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Athletic Training > Head, Face, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat > Flashcards

Head, Face, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat Flashcards

1
Q

What observational signs may indicate a cerebral injury

A
  • Disoriented, unable to tell what time, date, etc
  • Blank or Vacant stare
  • Slurred or incoherent speech
  • Delayed verbal and motor responses
  • Gross coordination disturbance
  • Unable to focus
  • Abnormal cognitive function (three word recall, etc)
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2
Q

What are some Eye Function tests you can perform if you suspect head injury

A
  • Pupillary reflex (PEARL)
  • Tracking - Eyes should track smoothly
  • Vision - blurred indicates possible injury
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3
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of skull fractures

A
  • Severe hedache and nausea
  • May be unconscious
  • Palpation may reveal defect
  • May see blood in middle ear, ear canal, through the nose, ecchymosis around eyes (raccoon eyes), or Ecchymosis behind ears (battle sign)
  • May see CSF in ear canal and nose
  • Needs immediate hospitalization and referral to neurosurgeon
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4
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Concussion (Mild TBI)

A
  • Headache
  • Feeling like in a fog
  • Loss of consciousness or amnesia
  • irritability
  • slowed reaction times
  • Grade of injury should be based on presence and overall duration of symptoms only after all concussion signs are resolved
  • Athlete should be returned to play only when they are symptom free
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5
Q

What are coup and contrecoup injuries

A
  • Coup: Injury that occurs on same side of the brain as the impact
  • Contrecoup: Injury that occurs on the opposite side of the brain from where impact occurred
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6
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Postconcussion syndrome

A
  • persistent headache
  • lack of concentration
  • Anxiety
  • Fatigue, etc
  • No clear cut treatment
  • Only return to play after ALL symptoms resolved
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7
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Second Impact Syndrome

A
  • Rapid swelling and herniation of the brain from a second head injury before the first head injury had resolved
  • Condition worsens rapidly, dilated pupils, loss of eye movement and consciousness
  • Life threatening, must be addressed within 5 minutes with decompression
  • Best treatment is prevention
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8
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Cerebral Contusion

A
  • Injury to brain, involves small hemorrhages, result from impact injury
  • Patient experience loss of consciousness but then regains consciousness and becomes alert
  • Treatment varies; Only return to play once symptoms have resolved and CT is normal
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9
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Malignant Brain Edema Syndrome

A
  • Occurs in young population typically
  • Life threatening
  • Rapid neurological deterioration
  • Treated in ER
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10
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Epidural hematoma

A
  • Tear in meningeal arteries, Blood accumulates in Epidural space
  • May lose consciousness, regain consciousness, signs of head trauma (headache, nausea, etc)
  • CT scan to diagnose
  • Surgically relieve pressure to prevent death or permanent disability
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11
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Subdural Hematoma

A
  • Tear in vessels that bridge the dura mater in the brain
  • Most common cause of death in athletes
  • Show signs of head injury
  • Life Threatening
  • Immediate medical attention
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12
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Migraine

A
  • Type of headache happens in episodes or attacks
  • Last 4-72 hours
  • May be inherited, may be triggered by food, sensory stimuli, etc
  • Severe headache, disrupts normal activity, throbbing, may be on one side
  • Best management is prevention
  • Prophylactic medications such as promethazine
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13
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Scalp Injuries

A
  • Lacerations, contusions, etc
  • bleeding extensive
  • Matted hair and dirt make it hard to visualize and treat
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14
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Mandible Fracture

A
  • Deformity, pain biting down, bleeding around teeth
  • Requires immobilization with elastic bandage and reduction and fixation of the jaw by physician
  • Recovery 4-6 weeks, full return 2-3 months with special head gear or mouthguard
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15
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Mandibular Luxation

A
  • Dislocation of the Jaw
  • Locked open position, jaw movement almost impossible, overriding malocclusion of the teeth
  • Reduction, Soft Diet, NSAIDS, analgesics
  • May have recurring episodes or TMJ Dysfunction
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16
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Zygomatic Complex (Cheekbone) Fracture

A
  • Direct blow to cheekbone, classified as “Lefort” fracture
  • Deformity in cheek region
  • Usually a nosebleed
  • Complaint of seeing double (diplopia)
  • Apply Ice and refer to physician
  • Return to play 6-8 weeks, protective gear worn when return to play
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17
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Maxillary Fracture

A
  • Severe blow to upper jaw
  • Pain while chewing, malocclusion, nosebleed, double vision
  • Bleeding profuse, maintain airways
  • Brain injury possible as well
  • Transport to hospital immediately in upright forward leaning position
18
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Facial Lacerations

A
  • Direct impact by sharp object or by indirect compressive force
  • Substantial bleeding
  • Referral for suturing
  • Keep clean, use antibiotics
19
Q

Define the three types of tooth fractures

A
  • Uncomplicated crown fracture: Fracture line through dentin and enamel but not into pulp cavity or root
  • Complicated crown fracture: Fracture line into pulp, not into roots
  • Root Fracture: Fracture line through root
20
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Uncomplicated crown fracture

A
  • No bleeding
  • Pulp not exposed, no pain
  • Can continue to play, see a dentist within 24-48 hours
  • Keep tooth fragment in plastic bag
21
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Complicated crown fracture

A
  • Bleeding from fracture
  • Pulp chamber exposed, very painful
  • Can continue to play, see a dentist within 24-48 hours
  • Keep tooth fragment in plastic bag
  • If bleeding, place gauze over broken tooth
22
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Root fracture

A
  • Fracture below gum line
  • Difficult to diagnose
  • Bleeding from gum around the tooth, crown may be pushed back or loose
  • Can continue to play, see a dentist as soon as possible after game
  • Don’t push tooth back in place if displaced
  • Dentist will fix and give brace for 3-4 months
  • Should wear mouth guard while competing
23
Q

Define Tooth subluxation, luxation, and avulsion

A
  • Subluxation: tooth in normal place, slightly loose, little to no pain
  • Luxation: very loose and moved forward or backward to intruded position
  • Avulsion: Tooth knocked completely out
24
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Subluxed, Luxated, or Avulsed tooth

A
  • Subluxed: Refer to dentist within 48 hours
  • Luxation: Move tooth back to normal position if able to be moved easily; refer to dentist immediately
  • Avulsed: Try to reimplant tooth; If unsuccessful tooth should be stored in “save a tooth” kit with Balanced Salt Solution or in milk or saline
  • Can also be tucked between cheek and gum while patient transported to dentist
  • Sooner the tooth is reimplanted the better
25
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Nasal fracture and chondral separation

A
  • Profuse hemorrhage
  • Immediate swelling, deformity, palpation may reveal abnormal mobility and crepitus
  • Should control bleeding and refer to physician for x ray and reduction
26
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Deviated Septum

A
  • Nose bleeding, Nasal pain
  • Apply ice and refer to physician
  • If not treated quickly can abscess and cause bone and cartilage loss and ultimately a difficult to correct deformity
27
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Epistaxis (Nosebleed)

A
  • Nose is bleeding
  • Resolves on its own usually, if persistent may require medical attention and cauterization
  • Sit upright with cold compress over nose and ipsilateral carotid artery with compression x 5 minutes
  • Place piece of rolled up gauze between upper lip and gum
  • If unsuccessful can use an astringent or styptic, or corking with cotton pledget, make sure at least 1/2 inch sticks out from nose for removal
28
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Auricular Hematoma (Cauliflower ear)

A
  • Hematoma, swelling of the ear
  • If left untreated a keloid forms resembling cauliflower
  • Prevent by applying petroleum jelly for friction reduction or wear ear guards
  • Cold pack and compression with ace bandage to prevent swelling
  • Once swelling occurs, aspiration by physician
29
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Rupture of Tympanic Membrane

A
  • Fall or slap to unprotected ear or sudden change in underwater pressure
  • Loud pop followed by pain in the ear, nausea, vomiting, dizziness
  • Hearing loss
  • Small to moderate perforations heal spontaneously in 1-2 weeks
30
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Otitis Externa (Swimmers ear)

A
  • Infection in the ear caused by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
  • Complaints of pain, dizziness, itching, partial hearing loss
  • Prevent by drying ears thoroughly, use ear drops containing mild acid and alcohol before and after swimming
  • Antibiotics may be used for mild ear infection
31
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Otitis Media (Middle ear infection)

A
  • Intense pain in ear, fluid draining, transient loss of hearing
  • May also cause fever, headache, irritability, loss of appetite
  • May use antibiotics but usually resolves within 24-72 hours
32
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Impacted Cerumen (earwax)

A
  • Causes muffled hearing, no pain
  • Irrigation with warm water and if not successful a physician can remove it
  • Dont use cotton cuetip for it
33
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Orbital Hematoma

A
  • Black eye, signs of more serious injury displayed by subconjunctival hemorrhage or faulty vision
  • Cold application for at least half hour, 24 hour rest
  • Dont blow nose after injury, may cause increased hemorrhage
34
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Orbital Fractures

A
  • Blow to the eyeball forcing it posteriorly until blowout or rupture occurs in floor of the orbit
  • Diplopia
  • Restricted movement of eye
  • Downward displacement of the eye
  • pain and swelling
  • X ray to confirm
  • Should receive antibiotics to prevent infection, most treated surgically
35
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Foreign bodies in the eye

A
  • Don’t rub or remove with fingers
  • Close eye until initial pain resolved
  • To remove from lower lid, depress tissue and wipe with sterile cotton applicator
  • From Upper Lid, two ways
  • Gently pull upper lid down over lower lid
  • Or use a cotton applicator to remove while patient looks up and you pull eyelid back
36
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Corneal Abrasions and lacerations

A
  • Cornea abraded when rubbing eye with foreign body in it
  • Pain, watering of eye, photophobia, spasm of orbicular muscle
  • Patch eye and send to physician
37
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Hyphema

A
  • Blunt blow to eye causes collection of blood in anterior chamber of eye
  • Blood visible in eye, settles inferiorly, vision partially blocked
  • Major eye injury, can lead to problems of lens, choroid, or retina
  • Immediately referred to physician, bed rest, patching, medication to reduce hemorrhage
38
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Ruptured Globe

A
  • Blow to eye by object smaller than the eye orbit like golf or raquetball
  • ORBITAL LEAKAGE, severe pain, decreased vision, diplopia, irregular pupils, increased intraocular pressure
  • Immediate referral to ophthalmologist
39
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Retinal Detachment

A
  • Blow to the eye can completely separate retina from underlying epithelia
  • Detachment is painless
  • Early signs include Speck floating before the eye, flashes of light, blurred vision.
  • As this progresses complaint of a “curtain” falling over the field of vision
  • Immediate referral to ophthalmologist
40
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Acute Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

A
  • Caused by bacteria or allergens
  • Eyelid swelling sometimes with purulent discharge, Itching
  • Can be infectious
  • Use 10 percent solution of sodium sulfacetamide
41
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Hordeolum (Stye and Blepharitis)

A
  • Stye is Swollen sebaceous gland at edge of eyelid
  • Blepharitis is infection of eyelash follicle
  • Starts as erythema and develops into painful pustule
  • Most will resolve in less than 4 weeks
  • Use hot moist compresses
  • Dont squeeze
  • If recurrent, see ophthalmologist
42
Q

What are signs/ symptoms and management of Throat Condition

A
  • Blow to throat
  • Spasmodic cough, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing
  • If fracture of laryngeal cartilages is rare, but may cause expectoration of frothy blood
  • If difficult breathing, go to ER

Athletic Training (13 decks)

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