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DMD 5241 > Skull and Sockets (complete) > Flashcards

Skull and Sockets (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main cranial bones?

A

1 - occipital bone
2 - parietal bones
2- temporal bones
1- frontal bone

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2
Q

What are the main facial bones

A

2- Nasal bones
2- zygomatic bones
1- Maxilla
1- Mandible

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3
Q

What does the Otic Placode eventually become

A

the Eye

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4
Q

What is a placode?

A

a thickening in the Ectoderm

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5
Q

What triggers the formation of a placode?

A

Signaling from the CNS (notocord as well)

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6
Q

What do placodes develop into?

A
  1. The special senses

2. The neural tube (signaled by the notocord)

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7
Q

What does the olfactory/nasal placode develop into?

A

The nose

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8
Q

What does the stomodeum develop into

A

the oral cavity

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9
Q

What does the otic placode develop into

A

the ear

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10
Q

Which prominence is the largest and most contributory to facial development

A

The frontal nasal prominence

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11
Q

Which arch is the most important in facial development

A

the 1st arch

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12
Q

What are the steps in development of the ear

A
  1. Auricular hillocks form
  2. Auricular hillocks and external auditory meatus migrate to the Otic placode
  3. Hillocks and Meatus join and form the ear
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13
Q

Where do the hillocks come from? and how many are there?

A

They come from Arches 1 and 2.

3 from each arch, so 6 in total

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14
Q

What are the steps in development of the eye

A
  1. Optic placode forms
  2. Optic placode moves anteriorly
  3. Optic placode moves to the front of the face
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15
Q

What are the steps in development of the nose

A
  1. Nasal placode forms
  2. Nasal pit forms in the center, lateral and medial nasal processes form around the pit
  3. Frontonasal prominence migrates down between medial nasal processes
  4. Lateral nasal processes and maxillary prominence join to form the nasolacrimal groove
  5. The medial nasal and fronto nasal processes join to form the philtrum
  6. Medial nasal and maxillary processes join to form the upper lip
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16
Q

What is the philtrum

A

The vertical groove between the base of your nose and the top of your upper lip

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17
Q

What are the two components of the skull

A

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

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18
Q

What is the neurocranium

A

the bones that encase the brain

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19
Q

What are the two types of Neurocranium structures

A
  1. membranous neurocranium

2. cartilagenous neurocranium

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20
Q

What is the viscerocranium

A

The bones that make up the face

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21
Q

Where do the neural crest cells originate

A

at the edges of the neural plate. When the neural tube forms, the neural crest cells are released into the body, and are free to move to their destination

22
Q

Which way do neural crest cells usually migrate

A

from posterior neural tube region to the anterior

23
Q

what do neural crest cells carry with them

A

the genetic code for development

24
Q

Which bones make up the viscerocranium

A

Facial bones

  1. Mandible
  2. Maxilla
  3. Zygomatic bones
  4. Vomer
  5. Nasal bone
  6. lacrimal bones
  7. palatine
  8. conchae
25
Q

Where do the bones of the viscerocranium come from

A

Neural crest cells

26
Q

Where do the bones of the neurocranium come from

A

Both the Neural Crest Cells, and the mesoderm

27
Q

Which bones make up the neurocranium?

A
  1. temporal bone
  2. Sphenoid bone
  3. Ethmoid bone
  4. Frontal bone
  5. Occipital
  6. parietal
28
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium come from neural crest cells

A
  1. Squamosal portion of temporal bone
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Frontal
29
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium come from the Mesoderm

A
  1. Petrosal part of temporal bone
  2. occipital bone
  3. parietal bone
30
Q

Which bones of the skull come from the neural crest cells

A 
Viscerocranium
1.  mandible
2. Maxilla
3. Zygomatic
4. Vomer
5. Palatine
6. Lacrimal
7. Nasal bone
8. Conchae 
neurocranium
1. squamosal portion of temporal bone
2. sphenoid
3. ethmoid
4. frontal
31
Q

Which bones of the skull come from the mesoderm

A
  1. Petrosal part of temporal bone
  2. occipital
  3. parietal
32
Q

All bones of the body are mesoderm except

A
  1. the bones of the viscerocranium
  2. Squamosal portion of the temporal bone
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Frontal bones
  5. Hyoid
33
Q

What are the two classifications of bone formation

A
  1. intermembranous

2. endochondral

34
Q

What is intermembranous ossification

A

The development of bone with the absence of cartilage

35
Q

How does intermembranous ossification work

A
  1. mesenchymal cells aggregate and proliferate
  2. Mecenchymal cells differentiate into osetoblasts that secrete osteoid at multiple ossification centers
  3. the Osteoid is mineralized
36
Q

What bones are formed through intermembranous ossification

A

the Flat bones of the face and the skull

mandible and clavicle

37
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

the development of bone through the means of a cartilagenous precursor

38
Q

how does endochondral ossification work

A
  1. A hyaline cartilage template is in place
  2. mesenchymal osteoblasts create ossification centers
  3. osteoid is deposited in the place of the cartilage
  4. the last place for bone to be deposited is the epiphyseal (growth) plate
39
Q

What is the chondrocranium

A

The cranial base that embrionically is cartilage

40
Q

What are the sutures of the skull

A

the joints formed when the parts of the skull come together

41
Q

What are fontanelles

A

the soft spots found on infants and young childrens skulls.

they are the places where the bones of the skull have not completely fused.

42
Q

What is the benefit of unfused sutures and fontanelles for fetus’

A

they allow for movement through the birth canal by allowing the skull to change shape on its way through

43
Q

What is cranioschisis

A

When the cranial vault fails to form. Meaning the bones surrounding the skull don’t develop

44
Q

What is craniosynostosis

A

The premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures

45
Q

what are the 4 examples of craniosynostosis

A
  1. scaphocephaly
  2. brachycephaly
  3. Plagiocephaly
  4. cloverleaf skull
46
Q

What is scaphocephaly

A

when the sagittal suture fails (fuses early) making the head long and narrow (anterior posteriorly)

47
Q

What is brachycephaly

A

when the coronal or frontal suture fails (fuses early)

this causes the skull to be short ( anterior posteriorly)

48
Q

What is plagiocephaly

A

unilateral coronal and lambdoid sutures failiing,

this causes asymmetric flattening of the skull

49
Q

What is cloverleaf skull

A

when most cranial sutures fuse early

this causes the brain to push out of the bottom causing the face and neck to swell

50
Q

What are FGFs and FGFRs important for

A

they are involved in bone formation (especially in the skull)

51
Q

What is an FGFR

A

a receptor for the FGF proteins

52
Q

What do we need to know about FGFs and FGFRs

A

that they are involved in bone formation (especially in the skull)

DMD 5241 (10 decks)

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