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DMD 5241 > Cytology (complete) > Flashcards

Cytology (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of an light microscope

A
  1. light source
  2. condenser lens
  3. specimen
  4. objective lens
  5. mirror to eye/camera
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2
Q

What are the parts of an electron microcsope (TES)

A
  1. electron source
  2. condenser lens
  3. specimen
  4. objective lens
  5. projector lense
  6. eye or camera
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3
Q

What does TES mean (microscopes)

A

Transmission electron microscope

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4
Q

What are the parts of an electron microscope (SEM)

A
  1. electron source
  2. lens
  3. beam scanner
  4. lens
  5. specimen
  6. detector
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5
Q

What does SEM (microscopes) stand for

A

Scanning electron microscope

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6
Q

what are the advantages of using a light microscope over an electron microscope

A
  1. you can observe the specimen alive
  2. you can use dyes and fluoresence to better observe the specimen
  3. you can see things in color
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7
Q

What are the advantages of using an electron microscope over a light microscope

A
  1. You can see smaller images in more detail
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8
Q

About where can you draw the line for things that can’t really be observed with a light microscope, and an electron microscope is needed

A

You can see the larger organelles of a cell, and large bacteria. you typically can’t see the smallest bacteria and the smaller organelles

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9
Q

What is cytology

A

the study of the microscopic appearance and function of cells

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10
Q

What are the only microscopic views that can be used to see specimen while living

A

Brightfield views

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11
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

A

Prokaryotic

  1. unicellular
  2. no membrane bound nucleus
  3. Small
  4. have genetic material
  5. lack organelles

Eukaryotic

  1. multicellular
  2. membrane bound nucleus
  3. large
  4. have genetic material
  5. have organelles
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12
Q

What are organelles

A

a structure within a cell that has a specific role and function

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13
Q

What are the different classifications of organelles

A

double membrane bound
single membrane bound
not bound by membrane

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14
Q

What are some double membrane bound organelles

A
  1. nucleus

2. mitochondria

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15
Q

what are some single membrane bound organelles

A
  1. ER
  2. golgi
  3. lysosomes
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16
Q

What are some organelles not bound by membranes

A
  1. nucleolus
  2. ribosomes
  3. cytoskeleton
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17
Q

What are some other names for the plasma membrane

A

Cell membrane

plasmalemma

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18
Q

What does the plasma membrane being a fluid mosaic mean

A

that the proteins and other intermembranous things are able to move throughout the plasma membrane, they aren’t fixed in one place

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19
Q

is the plasma membrane hydrophobic, or hydrophilic

A 
both. The heads (outer edges of the membrane) are polar and hydrophilic
the tails (the inside of the membrane) are non-polar and hydrophobic
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20
Q

What does it mean that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable

A

that certain things are able to pass through the plasma membrane and other things are not.

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21
Q

What determines how well something will pass through the plasma membrane

A
  1. it’s charge (large charges don’t allow the molecule to pass through)
  2. its size (big substances aren’t likely to pass through)
  3. its hydrophilicity (hydrophilic things won’t be able to pass through)
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22
Q

What are the three different types of cell junctions

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. desmosomes
    3, gap junctions
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23
Q

What are tight junctions

A

a tight linkage between cells near the apical end that doesn’t allow substances to pass between the cells

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24
Q

What are desmosomes

A

junctions that hold cells together in strong sheet, they allow for slight communication amongst neighboring cells

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25
Q

What are gap junctions

A

channels between cells that allow for a lot of signaling and communication between the cells

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26
Q

What is in the nucleus

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
  3. proteins
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27
Q

What are the two different kinds of chromatin in the nucleus

A

EU chromatin

Hetero chromatin

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28
Q

What is EU chromatin

A

The DNA is diffuse, spread out, open and ACTIVE. on radiographs it is lighter because it as not as condensed

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29
Q

What is hetero chromatin

A

the DNA is dense, highly packed, coiled, pushed off to the side, and not active. on radiographs it is darker because it’s condensed

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30
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

the area in the nucleus where ribosomes are born. rRNA is born here, shipped out, and used to make ribosomes

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31
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

they take mRNA and make proteins

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32
Q

What is a bound ribosome vs. a free ribosome

A

bound ribosomes are attached to the rough ER, where as free ribosomes are out floating in the cytosol.

