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PE > ANATOMY - skeletal/musculatory > Flashcards

ANATOMY - skeletal/musculatory Flashcards

1
Q

4 major functions of skeleton. (4)

A
  • shape and support
  • movement - muscle contact=bones move=movement
  • protection - prevent injury
  • blood production - blood cells are produced in bone marrow large bones
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2
Q

What are the types of bones? (4)

A

Long bones - provide lever for large range of movement
Short bones- stability and support
Flat bones - large surface area for attachment of muscles/protect organs
Irregular bones - protection/support

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3
Q

What is a joint and their function? (2)

A

Place where 2 or more bones meet.
- hold bones together/allows movement

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4
Q

what are the 3 main joint groups? (3)

A 
Fixed/immovable joints (fibrous)
Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous)
Freely moveable (synovial)
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5
Q

What is the synovial joint made of and describe their importance? (5)

A

Ligaments - hold bones together/prevent dislocation
Cartilage - covers head of bones/joint socket - tough/slippery layer of protection/ reduces friction
Synovial membrane - protective layer for synovial fluid
Synovial fluid - lubricates joint for friction-free movement
Joint capsule - structure that surrounds/protects the joints

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6
Q

Types of synovial joints. (2)

A

Ball and socket
Hinge

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7
Q

What movement does a ball and socket joint allow? (6)

A 
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction
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8
Q

What movement does hinge joint allow? (2)

A

flexion
extension

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9
Q

Name all the movements possible at the joints. (8)

A 
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction 
rotation
circumduction
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
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10
Q

What is flexion and give a sporting example it is used in (2).

A
  • reducing angle at joint
  • e. g. catching a ball and bringing it into body - flexion at elbow & shoulder joints
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11
Q

What is extension and give a sporting example it is used in (2).

A
  • increasing angle at joint
  • e. g. long jumper extends leg when in the air - extension of hip and knee joint
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12
Q

What is abduction and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)

A
  • sideways movement away from centre of body
  • e. g. goalkeeper abducts arms when reaching to make a save
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13
Q

What is adduction and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)

A
  • sideways mouvement towards centre of body
  • e. g. in butterfly, arms pull to sides/inward phase of star jump
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14
Q

What is rotation and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)

A
  • joint moves in circular motion
  • e. g. shoulder rotation when hitting forehand/backhand in tennis
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15
Q

What is circumduction and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)

A
  • when end of bones moves in circle
  • e. g. shoulder joint during overarm cricket bowl
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16
Q

What is plantar flexion and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)

A
  • movement at ankle that point foot away from leg
  • e. g. dancer point toes in routine
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17
Q

What is dorsiflexion and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)

A
  • movement in ankle where toes brought closer to shin e.g. Athlete’s foot when on sprinting starting blocks
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18
Q

examples of short bones.

A
  • carpals
  • tarsals
  • talus
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19
Q

examples of long bones. Name 4

A
  • femur
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • phalanges
  • metacarpals
  • metatarsals
  • clavicle
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20
Q

Examples of irregular bones.

A
  • patella
  • vertebrae
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21
Q

Examples of flat bones.

A
  • cranium
  • rib cage
  • scapula
  • pelvis
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22
Q

What is the difference between a muscle and a tendon? (2)

A

Muscle - a band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract, producing movement.
Tendon - tough band of fibrous tissue that connects MUSCLE to BONE

23
Q

what is the importance of tendons? (2)

A
  • They are strong and are able to withstand tension when the muscle contracts - VITAL for movement.
  • Limited elasticity, making muscle absorb impact
24
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A

Involuntary (Smooth)
Cardiac
Voluntary (skeletal)

25
Q

Describe the involuntary muscle type. (3)

A
  • not under your control
  • found in organs of digestive, circulatory and urinary systems
  • involuntary muscles in blood vessels are particularly important for sports
26
Q

Describe the cardiac muscle type. (3)

A
  • very specialist type of involuntary muscle - cannot control contraction/relaxaion
  • electrochemical signals travel from brain to heart so cells can contract
  • these impulses regulate your heart rate and pumps all blood in body through heart in less than 1 min
27
Q

describe a voluntary muscle type. (3)

A
  • under conscious control
  • when muscle fibres contract, movement occurs
  • approx 43% of man weight/36% of women weight
28
Q

Location, role and example of gluteus Maximus. (3)

A

Location : buttocks
Role : extension of leg at hip, lifting leg sideways at hip
Example: lifting leg for ballet arabesque.

