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Athletic Training > Skin Disorders > Flashcards

Skin Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the structure and function of the skin

A

Three layers:

  1. Epidermis:
    a. Stratum corneum: (horny layer) prevents intrusion of microorganisms
    b. Melanin: prevents intrusion of UV radiation
  2. Dermis: protects against physical trauma
    a. Appendages: contains eccrine & apocrine sweat glands, hair, nails & sebaceous glands
  3. Subcutis: stores fat & regulates heat
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2
Q

What are cafe au lait spots?

A

AKA: Macules
Areas of increased melanin which can result in pale brown areas of the skin.

Harmless, but sometimes can be a sign of neurofibromatosis

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3
Q

What is neurofibromatosis?

A

a genetic disorder of the nervous system that primarily affects the development and growth of the nerve cell tissues

Presence of 6 or more cafe au lait spots of 1.5 cm or more in diameter is diagnostic of neurofibromatosis

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4
Q

What is cellulitis? Characteristics?

A

Cellulitis: infectious inflammation of deep skin structures

Characteristics: reddening of the skin, increased warmth

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5
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion: Scales.

Description of and give an example

A

Scales:
Flakes of skin

Example: Psoriasis

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6
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion: Crust.

Description of and give an example

A

Crust:
Dried fluid or exudates on the skin

Example: Impetigo

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7
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion: Fissure.

Description of and give an example

A

Fissure:
Skin crack

Example: Chapping

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8
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion: Excoriation

Description of and give an example

A

Excoriation:
Superficial Crack

Example: Abrasion

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9
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion: Erosion

Description of and give an example

A

Erosion
loss of superficial epidermis

Example: Scratch

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10
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion: Ulcer

Description of and give an example

A

Ulcer:
destruction of the entire epidermis

Example: Pressure sore

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11
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion: Scar

Description of and give an example

A

Scar:
healing of the dermis

Example: vaccination, laceration

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12
Q

What is hyperkeratosis? Caused by? Where do you see it?

A

Hyperkeratosis:
excessive growth/thickening of the stratum corneum (or horny layer) of the epidermis

Characteristic of callus formation.

Caused by: constant friction & pressure

Seen in: the soles of the feet and palms of the hands

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13
Q

How do you manage hyperkeratosis (callus) of the feet and hands?

A

Discourage use of: emery files or pumice stones

Management:
1. Moisturizers or keratolytic agents.
Examples of keratolytic agents:
25% urea (Ultramide), lactic acid (Lachydrin) or salicylic acid

  1. Can trim w/ a callus trimmer.
  2. Cushioning devices such as wedges, doughnuts, and arch supports
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14
Q

What is a sebaceous cyst

A
  • A cyst filled with cebum. Usually found on the scalp
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15
Q

Describe blisters and how do you prevent them

A
  • Shearing forces produce raised area that contains fluid below or within epidermis
  • Superficial blister has clear liquid vs blood blister with deeper tissue disruption
  • Prevention: Talcum powder or petroleum jelly, two pairs of socks, Correct size shoe
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16
Q

How do you manage intact blisters

A
  • Leave intact and keep clean for 24 hours
  • Then drain fluid with scalpel cut, apply antibiotic ointment
  • Dress and place doughnut pad around blister.
  • Monitor for infection and replace dressing as needed
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17
Q

How do you manage torn blisters

A
  • Keep clean, soap and water
  • If less than half of skin is removed from blister, apply liquid antiseptic and lay flap back down then apply antibiotic
  • Then apply dressing and doughnut pad…monitor
  • If more than half the skin is removed, remove flap with sterile scissors
  • Clean with soap and water, liquid antiseptic, Apply second skin dressing
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18
Q

What is macerated skin

A

Skin softened by exposure to wetting

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19
Q

Describe the etiology and signs and symptoms of Corns

A
  • Soft and Hard corns are hyperkeratoses caused by friction, caused by pressure of improperly fitting shoes and other anatomic abnormalities
  • Soft Corn appears as a circular piece of thickened, white, macerated skin on the lateral side of the fifth toe
  • Hard Corns appear as hard and dry, with a callus that is sharply demarcated on the tops of hammertoes
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20
Q

How do yo manage Corns

A
  • Proper fitting shoes
  • Felt pad to act as buffer between corn and shoe
  • Keep area clean and dry to prevent maceration in the case of soft corns
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21
Q

What is Xerotic skin, what are signs and symptoms, and management

A
  • Xerotic skin is dry skin, common in winter
  • Skin appears dry, variable redness and scaling, may crack and develop fissures
  • Management: Moisturizing soaps, lotion, very severe warrants physician referral
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22
Q

Describe the wounds: Abrasions, Punctures, Lacerations, Incisions, Avulsions, and Bruises

A
  • Abrasion: Occur when skin is scraped against a rough surface
  • Puncture: Direct penetration, can introduce tetanus
  • Laceration: Sharp objects tear skin, jagged appearance
  • Incision: Similar to laceration but cut is smooth, like from knife
  • Avulsion: Occur when skin is torn from body
  • Bruise: After blunt trauma, skin not broken but soft tissue is traumatized
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23
Q

