Cytology (complete) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the parts of an light microscope
A
- light source
- condenser lens
- specimen
- objective lens
- mirror to eye/camera
2
Q
What are the parts of an electron microcsope (TES)
A
- electron source
- condenser lens
- specimen
- objective lens
- projector lense
- eye or camera
3
Q
What does TES mean (microscopes)
A
Transmission electron microscope
4
Q
What are the parts of an electron microscope (SEM)
A
- electron source
- lens
- beam scanner
- lens
- specimen
- detector
5
Q
What does SEM (microscopes) stand for
A
Scanning electron microscope
6
Q
what are the advantages of using a light microscope over an electron microscope
A
- you can observe the specimen alive
- you can use dyes and fluoresence to better observe the specimen
- you can see things in color
7
Q
What are the advantages of using an electron microscope over a light microscope
A
- You can see smaller images in more detail
8
Q
About where can you draw the line for things that can’t really be observed with a light microscope, and an electron microscope is needed
A
You can see the larger organelles of a cell, and large bacteria. you typically can’t see the smallest bacteria and the smaller organelles
9
Q
What is cytology
A
the study of the microscopic appearance and function of cells
10
Q
What are the only microscopic views that can be used to see specimen while living
A
Brightfield views
11
Q
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
A
Prokaryotic
- unicellular
- no membrane bound nucleus
- Small
- have genetic material
- lack organelles
Eukaryotic
- multicellular
- membrane bound nucleus
- large
- have genetic material
- have organelles
12
Q
What are organelles
A
a structure within a cell that has a specific role and function
13
Q
What are the different classifications of organelles
A
double membrane bound
single membrane bound
not bound by membrane
14
Q
What are some double membrane bound organelles
A
- nucleus
2. mitochondria
15
Q
what are some single membrane bound organelles
A
- ER
- golgi
- lysosomes
16
Q
What are some organelles not bound by membranes
A
- nucleolus
- ribosomes
- cytoskeleton
17
Q
What are some other names for the plasma membrane
A
Cell membrane
plasmalemma
18
Q
What does the plasma membrane being a fluid mosaic mean
A
that the proteins and other intermembranous things are able to move throughout the plasma membrane, they aren’t fixed in one place
19
Q
is the plasma membrane hydrophobic, or hydrophilic
A
both. The heads (outer edges of the membrane) are polar and hydrophilic the tails (the inside of the membrane) are non-polar and hydrophobic
20
Q
What does it mean that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable
A
that certain things are able to pass through the plasma membrane and other things are not.
21
Q
What determines how well something will pass through the plasma membrane
A
- it’s charge (large charges don’t allow the molecule to pass through)
- its size (big substances aren’t likely to pass through)
- its hydrophilicity (hydrophilic things won’t be able to pass through)
22
Q
What are the three different types of cell junctions
A
- tight junctions
- desmosomes
3, gap junctions
23
Q
What are tight junctions
A
a tight linkage between cells near the apical end that doesn’t allow substances to pass between the cells
24
Q
What are desmosomes
A
junctions that hold cells together in strong sheet, they allow for slight communication amongst neighboring cells
25
What are gap junctions
channels between cells that allow for a lot of signaling and communication between the cells
26
What is in the nucleus
1. DNA
2. RNA
3. proteins
27
What are the two different kinds of chromatin in the nucleus
EU chromatin
| Hetero chromatin
28
What is EU chromatin
The DNA is diffuse, spread out, open and ACTIVE. on radiographs it is lighter because it as not as condensed
29
What is hetero chromatin
the DNA is dense, highly packed, coiled, pushed off to the side, and not active. on radiographs it is darker because it's condensed
30
What is the nucleolus
the area in the nucleus where ribosomes are born. rRNA is born here, shipped out, and used to make ribosomes
31
What do ribosomes do
they take mRNA and make proteins
32
What is a bound ribosome vs. a free ribosome
bound ribosomes are attached to the rough ER, where as free ribosomes are out floating in the cytosol.
