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DMD 5241 > Salivary and Lymphatic (complete) > Flashcards

Salivary and Lymphatic (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps in development of lymph nodes

A
  1. Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs) leave the blood vessels
  2. LECs aggregate with mesenchyme to form lymph sacs
  3. More aggregation leads to lymph nodules
  4. nodules become surrounded by sinuses
  5. Lymphatic cells migrate from the mesenchyme, thymus, and marrow. to fill in the sinuses with T and B cells
  6. a capsule surrounds the node and trabeculae helps fortify it
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2
Q

What are the initial cells that begin the formation of lymph nodes

A

lymphatic endothelial Cells (LECs)

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3
Q

From where do LEC’s come

A

the blood vessels

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4
Q

once outside of the blood vessels what do LEC’s do

A

they aggregate with each other and mesenchymal cells to form a lymph sac

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5
Q

what happens once LECs and mesenchyme have formed a lymph sac

A

they form a lymph nodule

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6
Q

what happens to the lymph nodule

A

it becomes surrounded by sinuses, combined with mesenchyme the lymph node is completed

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7
Q

What happens to the lymph nodule with the sinuses

A

lymphatic cells migrate from mesenchyme, thymus and bone marrow (T and B cells) and fill the lymph node

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8
Q

what happens to finalize the creation of a lymph node

A

a capsule and trabecula surround the nodule

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9
Q

What are trabecula

A

invaginations of the capsule

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10
Q

Why do lymph nodes have a capsule

A

protection

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11
Q

how many afferent vessels (vessels coming in) does a lymph node have

A

many

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12
Q

how many efferent vessels (vessels leaving) does a lymph node have

A

1

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13
Q

From where to where do lymph vessels run

A

they run from the capillaries to the heart

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14
Q

What is the path of lymph through a lymph node

A
  1. it enters the afferent vessels
  2. it flows over the lymphocytes
  3. it collects in the medulla
  4. it drain out the efferent vessels at the hilum of the node
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15
Q

on the path from the capillaries to the heart, how many lymph nodes does lymph pass through

A

quite a few

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16
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system

A
  1. to protect against infection

2. to reintroduce fluid lost from the blood stream

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17
Q

What are tonsils

A

lymph sacs without a dense capsule or trabeculae

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18
Q

what makes up tonsils

A

unencapsulated lymphatic tissue

covered in nonkeratinized statified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

What are tonsilar crypts

A

invaginations into the tonsils

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20
Q

What can happen in tonsillar crypts

A

debris can get caught in here
calcification can happen to
increased T and B cell activity

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21
Q

what do you call calcification in the tonsillar crypts

A

tonsilloliths

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22
Q

What is the function of tonsils

A

to be the first immunologic pass. a sight of protection against bacteria entering the mouth and nose holes

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23
Q

What does the tonsillar ring consist of

A 
6 tonsils
1 - adenoid (pharyngeal)
2 - tubal tonsils
2 - palatine tonsils
1 - lingual tonsil
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24
Q

Where is the adenoid/pharyngeal tonsil located

A

highest tonsil, at the midline, near the back top portion of the nasal cavity

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25
Q

where are the tubal tonsils located

A

on the inferior lateral surfaces of the nasal cavity towards the back

26
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located

A

the back of the oral cavity, just above the base of the tongue, to the lateral sides

27
Q

where is the lingual tonsil located

A

at the base of the tongue, along the midline

28
Q

What are the 6 main salivary glands

A
  1. parotid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual

2 of each

29
Q

What is in saliva

A
  1. amylase (digests starch)
  2. lipase (activated by stomach acid to digest fat)
  3. mucus (lubricates food and aids swallowing)
  4. lysozyme (enzyme that attacks bacterial cell wall)
  5. lactoferrin (chelates iron to stop bacterial growth)
  6. immunoglobulin A (antibody)
  7. SLIPI (potent antimicrobial)
30
Q

what is saliva mostly made of

A

water

31
Q

how much saliva do we produce per day

A

1 - 1.5 liters per day

32
Q

What happens when saliva production is affected by sympathetic innervation

A

Thick mucus

33
Q

What happens when saliva production is affected by parasympathetic innervation

A

thin mucus

34
Q

What forms the parotid salivary glands

A

an invagination of ectoderm between the mandibular and maxillary swellings

35
Q

What forms the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

A

an invagination of ectoderm in the floor of the oral cavity

36
Q

What are the two types of secretions from the salivary glands

A
  1. serous secretion

2. mucous secretion

37
Q

What is the serous secretion of salivary glands like

A
  1. thin and watery
  2. containes enzymes
  3. contains lactoferrin
  4. immunoglobin A
38
Q

what is the mucous secretions of salivary glands like

A

1, thick fluid

2. glycoproteins called mucins

39
Q

What are acini in salivary glands

A

a spherical of a bunch of cells that surround a central duct (lumen)

40
Q

what are the three salivary ducts

A
  1. intercalated ducts
  2. striated ducts
  3. excretory ducts
41
Q

What does the intercalated duct do

A

recieves fluid from the acinus and takes it to the striated duct

42
Q

what kind of epithelium lines the intercalated duct

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

43
Q

what does the striated ducts do

A

recieves fluid from intercalated ducts
makes saliva hypotonic by reabsorbing NaCl
secretes buffering bicarbonate

44
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the striated ducts

A

simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium

45
Q

What does the excretory duct do

A

connects the striated ducts to the oral cavity

46
Q

what kind of epithelium lines the excretory ducts

A

simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium, occasionally stratified columnar epithelium

47
Q

Where are the parotid salivary glands located

A

just anterior to the ears

48
Q

What % of saliva is secreted by the parotid glands

A

25%

49
Q

What kind of secretion does the parotid gland mostly do

A

serous secretions (many proteins)

50
Q

which gland is affected by mumps

A

the parotid gland

51
Q

which gland is the largest gland

A

the parotid gland

52
Q

What percent of saliva is produced by the submandibular gland

A

70%

53
Q

where is the submandibular gland located

A

under the mandible

54
Q

What kind of secretion does the submandibular gland mostly do

A

both

55
Q

where is the sublingual gland located

A

under the tongue

56
Q

what percent of saliva does the sublingual gland secrete

A

5%

57
Q

what gland secretes through the ducts of rivinus

A

the sublingual gland

58
Q

what type of secretion does the sublingual gland mostly do

A

mucous

59
Q

What is a sailolith

A

a salivary gland stone

60
Q

what can you do to treat a salivary gland stone

A
  1. stay hydrated
  2. gland massage
  3. sour lemon juice to increase saliva flow

DMD 5241 (10 decks)

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