Salivary and Lymphatic (complete)

Question 1

What are the steps in development of lymph nodes

Answer 1

1. Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs) leave the blood vessels
2. LECs aggregate with mesenchyme to form lymph sacs
3. More aggregation leads to lymph nodules
4. nodules become surrounded by sinuses
5. Lymphatic cells migrate from the mesenchyme, thymus, and marrow. to fill in the sinuses with T and B cells
6. a capsule surrounds the node and trabeculae helps fortify it

Question 2

What are the initial cells that begin the formation of lymph nodes

Answer 2

lymphatic endothelial Cells (LECs)

Question 3

From where do LEC’s come

Answer 3

the blood vessels

Question 4

once outside of the blood vessels what do LEC’s do

Answer 4

they aggregate with each other and mesenchymal cells to form a lymph sac

Question 5

what happens once LECs and mesenchyme have formed a lymph sac

Answer 5

they form a lymph nodule

Question 6

what happens to the lymph nodule

Answer 6

it becomes surrounded by sinuses, combined with mesenchyme the lymph node is completed

Question 7

What happens to the lymph nodule with the sinuses

Answer 7

lymphatic cells migrate from mesenchyme, thymus and bone marrow (T and B cells) and fill the lymph node

Question 8

what happens to finalize the creation of a lymph node

Answer 8

a capsule and trabecula surround the nodule

Question 9

What are trabecula

Answer 9

invaginations of the capsule

Question 10

Why do lymph nodes have a capsule

Answer 10

protection

Question 11

how many afferent vessels (vessels coming in) does a lymph node have

Answer 11

many

Question 12

how many efferent vessels (vessels leaving) does a lymph node have

Answer 12

1

Question 13

From where to where do lymph vessels run

Answer 13

they run from the capillaries to the heart

Question 14

What is the path of lymph through a lymph node

Answer 14

1. it enters the afferent vessels
2. it flows over the lymphocytes
3. it collects in the medulla
4. it drain out the efferent vessels at the hilum of the node

Question 15

on the path from the capillaries to the heart, how many lymph nodes does lymph pass through

Answer 15

quite a few

Question 16

What is the function of the lymphatic system

Answer 16

1. to protect against infection

2. to reintroduce fluid lost from the blood stream

Question 17

What are tonsils

Answer 17

lymph sacs without a dense capsule or trabeculae

Question 18

what makes up tonsils

Answer 18

unencapsulated lymphatic tissue

covered in nonkeratinized statified squamous epithelium

Question 19

What are tonsilar crypts

Answer 19

invaginations into the tonsils

Question 20

What can happen in tonsillar crypts

Answer 20

debris can get caught in here
calcification can happen to
increased T and B cell activity

Question 21

what do you call calcification in the tonsillar crypts

Answer 21

tonsilloliths

Question 22

What is the function of tonsils

Answer 22

to be the first immunologic pass. a sight of protection against bacteria entering the mouth and nose holes

Question 23

What does the tonsillar ring consist of

Answer 23

6 tonsils
1 - adenoid (pharyngeal)
2 - tubal tonsils
2 - palatine tonsils
1 - lingual tonsil

Question 24

Where is the adenoid/pharyngeal tonsil located

Answer 24

highest tonsil, at the midline, near the back top portion of the nasal cavity

Question 25

where are the tubal tonsils located

Answer 25

on the inferior lateral surfaces of the nasal cavity towards the back

Question 26

Where are the palatine tonsils located

Answer 26

the back of the oral cavity, just above the base of the tongue, to the lateral sides

Question 27

where is the lingual tonsil located

Answer 27

at the base of the tongue, along the midline

Question 28

What are the 6 main salivary glands

Answer 28

1. parotid 2. submandibular 3. sublingual 2 of each

Question 29

What is in saliva

Answer 29

1. amylase (digests starch) 2. lipase (activated by stomach acid to digest fat) 3. mucus (lubricates food and aids swallowing) 4. lysozyme (enzyme that attacks bacterial cell wall) 5. lactoferrin (chelates iron to stop bacterial growth) 6. immunoglobulin A (antibody) 7. SLIPI (potent antimicrobial)

Question 30

what is saliva mostly made of

Answer 30

water

Question 31

how much saliva do we produce per day

Answer 31

1 - 1.5 liters per day

Question 32

What happens when saliva production is affected by sympathetic innervation

Answer 32

Thick mucus

Question 33

What happens when saliva production is affected by parasympathetic innervation

Answer 33

thin mucus

Question 34

What forms the parotid salivary glands

Answer 34

an invagination of ectoderm between the mandibular and maxillary swellings

Question 35

What forms the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Answer 35

an invagination of ectoderm in the floor of the oral cavity

Question 36

What are the two types of secretions from the salivary glands

Answer 36

1. serous secretion | 2. mucous secretion

Question 37

What is the serous secretion of salivary glands like

Answer 37

1. thin and watery 2. containes enzymes 3. contains lactoferrin 4. immunoglobin A

Question 38

what is the mucous secretions of salivary glands like

Answer 38

1, thick fluid | 2. glycoproteins called mucins

Question 39

What are acini in salivary glands

Answer 39

a spherical of a bunch of cells that surround a central duct (lumen)

Question 40

what are the three salivary ducts

Answer 40

1. intercalated ducts 2. striated ducts 3. excretory ducts

Question 41

What does the intercalated duct do

Answer 41

recieves fluid from the acinus and takes it to the striated duct

Question 42

what kind of epithelium lines the intercalated duct

Answer 42

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 43

what does the striated ducts do

Answer 43

recieves fluid from intercalated ducts makes saliva hypotonic by reabsorbing NaCl secretes buffering bicarbonate

Question 44

What kind of epithelium lines the striated ducts

Answer 44

simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium

Question 45

What does the excretory duct do

Answer 45

connects the striated ducts to the oral cavity

Question 46

what kind of epithelium lines the excretory ducts

Answer 46

simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium, occasionally stratified columnar epithelium

Question 47

Where are the parotid salivary glands located

Answer 47

just anterior to the ears

Question 48

What % of saliva is secreted by the parotid glands

Answer 48

25%

Question 49

What kind of secretion does the parotid gland mostly do

Answer 49

serous secretions (many proteins)

Question 50

which gland is affected by mumps

Answer 50

the parotid gland

Question 51

which gland is the largest gland

Answer 51

the parotid gland

Question 52

What percent of saliva is produced by the submandibular gland

Answer 52

70%

Question 53

where is the submandibular gland located

Answer 53

under the mandible

Question 54

What kind of secretion does the submandibular gland mostly do

Answer 54

both

Question 55

where is the sublingual gland located

Answer 55

under the tongue

Question 56

what percent of saliva does the sublingual gland secrete

Answer 56

5%

Question 57

what gland secretes through the ducts of rivinus

Answer 57

the sublingual gland

Question 58

what type of secretion does the sublingual gland mostly do

Answer 58

mucous

Question 59

What is a sailolith

Answer 59

a salivary gland stone

Question 60

what can you do to treat a salivary gland stone

Answer 60

1. stay hydrated 2. gland massage 3. sour lemon juice to increase saliva flow