Environmental Considerations Flashcards
Heat can be gained or lost through:
- Metabolic heat production
- Conductive heat exchange
- Convective heat exchange
- Radiant heat exchange
- Evaporative heat loss
Describe conductive, convective, and radiant heat exchange
- Conductive: Physical contact with other objects
- Convective: Occurs when a mass of air or water moves around an individual
- Radiant: Radiant heat from sun gained, Radiating body heat lost
What are ways to prevent Hyperthermia
- Appropriate Hydration
- Unrestricted fluid and electrolyte replacement
- Gradual acclimitazation
- Identify susceptible individuals
- Appropriate uniforms
- Weight records
- Monitor Heat index
How do you prevent dehydration
- Start activity in hydrated state
- Monitor Urine color
- Ingest small amounts of fluid at regular intervals
- 17-20 oz water before exercise, 7-10 oz every 10-20 minutes of exercise
What is mild dehydration
- Loss of less than 2 percent of body weight in fluids
- Losing more than 2 percent can pose a health problem
What should fluid intake be during and after a sporting event
- Fluid intake should equal fluid lost
What are the physiological effects of “hypohydration”
- Reduced muscular strength and endurance
- Decreased blood and plasma volume
- Altered cardiac function
- Impaired thermoregulation
- Decreased kidney function
- Reduced glycogen stores
- Loss of electrolytes
What is the most effective fluid replacement drink
- Sports drinks are more effective than water
What is heat syncope
- Fainting or dizziness from being out in the heat when not acclimated or with overexposure
- Relieved by laying athlete down, elevating lower extremities, replacing fluids
What are exertional heat cramps
- Painful muscle spasms occur most commonly in calf and abdomen
- Occur because of an imbalance between water and electrolytes
- Involve excessive loss of water and sodiym
- Prevention and management is ingestion of fluids and electrolytes
How can you differentiate between heat exhaustion and heat stroke
- Measure rectal temp
What is exertional hyponatremia
- Condition involving abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood
- Usually from ingesting so much fluid that concentration of sodium is decreased
- Prevent and treat by replacing fluid lost, not more and by ingesting enough sodium
What is acute mountain sickness
- Caused by going from low to moderate (7k to 8k feet) altitude
- Symptoms: Headache, Nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, dyspnea
What is High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
- At altitude of 9k to 10k feet
- Lungs accumulate small amounts of fluid in alveolar walls
- If fluid is not absorbed and continues to collect, can cause pulmonary edema
- Symptoms: Dyspnea, cough, headache, weakness, unconsciousness
- Get athlete to lower altitude; Give oxygen
What is High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
- In conjunction with HAPE
- Life threatening, can lead to coma or death
- Over 9k feet, increased permeability of cerebral endothelia when exposed to hypoxia causes increased blood flow
- Symptoms: Severe headache preceding mental dysfunction like hallucinations, bizarre behavior and coma
- Get athlete to lower altitude
What is Sickle Cell Trait Reaction
- Result of exercise at high altitude in those who have sickle cell trait
- Can cause an enlarged spleen and may rupture at high altitudes
What is “SPF” of a sunscreen and what does it indicate
- Sun Protection Factor
- SPF of 15 Indicates athlete can be exposed 15 times longer than without the sunscreen
What general guidelines should you follow during an electrical storm
- If hair stands on end and skin tingles, assume a crouched fetal position, do not lay flat
- If thunder and lightning can be heard or seen and flash to bang reaches 30, stop activity and seek protective shelter. Indoor>Car>Small tree not on hill> Ravine
- Avoid standing water and metal objects
- Allow 30 minutes after last thunder or lightning before resuming play
What is flash to bang time for measuring how far away lightning was
- Number of seconds from lightning flash until the sound of thunder divided by 5
- 10 seconds = 2 miles
- 20 seconds = 4 miles
- etc.
What are photochemical haze and smog
- Photochemical haze: consists of nitrogen dioxide and stagnant air that are acted on by sunlight to produce ozone
- Smog: Combination of Carbon Monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter that emanates from the combustion of fossil fuels
What can physical effects can incresaed ozone in the air cause
- Shortness of breath
- coughing
- chest tightness
- pain during deep breathing
- lung irritation
- Asthmatics at greater risk
How do you treat Circadian Dysrhythmia (jet lag)
- Depart for trip well rested
- Pre adjust, change sleep and wake times before travel
- Stay hydrated
- Avoid alcohol
- Adopt local time immediately
What are the two most commonly seen injuries as a result of playing on artificial turf
- Abrasions
- Turf toe
