Salivary and Lymphatic (complete) Flashcards
What are the steps in development of lymph nodes
- Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs) leave the blood vessels
- LECs aggregate with mesenchyme to form lymph sacs
- More aggregation leads to lymph nodules
- nodules become surrounded by sinuses
- Lymphatic cells migrate from the mesenchyme, thymus, and marrow. to fill in the sinuses with T and B cells
- a capsule surrounds the node and trabeculae helps fortify it
What are the initial cells that begin the formation of lymph nodes
lymphatic endothelial Cells (LECs)
From where do LEC’s come
the blood vessels
once outside of the blood vessels what do LEC’s do
they aggregate with each other and mesenchymal cells to form a lymph sac
what happens once LECs and mesenchyme have formed a lymph sac
they form a lymph nodule
what happens to the lymph nodule
it becomes surrounded by sinuses, combined with mesenchyme the lymph node is completed
What happens to the lymph nodule with the sinuses
lymphatic cells migrate from mesenchyme, thymus and bone marrow (T and B cells) and fill the lymph node
what happens to finalize the creation of a lymph node
a capsule and trabecula surround the nodule
What are trabecula
invaginations of the capsule
Why do lymph nodes have a capsule
protection
how many afferent vessels (vessels coming in) does a lymph node have
many
how many efferent vessels (vessels leaving) does a lymph node have
1
From where to where do lymph vessels run
they run from the capillaries to the heart
What is the path of lymph through a lymph node
- it enters the afferent vessels
- it flows over the lymphocytes
- it collects in the medulla
- it drain out the efferent vessels at the hilum of the node
on the path from the capillaries to the heart, how many lymph nodes does lymph pass through
quite a few
What is the function of the lymphatic system
- to protect against infection
2. to reintroduce fluid lost from the blood stream
What are tonsils
lymph sacs without a dense capsule or trabeculae
what makes up tonsils
unencapsulated lymphatic tissue
covered in nonkeratinized statified squamous epithelium
What are tonsilar crypts
invaginations into the tonsils
What can happen in tonsillar crypts
debris can get caught in here
calcification can happen to
increased T and B cell activity
what do you call calcification in the tonsillar crypts
tonsilloliths
What is the function of tonsils
to be the first immunologic pass. a sight of protection against bacteria entering the mouth and nose holes
What does the tonsillar ring consist of
6 tonsils 1 - adenoid (pharyngeal) 2 - tubal tonsils 2 - palatine tonsils 1 - lingual tonsil
Where is the adenoid/pharyngeal tonsil located
highest tonsil, at the midline, near the back top portion of the nasal cavity
where are the tubal tonsils located
on the inferior lateral surfaces of the nasal cavity towards the back
Where are the palatine tonsils located
the back of the oral cavity, just above the base of the tongue, to the lateral sides
where is the lingual tonsil located
at the base of the tongue, along the midline
What are the 6 main salivary glands
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
2 of each
What is in saliva
- amylase (digests starch)
- lipase (activated by stomach acid to digest fat)
- mucus (lubricates food and aids swallowing)
- lysozyme (enzyme that attacks bacterial cell wall)
- lactoferrin (chelates iron to stop bacterial growth)
- immunoglobulin A (antibody)
- SLIPI (potent antimicrobial)
what is saliva mostly made of
water
how much saliva do we produce per day
1 - 1.5 liters per day
What happens when saliva production is affected by sympathetic innervation
Thick mucus
What happens when saliva production is affected by parasympathetic innervation
thin mucus
What forms the parotid salivary glands
an invagination of ectoderm between the mandibular and maxillary swellings
What forms the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
an invagination of ectoderm in the floor of the oral cavity
What are the two types of secretions from the salivary glands
- serous secretion
2. mucous secretion
What is the serous secretion of salivary glands like
- thin and watery
- containes enzymes
- contains lactoferrin
- immunoglobin A
what is the mucous secretions of salivary glands like
1, thick fluid
2. glycoproteins called mucins
What are acini in salivary glands
a spherical of a bunch of cells that surround a central duct (lumen)
what are the three salivary ducts
- intercalated ducts
- striated ducts
- excretory ducts
What does the intercalated duct do
recieves fluid from the acinus and takes it to the striated duct
what kind of epithelium lines the intercalated duct
simple cuboidal epithelium
what does the striated ducts do
recieves fluid from intercalated ducts
makes saliva hypotonic by reabsorbing NaCl
secretes buffering bicarbonate
What kind of epithelium lines the striated ducts
simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
What does the excretory duct do
connects the striated ducts to the oral cavity
what kind of epithelium lines the excretory ducts
simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium, occasionally stratified columnar epithelium
Where are the parotid salivary glands located
just anterior to the ears
What % of saliva is secreted by the parotid glands
25%
What kind of secretion does the parotid gland mostly do
serous secretions (many proteins)
which gland is affected by mumps
the parotid gland
which gland is the largest gland
the parotid gland
What percent of saliva is produced by the submandibular gland
70%
where is the submandibular gland located
under the mandible
What kind of secretion does the submandibular gland mostly do
both
where is the sublingual gland located
under the tongue
what percent of saliva does the sublingual gland secrete
5%
what gland secretes through the ducts of rivinus
the sublingual gland
what type of secretion does the sublingual gland mostly do
mucous
What is a sailolith
a salivary gland stone
what can you do to treat a salivary gland stone
- stay hydrated
- gland massage
- sour lemon juice to increase saliva flow