How do you manage an open wound

A
  • Clean with soap and water, apply antiseptic and dress wound
  • If laceration is severe enough or if it is a puncture should be treated by physician
24
Q

What are the signs of wound infection

A
  • Red, swollen, hot, and tender tissue
  • Swollen and painful lymph glands near the area of infection
  • Mild fever and headache
25
Q

When are sutures needed

A
  • Generally when underlying tissues such as fat, tendon, bone, or vessels are exposed
26
Q

What is Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aurea (MRSA)? Signs and Symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Bacterial infection of Staphylococcus that is resistant to methicillin and several other antibiotics
  • Results in redness, swelling, an tenderness at the site of the infection
  • MRSA can only be treated with antibiotics delivered into a vein
  • Common in wrestling and football
27
Q

What is Impetigo Contagiosa? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Extremely common bacterial infection, skin disease primarily observed in children
  • Characterized by mild itching, soreness, eruption of small vesicles and pustules that rupture and form HONEY COLORED crust
  • Treat by washing and dressing 4-5x a day, use antibiotic ointment and use isolated clothing and towels to prevent spread
  • Common in wrestling
28
Q

What are Furuncles? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Infection of the hair follicle that result in pustule formation
  • Enlarged pustule, reddened, hard from internal pressure
  • Usually erupt and resolve on their own, should not be squeezed because that can force the infection into adjacent tissues
  • Use antibiotic ointment and prevent contact from other team members while it is draining
29
Q

What are Carbuncles? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Similar to furuncle; Also developed from staphylococci
  • Carbuncles are larger, deeper, have several openings in the skin
  • Discharges yellowish- red pus from a number of places
  • Most common treatment is surgical drainage with use of antibiotics
30
Q

What is Folliculitis? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Inflammatory condition of the hair follicle, caused by either infectious or noninfectious agents
  • Starts with redness around the hair follicle and followed by development of papule or pustule at the follicle opening
  • Treatment includes moist heat to improve circulation, use of antibiotic ointment applied locally
  • Pseudofolliculitis barbae is a type of this that is common in African American due to penetration of the epidermis by curved hair
31
Q

What is Acne Vulgaris? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Inflammatory disease involving the hair follicles and sebaceous glands
  • Characterized by closed comedones (whiteheads) and open comedones (blackheads), papules, pustules and cysts
  • Treated with a variety of Topical and systemic antibiotics
  • Topical: clindamycin Systemic: Tetracycline
  • Severe, Cystic acne treated with systemic retinoid Accutane (can cause birth defects)
  • Avoid drying agents like alcohol
  • “Noncomedogenic” soap and products should be used: Don’t block the hair follicles
32
Q

What are Paronychia and Onychia? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Develop from staph and fungal organisms, contaminate open wounds or hangnails
  • Paronychia: Rapid onset with painful, bright red swelling of lateral nail fold, Soft tissues around the nail
  • Onychia: Infection of the nail itself
  • Treat by soaking affected finger in hot solution of betadine or boric acid 3x daily and use antibiotic ointments
  • Uncontrollable cases can be treated by physician; surgical
33
Q

What is Tetanus(Lockjaw)? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Acute infection of muscles and CNS caused by tetanus bacillus found in soil, saliva, or feces
  • Enters the body by deep laceration or puncture wound
  • First sign is stiffness of jaw muscles and neck
  • Followed by fever, can be fatal
  • Acute tetanus infection should be treated in the ICU; Childhood immunization important
34
Q

What Tinea of the Scalp (Tinea Capitis)? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Tinea (Ringworm) of the scalp most common in children
  • Small, grayish scales resulting in scattered bald patches
  • Primary source are contaminated animals, barber clippers and scissors and combs
  • Systemic antifungals such as itraconazole
  • Topical creams and shampoos are ineffective
35
Q

What Tinea of the Body (Tinea Corporis)? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Involves extremities and trunk
  • Presents as itchy, red brown, Scaling, annular (ring shaped) plaque that expands peripherally and clears centrally
  • Treatment of topical antifungal once or twice a day
36
Q

What Tinea of the Nail (Tinea Unguium/ Onychomycosis)? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Fungal infection of toenails or fingernails
  • Nails become thickened, brittle, and separated from its bed
  • Systemic antifungals (lamisil) most effective but must be used for 3 months
37
Q

What Tinea of the Groin (Tinea Cruris)? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Commonly called jock itch
  • Appears as symmetrical red-brown scaling plaque with snakelike (serpiginous) border
  • May resemble outline of a butterfly in the groin area
  • Will respond to nonprescription medications
  • Ointments commonly used
  • Failure to respond to treatment may suggest a non fungal infection such as erythasma and should be referred
  • Erythrasma, a bacterial infection can mimic this but lacks scaling
38
Q

What Athletes Foot (Tinea Pedis)? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Most common form of superficial fungal infection
  • Extreme itching on sole of foot and between and on top of toes
  • Dry, scaling patch or inflammatory, scaling red papules that may coalesce and form larger plaques
  • Topical Antifungals are effective in treatment; Major factor is good foot hygiene
39
Q