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33
Q

What happens to proteins synthesized by bound ribosomes

A

they will eventually be packed and shipped by the ER

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34
Q

Which organelle is continuous with the Nucleus

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

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35
Q

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

smooth

rough

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36
Q

What differentiates between smooth and rough ER

A

rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, smooth ER doesn’t

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37
Q

What functions does smooth ER have

A
  1. aids in detoxification
  2. Stores Ions (calcium)
  3. Makes new membranes
  4. Makes lipids
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38
Q

What is an example of a specific type of smooth ER

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum, smooth ER is skeletal muscle that stores and releases calcium

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39
Q

What functions does the rough ER have

A
  1. binds ribosomes

2. site where proteins are delivered from the ribosomes

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40
Q

Where do the proteins go next after they have been deposited in the rough ER

A

they are sent to the Golgi apparatus

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41
Q

Which side of the Golgi receives packages from the ER

A

the Cis-Golgi

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42
Q

What does the Golgi do with proteins that it receives from the rough ER

A

it packages, sorts, modifies, and ships out proteins where they need to go

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43
Q

what is the name of the side of the Golgi that ships out the proteins

A

the Trans-Golgi

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44
Q

What is the endomembrane system

A

the organelles that function together to create and ship things out of the cell

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45
Q

what are the steps/parts of the endomembrane system

A

Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi

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46
Q

From where does one inherit their mitochondria

A

all mitochondria are maternally inherited

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47
Q

What is the main function of the mitochondria

A

to make ATP

48
Q

what is the main substance that the mitochondria uses to produce ATP

A

glucose

49
Q

what kind of membrane do mitochondria have

A

double membrane

50
Q

do mitochondria have their own DNA

A

yep

51
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

outside the mitochondria in the in the cytosol

52
Q

Where does the Citric acid cycle take place

A

inside the matrix of the mitochondria

53
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place

A

at the mitochondrial inner membrane

54
Q

What are the endosomal compartments

A
  1. endosomes
  2. lysosomes
  3. peroxisomes
  4. recycling compartments
55
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

a group of organelles that work together to determine cell shape, locomotion, and provides the mean of intracellular trafficking

56
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. determine cell shape
  2. provide locomotion
  3. provides the means of intracellular trafficking
57
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. microfilaments (actin)
  2. microtubules
  3. intermediate filament
58
Q

are microfilaments the largest or smallest component of the cytoskeleton

A

smallest

59
Q

how are microfilaments arragned in the cytoskeleton

A

usually in parallel fashion

60
Q

What are the functions of the microfilaments in the cytoskeleton

A
  1. they stabilize both tight and loose junctions
  2. they allow for movement
  3. anchor integral proteins
  4. pino and phagocytosis
61
Q

are microtubules the largest or smallest component of the cytoskeleton

A

they are the largest

62
Q

Are microtubules hollow

A

yes, like a tube:)

63
Q

What are the functions of microtubules

A

they are girders upon which vesicles travel, all travel in a cell takes place upon microtubules

64
Q

What is the major component of cilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle

A

microtubules

65
Q

What cellular things have microtubules as their major component

A

cilia, mitotic spindle, flagella

66
Q

What are intermediate filaments

A

filaments of intermediate sizes (between microfilaments and microtubules)

67
Q

How many microtubules are in cilia or flagella and how are they arranged

A

there are 9 doublets around a pair in the middle

10 pairs total = 20

68
Q

What is the mitotic spindle

A

the entire machinery (centromeres and microtubules) that pull sister chromatids and chromosomes apart in anaphase

69
Q

What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol

A

cytosol is the liquid inside the cell

cytoplasm is the liquid in the cell, plus all of the organelles and proteins and such

