horn of spinal cord then sends axon to skeletal muslce

60
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

automatic processin centre, adjusts postural muscles, fine tunes conscious & subconscious movements, store motor plans - part of metencephalon

61
Q

what seperates cerebellum from occipital lobe & pons?

A

tentorium cerebelli & from pon & midbrain by 4th ventricle

62
Q

how is the cerebellum joined to the brainstem?

A

by 3 large paired bundles of fibres= superior cerebellar peduncles (to midbrain), middle cerebellar peduncles (to pons), inferior cerebellar peduncles (to medulla)

63
Q

what are structures of the cerebellum?

A

folia, anterior & posterior lobes, cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, flocculonodular lobe

64
Q

where is the folia?

A

surface of cerebellum - highly folded neural cortex

65
Q

what seperates the anterior & posterior lobe?

A

by primary fissure

66
Q

what seperates the cerebellar hemispheres?

A

at midline by vermis

67
Q

what is the vermis?

A

narrow band of cortex

68
Q

where is the flocculonodular lobe?

A

below 4th ventricle

69
Q

what are disorders of cerebellum?

A

ataxia, dysmetria, decomposition of movement (fluidity is lost)

70
Q

what is ataxia?

A

damage from trauma or stroke, intoxication, disturbs muscle coordination

71
Q

what is dysmetria?

A

loss of ability to gauge distance, speed or power of movement- leads to overshooting or undershooting

72
Q

what are the gray matter components of cerebellum?

A

cerebellar cortex & nuclei

73
Q

what are the white matter components of cerebellum?

A

arbor vitae, cerebellar peduncles, transverse fibres

74
Q

what are the types of axons in the cerebrum?

A

association, commissural, projection fibres

75
Q

what are the association fibres in cerebrum?

A

connects with 1 hemisphere- arcuate fibres (1 gyrus to another) & longitudinal fasciculi (connect frontal lobe to other lobes)

76
Q

what are the commissural fibres?

A

bands of fibres connecting 2 hemis e.g. corpus collosum & anterior commissure

77
Q

what are projection fibres?

A

pass through diencephalon- links cerebral cortex with diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum & spinal cord- internal capsure (all ascending & descending projection fibres)

78
Q

what occurs if there is interruption to brain blood supply?

A

lasting seconds, can cause neurological symptoms- if lasting minutes, irreversible

79
Q

what arteries supplies the brain?

A

internal carotid (forebrain) + vertebral (occipital, brain stem & cerebellum)

80
Q

what does the internal cartoid arise from, form & give rise to?

A

arises from common carotid- forms carotid syphon- gives rise to hypophyseal arteries, opthalamic artery, anterior choroidal artery, posterior communicating artery

81
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

lateral aspect of cerebral hemisphere

82
Q

what do the vertebral arteries form?

A

basilar artery and give rise to branches that supply cerebellum and brain stem

83
Q

what is the principal terminal branch of basilar artery?

A

posterior cerebral artery- supplies occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere

84
Q

what is the minimal blood flow for structure maintenance?

A

8-10 mL per 100g tissue/min

85
Q

what is the minimal blood flow for continued function?

A

20 mL per 100g tissue/min- may have functional deficit in absence of death of tissue (infarction)

86
Q

what is blood flow required for normal function?

A

750-1000mL/min

87
Q

what is the cause of stroke?

A

ischemia (lack of blood flow) caused by blockage)- arterial embolism (interruption of blood flow to organ or body part due to an embolus)- hemorrhage (bleed)

88
Q

what is the role of mammillary bodies?

A

process olfactory & controls reflex eating movements (contain motor nuclei)

89
Q

what is the tuberal area?

A

located between infundibulum & mamillary bodies- controls pituitary gland function

90
Q

what is the role of precentral gyrus?

A

primary motor cortex- contains motor cells bodies

91
Q

what is role of postcentral gyrus?

A

primary sensory cortex

92
Q

what seperates frontal & temporal lobe?

A

lateral fissure

93
Q

what gryuses are contained in temporal lobe?

A

superior temporal, medial temporal, inferior temporal gyrus- superior contains primary auditory cortex

94
Q

where is motor speech located?

A

Broca’s area in frontal lobe

95
Q

what is the role of cingulate cortex?

A

process emotional content

96
Q

what area of the skull takes longest to development?

A

anterior frontanelle (12-18 months to close) - point between frontal & parietal bone

97
Q

what are the 4 subcortical nuclei?

A

caudate + putamen (striatum), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus

98
Q

what does the caudate nucleus end in?

A

amygdala

99
Q

what is the lentiform nucleus?

A

combo of putamen & globus pallidus (both internal & external)

100
Q

what are the parts of substantia nigra?

A

pars compacta (cells produce dopamine- dies in parkinsons) & pars reticulum

BIOS5092 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions