Skills and Skill acquisition

Question 1

what is Ability?

Answer 1

the qualities/characteristics a person is born with (speed, agility, balance)

Question 2

what is skill?

Answer 2

a learned/practised ability

Question 3

factors effecting skill level?

Answer 3

CULTURE - background impacts skill u learn
MOTIVATION- desire to succeed encourages performer to practise
ANXIETY- if u feel skill is too difficult , may stop u from improving
TEACHING/COACHING - quality of teaching/coaching effect skill level
ENVIRONMENT - (skier need to be near snow)
FACILITIES
AROUSAL CONDITIONS - somone who is calm may choose archery
AGE/MATURITY- how young they start effect skill

Question 4

what should a skilled performance demostrate?

Answer 4

ACCURATE
CONSISTENT
FLUENT - movement is quick,smooth
COORDINATED
AESTHETICALLY PLEASING
GOAL DIRECTED

Question 5

basic vs complex skills?

Answer 5

BASIC : simple skills (throwing, catching)
- need to be mastered
- few sub routines
- involve limited decision making judegments

COMPLEX: difficult skills require coordination
- take longer to learn/perfect
- many sub routines
- involve decison making judgements

Question 6

open vs closed skills

Answer 6

Open
- affected by environment
- need to react/adjust to changing situation
- seen in team games (rugby/netball)

closed
- not effected by environment
- performed same each time
- seen in induvidual/indoor events
(swimming, gymnastics )

Question 7

fine vs gross skills?

Answer 7

FINE
- precise movements that need alot of accuracy/technique
- small movement require small group of muscles
( archery, snooker)

GROSS
- use large muscle groups to produce large, powerful movement
(shot put, jumping)

Question 8

what is information processing model?

Answer 8

4 stage process that performer goes through to make a decision/act upon it

INPUT - info recieved
DECISION MAKING - info analysed by performer to choose appropriate response
OUTPUT- decision made/acted upon
FEEDBACK - info recieved about outcome–> goes to short/long term memory)

Question 9

long vs short term memory?

Answer 9

long - MEMORY STORE can hold vast amount of info for long period
- decision making is seasier/more efficient bc of practise

short- stores small amount of info for brief period

Question 10

what is LIMITED CHANNEL CAPACITY?

Answer 10

• brains can only process certain amount of info at once

Question 11

ways to practise?

Answer 11

WHOLE - dfferent parts at once (defensive shot in cricket)
PART - break down skill into smaller part (learn batting grip/footwork seperately)
WHOLE-PART-WHOLE - repeat technique in a range of different situations
FIXED VARIABLE TECHNIQUE - repeat technique in one situation over/over again

Question 12

single channel hypothesis?

Answer 12

performer can only process one piece of info at a time
- until one has been delt with,the other cannot be acted upon
- (100m sprint runner responds to gun)

Question 13

multi channel hypothesis?

Answer 13

brain has several channels , each dedicated to a different task
- performance suffers only when chanel is overloaded

• visual/verbal info processed in different channels

Question 14

Cognitive stage of learning?

Answer 14

• start to lear new skill/technique
• break down skills into subroutines
• make many mistakes/ need coaching

Question 15

assossciative stage of learning?

Answer 15

• practise stage
• combine subroutines into skill
• become more consistent with skill by practise in CONTROLLED ENVRION
• use specialised equip

Question 16

autominous stage of learning?

Answer 16

automatic stage
- perform skill naturally/without conscious thought
- play full games/matches
- if mistakes made, can recognise where it went wrong
- accurate,controlled skills

Question 17

what is feedback and different types?

Answer 17

info performer recieves abt their performance

extrinsic - info from external source (coach)
intrinsic - info from within to do with emotions, thoughts and muscles (feel of movement)
knowledge of results - knowing score, time ,distance, place allows u to measure how well u did
knowledge of performance - analysing quality of movement/use of techniques (how good timing felt when hit ball )

Question 18

which type of feedback is best for every stage of learning?

Answer 18

EXTRINSIC - cognitive
INTRINSIC- automonous

Question 19

ad/dis of intrinsic feedback?

Answer 19

AD: can make immediate adjustments
DIS : requires alot of knowledge - automonous stage
- beginners dont have this knowledge

Question 20

ad/dis of extrinsic feedback ?

Answer 20

AD: good for cognitive stage
- makes beginners aware or basic skills/techniques
- experienced ppl combine extrinsic/intrinsic to better performance

DIS : - need qualified coach
- feeback could be incorrect

Question 21

Ad/dis of knowledge of results ?

Answer 21

AD: - quick measure
- accurate
- can make targets
- show improvement

DIS : can be demotiviating, as may not improve or get worse
- may not reflect skill/performace (could come 3rd with rlly good swimmers, that 1st with weaker swimmers)

Question 22

AD/DIS OF knowledge of performance?

Answer 22

AD: can be tailored to performer’s ability
- can be simple
- can be specific

DIS : - can be time consuming to analyse performance of better ppl
- coach may need videos of performance first

Question 23

what qualities does good feeback have?

Answer 23

FAST
FOCUSED
FACTUAL - based on evidence

Question 24

what is guidance and different types?

Answer 24

help/instruction given to assist learners through movement patterns, skills, techniques , and so help them aquire skills

VISUAL
VERBAL
MANUAL - hands on (show how to hold raquet)
MECHANICAL- how to use physical supports like harnesses

Question 25

AD/DIS OF VISUAL GUIDANCE?

Answer 25

AD: can see accurate performance/correct theirs
- can be repeated
- ‘slow motion’ allow focus on subroutines
- good for ALL stages of learning

DIS : demontartions need to be accurate
- poor quality vids are not helpful

Question 26

ad/dis of verbal guidance ?

Answer 26

ad: - IMMEDIATE/ can be acted upon quickly
- coaches can use questions to assess learning
- verbal/visual can be combined to create better picture of performance
- good for advanced learners

DIS : long/complicated instructions are hard to take in
- some movements cant be explained using words

Question 27

ad/dis of mechancial/manual guidance ?

Answer 27

AD: - good for early stages of learning
- help person get feel for movement
- provides safer envrionment–> sense of security

DIS : learners depend on support given
- give learners ‘unrealistic’ feel for movement