70
Q

What is the nucleoplasm

A

everything inside the nucleus, fluid and organelles

71
Q

What is the central dogma of DNA replication

A

DNA leads to RNA leads to proteins

72
Q

What is the function of the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

A

sole purpose is to increase stability

73
Q

What are the enzymes we need to know in DNA replication

A
  1. helicase
  2. DNA primase
  3. DNA polymerase
  4. DNA ligase
74
Q

What is the function of helicase in DNA replication

A

it unwinds the double stranded DNA so the nucleotides are accessable

75
Q

What is the function of the DNA primase in DNA replication

A

it takes the unwound DNA and sets down an RNA primer (a handful of nucleotides)

76
Q

What is the function of the DNA polymerase in DNA replication

A

recognizes the primer, and lays down many many more nucleotides

77
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication

A

joins neighboring strands of DNA together

78
Q

What is Transcription

A

the process of reading DNA and creating matching RNA

79
Q

what is translation

A

using RNA to make a protein

80
Q

how does DNA affect cell structure and function

A

DNA found on chromosomes in the nucleus store genetic information for proteins, those proteins determine cell structure and function.

81
Q

Can water pass through a cell membrane without assistance

A

no, it needs aquaporins

82
Q

What kinds of things can pass through the cell membrane by simple diffusion

A

hydrophobic
nonpolar
small
uncharged

83
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

movement from high concentrations to low concentrations

84
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

still has things moving from high concentrations to low concentrations, but it requires some sort of channel or carrier protein

85
Q

What are some of the limitations of facilitated diffusion

A
  1. movement can be limited by carrier specificity
  2. carriers may become saturated
  3. carriers may be regulated by hormones or other signals
86
Q

what is active transport

A

Movement across the membrane that requires energy to go counter to the concentration gradient

87
Q

What is vesicular transport

A

when the plasma membrane encases something and carries it

88
Q

What is endocytosis

A

bringing things into the cell

89
Q

what is exocytosis

A

taking things out of the cell

90
Q

When is endo and exocytosis used

A

when large things need to cross the membrane but can’t due to their size

91
Q

Do endo and exo cytosis require energy

A

usually

92
Q

What are two specific types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

93
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

when the cell eats large entities from outside the cell

94
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

when the cell drinks large entities from outside the cell

take in a lot of extracellular fluid along with other things

95
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

When their are certain receptors located near each other on the plasma membrane and that area (with bound ligands) forms a vesicle inside the cell

96
Q

What is a clatharin pit

A

the pits with receptors created during receptor mediated endocytosis

97
Q

What are the different phases of the cell cycle (interphase)

A

G1
S
G2
M

98
Q

What is g knot

A

when the cell leaves the cell cycle and won’t ever divide again. (it serves its destined function in this stage)

99
Q

How long is g knot

A

variable, it can be very long, or very short

100
Q

What happens in the G1 phase

A

the cell grows and creates proteins

101
Q

what happens in the S phase

A

DNA synthesis and chromosome duplication

102
Q

what happens in the G2 phase

A

final production of necessary organelles

103
Q

What happens in the M phase

A

mitosis (cell division)

104
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
105
Q

What happens in prophase

A
  1. condensation of DNA
  2. nuclear envelop breaks down
  3. mitotic spindle is built
106
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

Chromosomes (two connected sister chromatids) line up along the metaphase plate

107
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle

108
Q

where does the mitotic spindle attach to the chromosomes in anaphase

A

the kinechtocore

109
Q

What happens in telophase

A

(opposite of prophase)

  1. chromosomes spread out
  2. nuclear envelope forms
  3. mitotic spindle degenerates
110
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

the cell divides into two identical daughter cells, identical to the parent cell

111
Q

What is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death (desireable)

112
Q

what is necrosis

A

unplanned cell death due to disease or injury (unwanted)

113
Q

What is a substrate

A

something targeted or used by an enzyme

114
Q

what is an inducer

A

something that increases acitivity or reactions

115
Q

what is an inhibitor

A

something that decreases activiity or reactions

DMD 5241 (10 decks)

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