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DMD 5241 > Embryology (complete) > Flashcards

Embryology (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

how many in 1000 children have distinct anatomical alterations at birth

A

30

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2
Q

About what percent of birth defects are of known causes

A

50

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3
Q

What are environmental factors that cause birth defects

A

maternal disease
infections
mechanical
drugs or chemicals

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4
Q

What is a teratogen

A

anything that causes a birth defect

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5
Q

What is teratology

A

the science that seeks to understand causes of birth defects

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6
Q

What are the two factors that influence how likely and how serious a birth defect will be when exposed to a teratogen

A
  1. the dose of exposure to the teratogen

2. the period of exposure to the teratogen

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7
Q

What is the leading cause of mental retardation in america

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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8
Q

What is thalidomide, and what does it cause

A

it is an anti-nausea agent that inhibits vessel development and can lead to lack of limb formation

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9
Q

When is the worst time for an embryo to be exposed to teratogens

A

from 3 - 8 weeks

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10
Q

What are two periods of a pregnancy

A

embryonic period

fetal period

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11
Q

when is the embryonic period

A

from conception to 8 weeks

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12
Q

what happens in the embryonic period

A

a lot, but specifically the formation of all organs

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13
Q

when is the fetal period

A

from week 9 through term

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14
Q

what happens in the fetal period

A

the organs that were already formed grow and develop

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15
Q

What are the 5 steps of human development

A
  1. pregenesis
  2. blastogenesis
  3. organogenesis
  4. metamorphosis
  5. phenogenesis
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16
Q

What is pregenesis

A

developmental pre-conditions in parents that enable successful reproduction. (the creation of the sperm and egg cell that became you)

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17
Q

What are the four parts of pregenesis

A
  1. formation and migration of parental primordial germ cells
  2. differentiation and creation of gonads (testis and ovaries)
  3. mitosis to increase number of primordial germ cells
  4. gametogenesis, maturation of gametes (meiosis)
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18
Q

What are primordial germ cells

A

the cells that will eventually become the sperm and egg cells

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19
Q

From which germ layer do the primordial germ cells come from

A

the ectoderm

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20
Q

What is the path the primordial germ cells take starting with the ectoderm and ending in the gonads

A
  1. they leave the ectoderm right away and go into the yolk sac
  2. they re-enter the embryo at 4 weeks and enter the gonads
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21
Q

What is a teratoma

A

when germ cells migrate to locations other than the gonads and begin to proliferate rapidly. they create a large tumor

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22
Q

can Teratomas have traces back to all three germ cells

A

yes

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23
Q

What is meiosis

A

a special form a cell division that leads to the formation of 4 haploid cells.

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24
Q

what are haploid cells

A

cells with half of the DNA of a regular (diploid) cell

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25
Q

What are the steps of meiosis

A 
1, prophase 1
2. metaphase 1
3, anaphase 1
4. telophase 1
5. metaphase2 
6. anaphase 2
7. telophase 2
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26
Q

What happens in meiosis prophase 1

A
  1. nuclear membrane dissolves
  2. chromosomes condense
  3. mitotic spindle develops
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27
Q

What happens in meiosis metaphase 1

A

homologous chromasomes line up on the metaphase plate

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28
Q

what happens in meiosis anaphase 1

A

the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle

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29
Q

what happens in meiosis telophase 1

A

the cell divides in half with one of each of the homologous chromosomes in each cell

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30
Q

what happens in metaphase 2 of meiosis

A

The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

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31
Q

What happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis

A

the chromosomes are pulled in half by the mitotic spindle

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32
Q

what happens in telophase 2 of meiosis

A

the cells then divide in half again, making 4 total haploid cells from 1 diploid parental cell

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33
Q

from where do the 2 homologous chromosomes come from

A

one from each parent

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34
Q

What is recombination

A

when the homologous chromosomes that are lined up on the metaphase plate trade a portion of their DNA

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35
Q

when does recombination occur

A

at metaphase 1 of meiosis

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36
Q

what is crossing over

A

the same thing as recombination

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37
Q

what is a result of recombination

A

increased genetic variability

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38
Q

What is non disjunction

A

when the chromosomes don’t separate correctly during either anaphase step of meiosis

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39
Q

When does non-disjunction happen

A

in either meiosis 1 or 2

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40
Q

what results from non-disjunction in meiosis 1

A

4 cells
two of which have twice as much DNA as normal
two of which have no DNA

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41
Q

What results from non-disjunction in meiosis 2

A

4 cells
two of which are normal (haploid)
one that has no DNA
one that has twice as much DNA as normal

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42
Q

What is monoploidy

A

when a zygote only has one copy of a chromosome (usually they have 2)

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43
Q

what usually results from monoploidy

A

it is fatal to the embryo

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44
Q

what is trisomy

A

when a zygote has three copies of a chromosome (usually they have 2)

