Skeleton Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeleton
Support
Protection
Movement
Blood Cell Production - Haemopoiesis
Mineral Storage
What is the skeleton divided into
Axial, Appendicular
What is the Axial part of the skeleton
The core skeleton, central most important. Comprises the skull, the spine, the ribs and the sternum
What is the appendicular section of the skeleton
The limbs that hang from the axial skeleton, with the girdles attached to them
What are the 5 kinds of bones
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
What are long bones
The levers of the body
Examples of long bones
Femur, Tibia, Metatarsals, Humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges, calvicle
What are short bones
Support and stability with little of no movement these are found in wrist and ankles
Examples of short bones
carpal and tarsals
What are flat bones
Bones that protect
Examples of flat bones
The skull, Scapula, Sternum, ribs, pelvic girdle
What are irregular bones
Odd shaped bones that don’t fit in any other category and protect
Examples of irregular bones
The vertebrae and bones in the face
What are sesamoid bones
Bones within tendons, they assist the tendons mechanically, by holding the tendon further away from the joint to make movement easier
Examples of sesamoid bones
the patella and the two bones at the base of the 1st metatarsal
Structure of a bone
Compact bone
Spongy bone (Cancellous)
Active marrow (Red Marrow)
Periosteum
What is compact bone
The dense walls of the shaft
What is spongy bone
Made up of network of bone and spaces. Provides strength whilst also being light.
What is Active marrow
produces red and white blood cells whilst also making platelets
What is Periosteum
The outer layer that is dense connective tissue Muscles, Tendons and ligaments are attached here
What does bone start as
Cartilage in fetus, this consists of cells sitting in a background material called the matrix
What happens during ossification
the matrix is replaced by osteoid which contains a lot of strengthening collagen. Mineral salts are deposited in the osteoid by osteoblasts
What are the three types of bone cells
Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
What are osteoblasts
Bone forming cells - Secrate the hard material. These cells become trapped in the bone they form and turn into osteocytes
What are osteocytes
Haversian canals link the cells for nourishment and removal of wastes
What are Osteoclasts
Cells that destroy bone by reabsorbing it. They clear pathways for blood and vessels and nerves and remodel bone.
Whats in a compact bone
Central Canal
Perforating Canal
Lamellae
Lacunae
Cannaculi
What is central canal
A central tube containing blood vessels and nerves
What is perforating canal
Runs at right angles and connects the vascular and nerve supplies
What is lamellae
Concentric rings formed from mineral salts including calcium, phosphates
What is Lacunae
Small spaces between the lamellae in which the bone cells are located
What is Cannaliculi
minute channels which link the lacunae together
What is osteoporosis
A condition that affects the bones, causing them to become weak and fragile and more likely to fracture - commonly in spine, wrist, and hips
What causes osteoporosis
Imbalance between bone formation and destruction - is a result of a decrease in formation of bone forming osteoblast cells
Risk factors for osteoporosis
Oestrogen deficiency
Lack of exercise
Poor diet
Heavy Drinking