What Candidiasis? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • A skin mucous membrane, or internal infection caused by the yeastlike fungus “Candida Albicans”
  • Occurs when weather is hot and humid and tight clothing rubs, as well as poor hygiene is present
  • Infection of body folds such as axilla and groin
  • Appear as beefy red patches
  • Treat the area by drying it, using antifungal creams
40
Q

What Tinea Versicolor? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Fungal infection typically appears as multiple, small, circular macules that are pink, brown, or white
  • Common on abdomen, neck, and chest
  • Do not tan when exposed to sun
  • Treat with selenium sulfide
41
Q

What are the common viruses that attack the skin

A
  • Herpes Simplex
  • Herpes Zoster
  • Verruca
  • Molluscum Contagiosum
42
Q

What is Herpes Simplex? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Viral Infection
  • Highly contagious and usually transmitted directly through lesion in the skin or mucous membrane
  • Patients experience tingling or hypersensitivity in the affected area 24 hours prior to eruption of lesions
  • Local swelling occurs, followed by appearance of vesicles
  • Herpes Lesions are self limiting, no skin to skin contact in athletes until lesions have crusted and dried
43
Q

What is Verruca plana? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • “Verruca” is Virus causing warts
  • Verruca plana is the common wart and is prevalent on hands of children
  • Appears as small, round, elevated lesion with rough dry surfaces
  • Treat with Liquid Nitrogen, Topical Salicyilic acid, and Electrocautery
44
Q

What Verruca Plantaris ? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Plantar Wart
  • Found on soles of foot on or adjacent to areas of abnormal weight bearing
  • Seen as areas of epidermal thickening and cornification
  • Major characteristic is hemmorhagic puncta, which look like clusters of small black seeds
  • Protect wart against infection, until removal should be protected by donut pad
45
Q

What is Molluscum Contagiosum? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Poxvirus infection, more common than warts, particularly during direct body contact activities
  • Appears as small, red, or flesh colored, smooth domed papules with a central umbilication
  • Patient must be referred to physician
46
Q

How do allergic skin reactions present

A
  • Present as “urticaria” or hives which appear red, edematous elevations of the skin, characterized by a burning or itching sensation
  • Delayed hypersensitivity can manifest acute dermatitis which appears as itchy red papules, plaques, and vesicles
47
Q

What is contact dermatitis

A
  • Allergic skin reaction, caused by different substances
  • Most commonly Poison Ivy, Oak, Sumac, Ragweed and Primrose
  • Presents with redness and swelling and formation of vesicles that ooze fluid and form a crust
48
Q

What is Miliaria (Prickly heat)? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • From continued exposure to heat and moisture causes retention of perspiration by sweat glands
  • Results in redness, itching, and burning vesicles and pustules
  • Treat with avoidance of overheating, frequent bathing with non irritating soap, loose fitting clothing and use of antipruritic lotions
49
Q

What are Scabies? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Skin disease caused by a mite
  • Produces extreme nocturnal itching
  • Mite burrows a tunnel into skin and deposits eggs
  • Burrows appear as dark lines between fingers, toes, body flexures, nipples, and genitalia
  • Treat with Permethrin cream
50
Q

What are Lice (pediculosis)? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Infestation by the louse, could be “head” louse, “body” louse, or “crab” louse
  • Bite of the louse creates itching and subsequent scratching provokes pustules and excoriations
  • Treat with Permethrin (NIX is over the counter brand)
51
Q

What are Ticks? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Can cause rocky mountain spotted fever or lyme disease

- To remove, mineral oil or fingernail polish can be applied to body at which time it will withdraw its head

52
Q

What Pityriasis Rosea? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Initially a single pinkish red patch somewhere on the back or chest and over several days enlarges to a few centimeters
  • Lesions are red and scaly with a clearing in the center
  • Most cases do not need treatment
53
Q

What is Psoriasis? Signs and symptoms/ Management?

A
  • Lesions begin as reddish papules that collectively form plaques with distinctive borders
  • Treat with topical glucocorticoids
54
Q

What are the 3 most common types of skin cancer

A
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Malignant Melanoma
55
Q

Discuss location of skin affected by Basal and Squamous cell carcinoma and Malignant Melanoma

A
  • Basal Cell: Starts in basal cell layer of epidermis
  • Squamous Cell: Starts in the middle, or squamous layer of skin
  • Malignant Melanoma: Starts in the Melanocytes
  • Malignant Melanoma has high mortality rate because it tends to metastasize
56
Q

Describe the appearance of Basal Cell and Squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • Basal Cell: Small, Shiny bump or nodule on the skin

- Squamous Cell: Appears as nodules or red, scaly patches of skin

57
Q

Describe the Appearance of malignant melanoma

A
  • Usually begin as a mole, which turns cancerous and spreads quickly
  • ——-ABCD’s of Malignant Melanoma——-
  • Assymetry: One half of the mole does not match the other
  • Border: The edges are irregular and ragged
  • Color: Color varies throughout the mole
  • Diameter: Mole is larger than a pencil eraser

Athletic Training (13 decks)

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