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Anatomy & Physiology > Skeletal System and Introduction to Bone Markings > Flashcards

Skeletal System and Introduction to Bone Markings Flashcards

1
Q

Each bone is an organ composed of what tissues?

A

bone, cartilage, dense connective tissues,

epithelium, blood-forming tissue, adipose tissue, and nerve tissue

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2
Q

the skeletal system is

A

the entire framework of bones and their cartilages

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3
Q

Osteology

A

the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders

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4
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A 
Support
Protection
Assistance in movement
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
triglyceride storage
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5
Q

Storage

A

structural framework for soft tissues to attach

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6
Q

Protection

A

protects internal organs from injury

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7
Q

Assistance in movement

A

muscles pull on bones to create movement

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8
Q

Mineral homeostasis

A

minerals are stored in bone to be released later

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9
Q

Blood cell production

A

some bones contain red bone marrow which produce red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets

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10
Q

Triglyceride storage

A

some bones contain yellow bone marrow which is made of adipose and
stores triglycerides

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11
Q

4 classifications of bone

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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12
Q

long bones

A

greater length than width; consist of a shaft and a variable number of ends; usually
somewhat curved for strength

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13
Q

examples of long bones

A

Femur, tibia and fibula, humerus, ulna and radius

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14
Q

short bones

A

somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width

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15
Q

examples of short bones

A

Wrist and ankle bones

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16
Q

flat bones

A

generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment

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17
Q

examples of flat bones

A

Cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapula

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18
Q

Irregular bones

A

have complex shapes and do not fit in the other categories

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19
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae and some facial bones

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20
Q

seasmoid bone

A

a bone that forms directly in the connective tissue of tendons; embedded in a tendon;
acts like a pulley and improves the transmission of muscle force by the tendon; largest in the body is the
patella, but there are also small sesamoid bones in the hands, wrists, feet, and ears

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21
Q

typical long bone consists of

A

diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis

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22
Q

diaphysis

A

the bone’s shaft or body

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23
Q

epiphysis

A

the distal and proximal ends of the bone

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24
Q

metaphysis

A

the region in a mature bone where the diaphysis joints the epiphysis

A growing bone contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate in each metaphysis to allow the diaphysis to grow in length

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25
Q

Articular cartilage

A

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the
bone forms an articulation with another bone

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26
Q

periosteum

A

a tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue and its associated blood vessels
that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage

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27
Q

medullary cavity

A

a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow
bone marrow in adults

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28
Q

endosteum

A

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

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29
Q

4 major types of cells in bone tissue

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

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30
Q

Osteogenic

A

unspecialized stem cells that undergo cell division (the only ones) to create
osteoblasts

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31
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone-building cells; synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic
components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue

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32
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells; the main cells in bone tissue and maintain the exchange of
nutrients and wastes with the blood

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33
Q

Osteoclasts

A

huge cells that release enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral
components of bone; responsible for resorption (the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix)

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34
Q

Bone is made of

A

50% crystallized mineral salts (give bone hardness and strength)
25% collagen fibers ( gives bone flexibility and reinforcement)
25% water

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35
Q

Bone is not completely solid because

A

many small spaces between cells and extracellular matrix components

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36
Q

Bone can be classified as spongy or compact

A

Depending on the size and distribution of the spaces

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37
Q

What percent of skeleton is compact and spongy bone?

A

80% skeleton is compact bone

20% is spongy bone

38
Q

Compact bone tissue

A

contains few spaces; strongest type of bone tissue

Arranged in repeating structural units called osteons

concentric lamellae
lacunae
canacliculi
perforating canals

39
Q

Osteons

A

repeating structural units

Osteons have a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels;
longitudinal to the bone

40
Q

Concenctric lamellae

A

rings of hard, calcified extracellular matrix around the canals

41
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces between the lamellae which contain osteocytes

42
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels radiating from the lacunae; filled with extracellular fluid

43
Q

Perforating canals

A

allow blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum to
penetrate the compact bone transversely

44
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

makes up most of the bone tissue of short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones

contains no osteons
trabeculae
has red bone marrow

45
Q

trabeculae

A

irregular lattice-works of thin columns of bone that make up spongy bone

between the trabeculae, the space is filled with red bone marrow

contains concentric lamellae, osteocytes that lie in lacunae, and canaliculi radiating from the lacunae

46
Q

spongy bone is different from compact in 2 major ways

A

Spongy is light which reduces the weight so it moves more readily

The trabeculae of spongy bone tissue support and protect the red bone marrow and is the
only site of red bone marrow in adults

47
Q

bone formation

A

called ossification

occurs in 4 stages

48
Q

4 stages of ossification

A

Initial formation of bones in an embryo and fetus

The growth of bones during infancy, childhood, and adolescence

The remodeling of bone (replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue throughout
life)