33
What happens to proteins synthesized by bound ribosomes
they will eventually be packed and shipped by the ER
34
Which organelle is continuous with the Nucleus
the endoplasmic reticulum
35
what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
smooth
| rough
36
What differentiates between smooth and rough ER
rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, smooth ER doesn't
37
What functions does smooth ER have
1. aids in detoxification
2. Stores Ions (calcium)
3. Makes new membranes
4. Makes lipids
38
What is an example of a specific type of smooth ER
sarcoplasmic reticulum, smooth ER is skeletal muscle that stores and releases calcium
39
What functions does the rough ER have
1. binds ribosomes
| 2. site where proteins are delivered from the ribosomes
40
Where do the proteins go next after they have been deposited in the rough ER
they are sent to the Golgi apparatus
41
Which side of the Golgi receives packages from the ER
the Cis-Golgi
42
What does the Golgi do with proteins that it receives from the rough ER
it packages, sorts, modifies, and ships out proteins where they need to go
43
what is the name of the side of the Golgi that ships out the proteins
the Trans-Golgi
44
What is the endomembrane system
the organelles that function together to create and ship things out of the cell
45
what are the steps/parts of the endomembrane system
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi
46
From where does one inherit their mitochondria
all mitochondria are maternally inherited
47
What is the main function of the mitochondria
to make ATP
48
what is the main substance that the mitochondria uses to produce ATP
glucose
49
what kind of membrane do mitochondria have
double membrane
50
do mitochondria have their own DNA
yep
51
Where does glycolysis occur
outside the mitochondria in the in the cytosol
52
Where does the Citric acid cycle take place
inside the matrix of the mitochondria
53
Where does the electron transport chain take place
at the mitochondrial inner membrane
54
What are the endosomal compartments
1. endosomes
2. lysosomes
3. peroxisomes
4. recycling compartments
55
What is the cytoskeleton
a group of organelles that work together to determine cell shape, locomotion, and provides the mean of intracellular trafficking
56
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton
1. determine cell shape
2. provide locomotion
3. provides the means of intracellular trafficking
57
What are the three components of the cytoskeleton
1. microfilaments (actin)
2. microtubules
3. intermediate filament
58
are microfilaments the largest or smallest component of the cytoskeleton
smallest
59
how are microfilaments arragned in the cytoskeleton
usually in parallel fashion
60
What are the functions of the microfilaments in the cytoskeleton
1. they stabilize both tight and loose junctions
2. they allow for movement
3. anchor integral proteins
4. pino and phagocytosis
61
are microtubules the largest or smallest component of the cytoskeleton
they are the largest
62
Are microtubules hollow
yes, like a tube:)
63
What are the functions of microtubules
they are girders upon which vesicles travel, all travel in a cell takes place upon microtubules
64
What is the major component of cilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle
microtubules
65
What cellular things have microtubules as their major component
cilia, mitotic spindle, flagella
66
What are intermediate filaments
filaments of intermediate sizes (between microfilaments and microtubules)
67
How many microtubules are in cilia or flagella and how are they arranged
there are 9 doublets around a pair in the middle
| 10 pairs total = 20
68
What is the mitotic spindle
the entire machinery (centromeres and microtubules) that pull sister chromatids and chromosomes apart in anaphase
69
What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol
cytosol is the liquid inside the cell
| cytoplasm is the liquid in the cell, plus all of the organelles and proteins and such
70
What is the nucleoplasm
everything inside the nucleus, fluid and organelles
71
What is the central dogma of DNA replication
DNA leads to RNA leads to proteins
72
What is the function of the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
sole purpose is to increase stability
73
What are the enzymes we need to know in DNA replication
1. helicase
2. DNA primase
3. DNA polymerase
4. DNA ligase
74
What is the function of helicase in DNA replication
it unwinds the double stranded DNA so the nucleotides are accessable
75
What is the function of the DNA primase in DNA replication
it takes the unwound DNA and sets down an RNA primer (a handful of nucleotides)
76
What is the function of the DNA polymerase in DNA replication
recognizes the primer, and lays down many many more nucleotides
77
What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication
joins neighboring strands of DNA together
78
What is Transcription
the process of reading DNA and creating matching RNA
79
what is translation
using RNA to make a protein
80
how does DNA affect cell structure and function
DNA found on chromosomes in the nucleus store genetic information for proteins, those proteins determine cell structure and function.
81
Can water pass through a cell membrane without assistance
no, it needs aquaporins
82
What kinds of things can pass through the cell membrane by simple diffusion
hydrophobic
nonpolar
small
uncharged
83
What is simple diffusion
movement from high concentrations to low concentrations
84
What is facilitated diffusion
still has things moving from high concentrations to low concentrations, but it requires some sort of channel or carrier protein
85
What are some of the limitations of facilitated diffusion
1. movement can be limited by carrier specificity
2. carriers may become saturated
3. carriers may be regulated by hormones or other signals
86
what is active transport
Movement across the membrane that requires energy to go counter to the concentration gradient
87
What is vesicular transport
when the plasma membrane encases something and carries it
88
What is endocytosis
bringing things into the cell
89
what is exocytosis
taking things out of the cell
90
When is endo and exocytosis used
when large things need to cross the membrane but can't due to their size
91
Do endo and exo cytosis require energy
usually
92
What are two specific types of endocytosis
phagocytosis
| pinocytosis
93
what is phagocytosis
when the cell eats large entities from outside the cell
94
what is pinocytosis
when the cell drinks large entities from outside the cell
| take in a lot of extracellular fluid along with other things
95
What is receptor mediated endocytosis
When their are certain receptors located near each other on the plasma membrane and that area (with bound ligands) forms a vesicle inside the cell
96
What is a clatharin pit
the pits with receptors created during receptor mediated endocytosis
97
What are the different phases of the cell cycle (interphase)
G1
S
G2
M
98
What is g knot
when the cell leaves the cell cycle and won't ever divide again. (it serves its destined function in this stage)
99
How long is g knot
variable, it can be very long, or very short
100
What happens in the G1 phase
the cell grows and creates proteins
101
what happens in the S phase
DNA synthesis and chromosome duplication
102
what happens in the G2 phase
final production of necessary organelles
103
What happens in the M phase
mitosis (cell division)
104
What are the phases of Mitosis
```
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
```
105
What happens in prophase
1. condensation of DNA
2. nuclear envelop breaks down
3. mitotic spindle is built
106
what happens in metaphase
Chromosomes (two connected sister chromatids) line up along the metaphase plate
107
what happens in anaphase
sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle
108
where does the mitotic spindle attach to the chromosomes in anaphase
the kinechtocore
109
What happens in telophase
(opposite of prophase)
1. chromosomes spread out
2. nuclear envelope forms
3. mitotic spindle degenerates
110
What happens in cytokinesis
the cell divides into two identical daughter cells, identical to the parent cell
111
What is apoptosis
programmed cell death (desireable)
112
what is necrosis
unplanned cell death due to disease or injury (unwanted)
113
What is a substrate
something targeted or used by an enzyme
114
what is an inducer
something that increases acitivity or reactions
115
what is an inhibitor
something that decreases activiity or reactions
