Skills and Skill acquisition Flashcards
what is Ability?
the qualities/characteristics a person is born with (speed, agility, balance)
what is skill?
a learned/practised ability
factors effecting skill level?
CULTURE - background impacts skill u learn
MOTIVATION- desire to succeed encourages performer to practise
ANXIETY- if u feel skill is too difficult , may stop u from improving
TEACHING/COACHING - quality of teaching/coaching effect skill level
ENVIRONMENT - (skier need to be near snow)
FACILITIES
AROUSAL CONDITIONS - somone who is calm may choose archery
AGE/MATURITY- how young they start effect skill
what should a skilled performance demostrate?
ACCURATE
CONSISTENT
FLUENT - movement is quick,smooth
COORDINATED
AESTHETICALLY PLEASING
GOAL DIRECTED
basic vs complex skills?
BASIC : simple skills (throwing, catching)
- need to be mastered
- few sub routines
- involve limited decision making judegments
COMPLEX: difficult skills require coordination
- take longer to learn/perfect
- many sub routines
- involve decison making judgements
open vs closed skills
Open
- affected by environment
- need to react/adjust to changing situation
- seen in team games (rugby/netball)
closed
- not effected by environment
- performed same each time
- seen in induvidual/indoor events
(swimming, gymnastics )
fine vs gross skills?
FINE
- precise movements that need alot of accuracy/technique
- small movement require small group of muscles
( archery, snooker)
GROSS
- use large muscle groups to produce large, powerful movement
(shot put, jumping)
what is information processing model?
4 stage process that performer goes through to make a decision/act upon it
INPUT - info recieved
DECISION MAKING - info analysed by performer to choose appropriate response
OUTPUT- decision made/acted upon
FEEDBACK - info recieved about outcome–> goes to short/long term memory)
long vs short term memory?
long - MEMORY STORE can hold vast amount of info for long period
- decision making is seasier/more efficient bc of practise
short- stores small amount of info for brief period
what is LIMITED CHANNEL CAPACITY?
- brains can only process certain amount of info at once
ways to practise?
WHOLE - dfferent parts at once (defensive shot in cricket)
PART - break down skill into smaller part (learn batting grip/footwork seperately)
WHOLE-PART-WHOLE - repeat technique in a range of different situations
FIXED VARIABLE TECHNIQUE - repeat technique in one situation over/over again
single channel hypothesis?
performer can only process one piece of info at a time
- until one has been delt with,the other cannot be acted upon
- (100m sprint runner responds to gun)
multi channel hypothesis?
brain has several channels , each dedicated to a different task
- performance suffers only when chanel is overloaded
- visual/verbal info processed in different channels
Cognitive stage of learning?
- start to lear new skill/technique
- break down skills into subroutines
- make many mistakes/ need coaching
assossciative stage of learning?
- practise stage
- combine subroutines into skill
- become more consistent with skill by practise in CONTROLLED ENVRION
- use specialised equip
autominous stage of learning?
automatic stage
- perform skill naturally/without conscious thought
- play full games/matches
- if mistakes made, can recognise where it went wrong
- accurate,controlled skills
what is feedback and different types?
info performer recieves abt their performance
extrinsic - info from external source (coach)
intrinsic - info from within to do with emotions, thoughts and muscles (feel of movement)
knowledge of results - knowing score, time ,distance, place allows u to measure how well u did
knowledge of performance - analysing quality of movement/use of techniques (how good timing felt when hit ball )
which type of feedback is best for every stage of learning?
EXTRINSIC - cognitive
INTRINSIC- automonous
ad/dis of intrinsic feedback?
AD: can make immediate adjustments
DIS : requires alot of knowledge - automonous stage
- beginners dont have this knowledge
ad/dis of extrinsic feedback ?
AD: good for cognitive stage
- makes beginners aware or basic skills/techniques
- experienced ppl combine extrinsic/intrinsic to better performance
DIS : - need qualified coach
- feeback could be incorrect
Ad/dis of knowledge of results ?
AD: - quick measure
- accurate
- can make targets
- show improvement
DIS : can be demotiviating, as may not improve or get worse
- may not reflect skill/performace (could come 3rd with rlly good swimmers, that 1st with weaker swimmers)
AD/DIS OF knowledge of performance?
AD: can be tailored to performer’s ability
- can be simple
- can be specific
DIS : - can be time consuming to analyse performance of better ppl
- coach may need videos of performance first
what qualities does good feeback have?
FAST
FOCUSED
FACTUAL - based on evidence
what is guidance and different types?
help/instruction given to assist learners through movement patterns, skills, techniques , and so help them aquire skills
VISUAL
VERBAL
MANUAL - hands on (show how to hold raquet)
MECHANICAL- how to use physical supports like harnesses
AD/DIS OF VISUAL GUIDANCE?
AD: can see accurate performance/correct theirs
- can be repeated
- ‘slow motion’ allow focus on subroutines
- good for ALL stages of learning
DIS : demontartions need to be accurate
- poor quality vids are not helpful
ad/dis of verbal guidance ?
ad: - IMMEDIATE/ can be acted upon quickly
- coaches can use questions to assess learning
- verbal/visual can be combined to create better picture of performance
- good for advanced learners
DIS : long/complicated instructions are hard to take in
- some movements cant be explained using words
ad/dis of mechancial/manual guidance ?
AD: - good for early stages of learning
- help person get feel for movement
- provides safer envrionment–> sense of security
DIS : learners depend on support given
- give learners ‘unrealistic’ feel for movement