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45
Q

what usually results from trisomy

A

it isn’t always fatal to the embryo

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46
Q

what causes monoploidy and trisomy

A

non disjunction

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47
Q

When does meiosis begin and end in males

A

it starts and goes to completion at puberty

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48
Q

when does meiosis begin and end in females

A

it starts as an embryo, then freezes until puberty

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49
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

the creation of sperm

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50
Q

what is oogenesis

A

the creation of eggs

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51
Q

What is the leading cause of death of our species

A

nondisjunction

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52
Q

What does the sticky cumulus do

A

moves the egg down the fallopian tube

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53
Q

What is fertilization

A

the fusing of an egg and a sperm cell

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54
Q

What is capacitation

A

obtaining the capacity to do work (speaking of a sperms ability to do its works)

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55
Q

What does it take for a sperm to have reached capacitation

A
  1. obtains motility
  2. obtains directionaliity
  3. becomes energetically efficient
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56
Q

What are the three layers that the sperm has to penetrate to fertilize the egg

A
  1. zona pellucida
  2. corona radiata
  3. eggs plasma membrane
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57
Q

What are the two reactions that need to occur for the sperm to fertalize the egg

A
  1. acrosome reaction

2. cortical reaction

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58
Q

what generates the acrosome reaction

A

the sperm

59
Q

what does the acrosome reaction cause to happen

A

breaks down the zona pellucida

60
Q

what generates the cortical reaction

A

the egg

61
Q

what does the cortical reaction cause to happen

A

prevents additional sperm from entering the egg

62
Q

What do you call a fertilized egg

A

a zygote

63
Q

what is a zygote

A

a single cellular fertilized egg

64
Q

what is cleavage

A

specialized mitoses, cell division accompanied by a reduction in cell size. (more cells, but the same size as the initial single cell)

65
Q

how do you get fraternal twins

A

two eggs fertilized by two spermies

66
Q

how do you get identical twins

A

a single fertilized egg that divides and becomes two embryos

67
Q

What is compaction

A

when the outer cells of the embryo flatten out and form tight junctions

68
Q

what happens to the inner cells of the embryo during compaction

A

gap junctions form between them

69
Q

What do the outer cells from compaction of the embryo develop into

A

the placenta

70
Q

what do the inner cells from compaction of the embryo develop into

A

the fetus

71
Q

What is a morula

A

a filled ball of cells (usually around 32-64 cells) not hollow

72
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

a hollow ball of cells, with a mass of cells inside

73
Q

What are the parts of the blastocyst

A
  1. Inner cell mass

2. trophoblast

74
Q

at what point does the embryo enter the uterus

A

3-4 post fertilization

75
Q

What happens after the embryo enters the uterus as a blastocyst

A

the blastocyst hatches

76
Q

what does it mean that the blastocyst hatches

A

it sheds the zona pellucida and remaining corona radiata

77
Q

why does the blastocyst hatch

A

so that it can implant into the uterine wall

so that it can grow

78
Q

what is the blastocoel

A

the hollow space in the blastocyst

79
Q

what are the events of the first week

A
  1. fertilization
  2. cleavage
  3. compaction
  4. becomes a morula
  5. becomes a blastocyst
  6. enters the uterus
  7. hatches
  8. implants into the uterine wall
80
Q

Why do we call the second week of embryology the week of 2’s

A
  1. its the second week
  2. the blastocyst has two different cell masses
  3. those cell masses give rise to two different cell masses each
  4. there are two cavities in the blastocyst
81
Q

What are the two cell masses of the blastocyst

A
  1. trophoblast

2. inner cell mass

82
Q

What two cell masses does the trophoblast become

A
  1. sycytiotrophoblast

2. cytotrophoblast

83
Q

what does the syncytiotrophoblast do

A

the cells lose their shape and seep deep into the uterine wall and mesh with the uterine wall

84
Q

what does the cytotrophoblast do

A

houses the inner cell mass

85
Q

What two cell masses does the inner cell mass develop into

A
  1. epiblasts

2. hypoblasts

86
Q

what does the epiblasts develop into

A

the fetus

they also surround the amniotic cavity

87
Q

what does the hypoblasts do

A

form the yolk sac

88
Q

What kind of tissue is the yolk sac

A

hypoblastic tissue

89
Q

what are the two cavities formed during the week of two’s’

A

the amniotic cavity and the yolk sac

90
Q

what is the purpose of the yolk sac

A

(giver of life)

it houses blood cell precursors and primordial germ cells

91
Q

What makes up a component of the umbilicus

A

the yolk sac

92
Q

what is the purpose of the amniotic cavity

A

excercise and cushion room for the fetus

93
Q

What is the chorion

A

outermost sac of the placenta

94
Q

what does the chorion do

A

place of exchange between maternal and fetal circulation

95
Q

What is the starting point and ending point of 2nd week of embryology

A

start : when it implants into the uterus

Ends: with gastrulation

96
Q

What is a trilaminar embryo

A

an embryo that has developed the three flat layers

97
Q

what are the three germ layers formed during gastrulation

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
98
Q

What is gastrulation

A

the creation of a trilaminar embryo which happens when epiblasts become mesencyhmal and fall through the primitive streak and differentiate into three layers