The repair of fractures throughout life

Initial bone formation

49
Q

Embroyonic sksleton is composed of

A

mesenchyme

50
Q

mesenchyme

A

meshwork of embryonic connective tissue)
shaped like bones

become ossified, providing a template for continuing ossification beginning during the 6th week of embryonic development

happens by intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
bone growth

51
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

simpler method of bone formation; bone forms directly

within mesenchyme in sheet-like layers

52
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from

mesenchyme

53
Q

bone growth

A

bones grow in length and thickness during infancy, childhood, and
adolescence (until 18-25 years old)

54
Q

bone length is related to

A

epiphyseal plate

chondrocytes that are constantly dividing and being converted to bone

When growth is complete, all of the chondrocytes are ossified and the bone stops growing

An epiphyseal line is present after the epiphyseal plate ossifies

55
Q

bone thickness is produced by

A

the cells in the perichondrium

these differentiate into osteoblasts which secrete bone extracellular matrix

56
Q

bone remodeling is

A

the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

takes place at different rates in different regions of the body

can be triggered by exercise, lifestyle, and changes in diet

57
Q

bone resorption

A

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

58
Q

bone deposition

A

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

59
Q

fracture

A

any bone in a bone

60
Q

partial fracture

A

an incomplete break across the bone, such as a crack

61
Q

complete fracture

A

a complete break across the bone; the bone is broken into two or more pieces

62
Q

closed ( simple)

A

the fractured bone does not break through the skin

63
Q

open (compound)

A

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

64
Q

repair of a fracture

A

Phagocytes begin to remove any dead bone tissue

Chondroblasts form fibrocartilage at the fracture site that bridges the broken ends of the bone

The fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone tissue by osteoblasts

Bone remodeling occurs; dead portions of bone are absorbed by osteoclasts and spongy bone is converted to compact bone

65
Q

bone formation depends on several factors

A

Adequate vitamins (A, C, and D) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium)

Several hormones (androgens, estrogens, hGH)

Weight-bearing exercise

66
Q

exercise and bone tissue

A

bone requires mechanical stress to remodel normally

When placed under stress, bone tissue becomes stronger through increased deposition of mineral
salts and production of collagen fibers

Demineralization

Primary mechanical stresses:

Pull of skeletal muscles

Pull of gravity

67
Q

demineralization

A

loss of bone minerals

68
Q

calcitonin

A

a hormone produced by the thyroid that can decrease the level of calcium in the
blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts; function isn’t totally clear because it can be present in excess or completely absent without causing clinical symptoms

69
Q

parathyroid hormone ( PTH)

A

major regulator of the levels of calcium, magnesium, and

phosphate ions in the blood; increases the number and activity of osteoclasts

70
Q

calcitrol

A

the active form of vitamin D, produced in the kidneys; acts on the gastrointestinal
tract to increase the rate of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions absorbed from foods into the blood

71
Q

Testosterone, estrogen, human growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor

A

hormones that

promote anabolism and bone growth

72
Q

bony landmakers/nomenclature/ bone markings

A

serve as regions for ligament and tendon attachment or

provide passage or space for nerves and vessels to pass

73
Q

depressions

A

basins & channels that house muscles, tendons, nerves, & vessels

fossa
sulcus/groove

74
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression (distal end of humerus, ilium)

75
Q

sulcus or groove

A

narrow depression (head of humerus)

76
Q

openings

A

holes & channels that allow passage of nerves, vessels, muscles, & tendons

sinus
fissure
foramen
meatus
canal
77
Q

sinus

A

air-filled cavities (nose)

78
Q

fissure

A

cleft or enlarged crack or slit in a bone (cranium sphenoid)

79
Q

foramen

A

small to large, usually circular opening (vertebral foramen)

80
Q

meatus

A

a tiny passageway (part of the skull that extends to the ear)

81
Q

canal

A

tunnel or tube in a bone (Cranium)

82
Q

Projections

A

form joints

condyle
head
facet
process
trochlea
83
Q

condyle

A

a rounded projection at the end of a bone that articulates with other cones to
form a joint (femur)

84
Q

head

A

a rounded projection atop the neck of a bone (Head of femur)

85
Q

facet

A

a smooth, flat surface (rib meets vertebrae)

86
Q

process

A

any prominent, bony growth that projects (olecranon process of ulna)

87
Q

trochlea

A

a pulley-shaped structure (trochlea of the humerus)

88
Q

attachment sites

A

attachment sites for tendons and ligaments

rounded
long & narrow sites
other prominences

89
Q

long & narrow sites

A

crest,line, rdige

90
Q

rounded

A

tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter

91
Q

other prominences

A

epicondyles, processes, spines

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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