ANATOMY - skeletal/musculatory Flashcards
4 major functions of skeleton. (4)
- shape and support
- movement - muscle contact=bones move=movement
- protection - prevent injury
- blood production - blood cells are produced in bone marrow large bones
What are the types of bones? (4)
Long bones - provide lever for large range of movement
Short bones- stability and support
Flat bones - large surface area for attachment of muscles/protect organs
Irregular bones - protection/support
What is a joint and their function? (2)
Place where 2 or more bones meet.
- hold bones together/allows movement
what are the 3 main joint groups? (3)
Fixed/immovable joints (fibrous) Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous) Freely moveable (synovial)
What is the synovial joint made of and describe their importance? (5)
Ligaments - hold bones together/prevent dislocation
Cartilage - covers head of bones/joint socket - tough/slippery layer of protection/ reduces friction
Synovial membrane - protective layer for synovial fluid
Synovial fluid - lubricates joint for friction-free movement
Joint capsule - structure that surrounds/protects the joints
Types of synovial joints. (2)
Ball and socket
Hinge
What movement does a ball and socket joint allow? (6)
flexion extension abduction adduction rotation circumduction
What movement does hinge joint allow? (2)
flexion
extension
Name all the movements possible at the joints. (8)
flexion extension abduction adduction rotation circumduction plantar flexion dorsiflexion
What is flexion and give a sporting example it is used in (2).
- reducing angle at joint
- e. g. catching a ball and bringing it into body - flexion at elbow & shoulder joints
What is extension and give a sporting example it is used in (2).
- increasing angle at joint
- e. g. long jumper extends leg when in the air - extension of hip and knee joint
What is abduction and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)
- sideways movement away from centre of body
- e. g. goalkeeper abducts arms when reaching to make a save
What is adduction and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)
- sideways mouvement towards centre of body
- e. g. in butterfly, arms pull to sides/inward phase of star jump
What is rotation and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)
- joint moves in circular motion
- e. g. shoulder rotation when hitting forehand/backhand in tennis
What is circumduction and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)
- when end of bones moves in circle
- e. g. shoulder joint during overarm cricket bowl
What is plantar flexion and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)
- movement at ankle that point foot away from leg
- e. g. dancer point toes in routine
What is dorsiflexion and give a sporting example it is used in. (2)
- movement in ankle where toes brought closer to shin e.g. Athlete’s foot when on sprinting starting blocks
examples of short bones.
- carpals
- tarsals
- talus
examples of long bones. Name 4
- femur
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- tibia
- fibula
- phalanges
- metacarpals
- metatarsals
- clavicle
Examples of irregular bones.
- patella
- vertebrae
Examples of flat bones.
- cranium
- rib cage
- scapula
- pelvis
What is the difference between a muscle and a tendon? (2)
Muscle - a band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract, producing movement.
Tendon - tough band of fibrous tissue that connects MUSCLE to BONE
what is the importance of tendons? (2)
- They are strong and are able to withstand tension when the muscle contracts - VITAL for movement.
- Limited elasticity, making muscle absorb impact
What are the 3 muscle types?
Involuntary (Smooth)
Cardiac
Voluntary (skeletal)
Describe the involuntary muscle type. (3)
- not under your control
- found in organs of digestive, circulatory and urinary systems
- involuntary muscles in blood vessels are particularly important for sports
Describe the cardiac muscle type. (3)
- very specialist type of involuntary muscle - cannot control contraction/relaxaion
- electrochemical signals travel from brain to heart so cells can contract
- these impulses regulate your heart rate and pumps all blood in body through heart in less than 1 min
describe a voluntary muscle type. (3)
- under conscious control
- when muscle fibres contract, movement occurs
- approx 43% of man weight/36% of women weight
Location, role and example of gluteus Maximus. (3)
Location : buttocks
Role : extension of leg at hip, lifting leg sideways at hip
Example: lifting leg for ballet arabesque.
Location, role and example of gastrocnemius. (3)
Location : back of lower leg (calf)
Role : pointing toes - plantar flexion of ankle
Example: Pointing toes in dance routine
Location, role and example of deltoid. (3)
Location : top of shoulder
Role: raises are forward, backwards and sideways at shoulder
Example: Lifting arms up for defence in netball
Location, role and example of pectoralis major. (3)
Location : front of upper chest
Role : adducts arm at shoulder
Example: forehand in tennis, when arm swing into body
Location, role and example of latissimus dorsi. (think of lateral) (3)
location : Side of back
Role : adducts upper arm at shoulder/ rotates humerus
Examples: butterfly arm action in swimming - bringing arms past head and back towards body
Location, role and example of abdominals . (3)
Location : front of abdomen
Role: Flexes spine so can bend up/down
Examples: football throw in
Location, role and example of biceps. (3)
location : front of upper arm
Role: flexion of arm at elbow
Examples: bicep curls - upward phase
Location, role and example of triceps. (3)
location : back of upper arm
Role : extensions of arm at elbow
Examples: downward phase of bicep curl
Location, role and example of trapezius. (3)
Location : back of neck to back of head
Role : holds/rotates shoulders , moves head back/sideways
Example: turning head to breath in swimming
Location, role and example of quadriceps. (3)
Location: front of upper leg
Role : extend leg at knee
Example: upward phase of squat
Location, role and example of tibias anterior. (3)
Location : front of lower leg - shin
Role : pull toes up to shin ( dorsi flexion)
Example : athletes on sprint starting blocks
Location, role and example of hamstrings. (3)
Location : back of upper leg
Role : Flexion of leg at knee
Examples : breaststroke leg kick bends knees
Location, role and example of hip flexors. (3)
Location : sit deep in front of thighs
Role : Flex hip/ help move leg up towards body
Examples: - running when lifting knee
What is the origin?
Where a muscle joins a stationary bone
What is insertion?
Where a muscle joins a moving bone
what is an agonist?
muscle CONTRACTING to make movement
what is the antagonist?
Muscles RELAXING to make movement
What is meant by the word ‘antagonistic’ ?
The muscle pair that works together to create movement
What is isotonic contraction and the 2 types of isotonic contractions. How do these types of isotonic contacts contact? (5)
Isotonic contraction - where muscles CHANGE LENGTH as they contact
1) CONCENTRIC contraction - muscle contraction where muscle SHORTENS - load is lifted
2) ECCENTRIC contraction - muscle contraction where muscle LENGTHENS - load is lowered
What is isometric contraction?
Where muscles contact , but STAY THE SAME LENGTH
what fibres do voluntary muscles have and what do they contain? (3)
slow twitch (T1) fast twitch (T2) contains MYOFIBRILS - Strands that can grab on to each other and pull to make a muscle contact
Describe slow twitch muscle fibres ? (3)
- have good O2 supply (aerobic respiration)
- dark in colour (contain lots of MYOGLOBIN)
- contacts slowly/ can work for long periods of time under great stress, without fatiguing
Describe fast twitch muscle fibres. (3)
- don’t use oxygen to make energy (anaerobic)
- lighter in colour due to fewer MYOGLOBIN
- contact quickly/tire quickly
- good for STRENGTH/POWER
what is myoglobin?
Red pigment that O2 bind to in the muscle
describe in 2 ways in which the skeletons provides shape and support?
Vetebrae hold us up
hold vital organs in place
Describe using a named joint, 2 features of fibrous joint?
cranium
1) immovable
2) no joint cavity
3) they interlock