99
Q

What marks the beginning of gastrulation

A

the creation of the primitive streak

100
Q

what are the parts of the primitive streak

A
  1. primitive node
  2. primitive pit
  3. primitive groove
101
Q

What is the primitive streak

A

a linear opening down the center of the epiblast layer, through which mesenchymal epiblast cells will pass to create the three germ layers

102
Q

What is a mesenchymal cell

A

a cell that loses polarity and is highly migratory

103
Q

What are the two places that no mesenchymal cells will set up, and where ectoderm and endoderm contact eachother

A

the buccopharyngeal membrane

the cloacal membrane

104
Q

what does the buccopharyngeal membrane become

A

the place where the mouth forms

105
Q

What does the cloacal membrane become

A

the place where the anus forms

106
Q

What is re-epithelialization

A

when cells go from being mesenchymal, back to being epithelial cells

107
Q

When does re-epithelialization occur

A

when cells have migrated to their desired locations and have differentiated into the three germ layers

108
Q

Which germ layer comes from cells that replace the hypoblast

A

endoderm

109
Q

which germ layer forms from the remaining epiblast cells that didn’t migrate through the primitive streak

A

ectoderm

110
Q

which germ layer forms between the other two layers

A

the mesoderm

111
Q

What does the ectoderm develop into

A 
epidermis
hair
nails
sweat glands
nevous tissue
sensory organs
enamel
epithelium of mouth and anus
salivary glands
112
Q

what does the mesoderm develop into

A 
Dermis
connective tissue
muscle
heart
internal reproductive organs
113
Q

what does the endoderm develop into

A 
epithelium of respiratory tract and digestive tract
liver 
pancreas
thymus
thyroid
114
Q

What is the notocord

A

a specific rod like group of cells in the mesoderm

115
Q

where does the notocord form

A

right below the primitive streak in the mesoderm layer

116
Q

What does the notocord do

A

It is a potent molecular signaling machine that signals the neural plate to form

117
Q

What is the neural plate

A

the portion of the ectoderm above the notocord. that develops when the notocord signals to it

118
Q

What is a placode

A

a thickened portion of the ectoderm, signaled by the inner layer of ectoderm. These then develop into specific things

119
Q

what happens to the neural plate

A

it folds up on itself and eventually becomes the neural tube, which becomes the brain and spinal cord

120
Q

What are the bodies of cells at the periphery of the neural plate that fuse together to create the neural tube

A

neural crest cells

121
Q

what happens to the ectoderm right next to the neural plate

A

when the neural pate fuses to become the neural tube, this ectoderm fuses and seals the neural tube inside

122
Q

What are the three types of mesoderm that develop from closest to neural tube, to most distant

A

somites (paraxial mesoderm)
Intermediate mesoderm
lateral plate mesoderm

123
Q

What are the two plates of the lateral plate mesoderm

A

splanctic (near endoderm)

somatic (near ectoderm)

124
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm (somites) do

A

becomes the muscle, bone, and connective tissue of most of the body

125
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm do

A

becomes the urogenital system

126
Q

what does the lateral plate mesoderm do

A

becomes the muscle of the body wall, the digestive tract, and the proximal part of limbs

127
Q

What is embryonic folding

A

a set of folds that transition the embryo from a flat 3 layered disk, into a 3d embryo

128
Q

what are the two types of embryonic folding

A
  1. cephalocaudal

2. transverse or lateral

129
Q

What is transverse or lateral folding

A

the folding of the embryo down its long axis to create a cylinder. left and right sides of the embryo curve toward the midline

130
Q

what happens to the yolk sac during folding

A

it is pinched off, and the portion that remains inside the embryo goes on to form the body’s internal cavities

131
Q

What drives transverse folding

A

the interaction between the mesoderm and the endoderm

132
Q

What is cephalocaudal folding

A

the “head” and “tail” fold anteriorly towards each other, making a cresent moon shape of sorts

133
Q

How does the neural tube affect cephalocaudal folding

A

when the neural tube closes it does so like a zipper, from one end to another, this helps drive cephalocaudal folding

134
Q

where does closure of the neural tube begin

A

midway along the neural plate

135
Q

how does closure of the neural tube go

A

it begins midway along the neural plate, and moves cranially and caudally

136
Q

which end of the neural tube closes first

A

the cranial end

137
Q

what are neuropores

A

the openings at the ends of the neural tube, before they close completely

138
Q

What is cardiogeneic mesoderm

A

the mesoderm that will become the heart

139
Q

What kind of mesoderm gives rise to cardiogenic mesoderm

A

splanchnic

140
Q

What does the constriction due to folding look like when considering the yolk sac

A

it looks like a purse string

141
Q

What lines the gut tube from mouth to anus

A

the endoderm

142
Q

what drives the formation of respiratory, digestive, and endocrine organs and glands

A

interaction between endo and mesoderm

143
Q

What outlines week 3

A

gastrulation

144
Q

what outlines week 4

A 
completion of gastrulation (beginning)
neural tube formation
body folding
organ and limbs begin to form
embryonic folding
Pharyngeal arches form (end)

DMD 5241 (10 decks)

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