29
Q

Location, role and example of gastrocnemius. (3)

A

Location : back of lower leg (calf)
Role : pointing toes - plantar flexion of ankle
Example: Pointing toes in dance routine

30
Q

Location, role and example of deltoid. (3)

A

Location : top of shoulder
Role: raises are forward, backwards and sideways at shoulder
Example: Lifting arms up for defence in netball

31
Q

Location, role and example of pectoralis major. (3)

A

Location : front of upper chest
Role : adducts arm at shoulder
Example: forehand in tennis, when arm swing into body

32
Q

Location, role and example of latissimus dorsi. (think of lateral) (3)

A

location : Side of back
Role : adducts upper arm at shoulder/ rotates humerus
Examples: butterfly arm action in swimming - bringing arms past head and back towards body

33
Q

Location, role and example of abdominals . (3)

A

Location : front of abdomen
Role: Flexes spine so can bend up/down
Examples: football throw in

34
Q

Location, role and example of biceps. (3)

A

location : front of upper arm
Role: flexion of arm at elbow
Examples: bicep curls - upward phase

35
Q

Location, role and example of triceps. (3)

A

location : back of upper arm
Role : extensions of arm at elbow
Examples: downward phase of bicep curl

36
Q

Location, role and example of trapezius. (3)

A

Location : back of neck to back of head
Role : holds/rotates shoulders , moves head back/sideways
Example: turning head to breath in swimming

37
Q

Location, role and example of quadriceps. (3)

A

Location: front of upper leg
Role : extend leg at knee
Example: upward phase of squat

38
Q

Location, role and example of tibias anterior. (3)

A

Location : front of lower leg - shin
Role : pull toes up to shin ( dorsi flexion)
Example : athletes on sprint starting blocks

39
Q

Location, role and example of hamstrings. (3)

A

Location : back of upper leg
Role : Flexion of leg at knee
Examples : breaststroke leg kick bends knees

40
Q

Location, role and example of hip flexors. (3)

A

Location : sit deep in front of thighs
Role : Flex hip/ help move leg up towards body
Examples: - running when lifting knee

41
Q

What is the origin?

A

Where a muscle joins a stationary bone

42
Q

What is insertion?

A

Where a muscle joins a moving bone

43
Q

what is an agonist?

A

muscle CONTRACTING to make movement

44
Q

what is the antagonist?

A

Muscles RELAXING to make movement

45
Q

What is meant by the word ‘antagonistic’ ?

A

The muscle pair that works together to create movement

46
Q

What is isotonic contraction and the 2 types of isotonic contractions. How do these types of isotonic contacts contact? (5)

A

Isotonic contraction - where muscles CHANGE LENGTH as they contact

1) CONCENTRIC contraction - muscle contraction where muscle SHORTENS - load is lifted
2) ECCENTRIC contraction - muscle contraction where muscle LENGTHENS - load is lowered

47
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Where muscles contact , but STAY THE SAME LENGTH

48
Q

what fibres do voluntary muscles have and what do they contain? (3)

A 
slow twitch (T1)
fast twitch (T2) 
contains MYOFIBRILS - Strands that can grab on to each other and pull to make a muscle contact
49
Q

Describe slow twitch muscle fibres ? (3)

A
  • have good O2 supply (aerobic respiration)
  • dark in colour (contain lots of MYOGLOBIN)
  • contacts slowly/ can work for long periods of time under great stress, without fatiguing
50
Q

Describe fast twitch muscle fibres. (3)

A
  • don’t use oxygen to make energy (anaerobic)
  • lighter in colour due to fewer MYOGLOBIN
  • contact quickly/tire quickly
  • good for STRENGTH/POWER
51
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

Red pigment that O2 bind to in the muscle

52
Q

describe in 2 ways in which the skeletons provides shape and support?

A

Vetebrae hold us up

hold vital organs in place

53
Q

Describe using a named joint, 2 features of fibrous joint?

A

cranium

1) immovable
2) no joint cavity
3) they interlock

PE (11 decks)

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