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Anatomy & Physiology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

the science and study of tissues

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2
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells, usually with a common embryonic origin, that function together to carry out
specialized activities

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3
Q

pathologist

A

a physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate
diagnoses

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4
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts (tubes);
and forms glands

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6
Q

connective tissue

A

protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores
energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity

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7
Q

muscular tissue

A

generates the physical force needed to make body structures move

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8
Q

nervous tissue

A

detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates and transmits nerve
impulses (action potentials) that coordinate body activities to help maintain homeostasis

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9
Q

2 types of epithelial tissue

A

covering and lining epithelium

glandular epithelium

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10
Q

covering and lining epithelium

A

outer covering of the skin and the outer covering of some
internal organs; lines body cavities, blood vessels, ducts, interiors of the respiratory, digestive,
urinary, and reproductive systems

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11
Q

glandular epithelium

A

makes up secreting portions of glands such as sweat glands

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12
Q

general features of epithelial tissue

A

Consists of closely packed cells with little extracellular material between them; arranged in
continuous sheets

Avascular

Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply

Has a high capacity for renewal by cell division (because it is subject to a certain amount of wear
and tear)

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13
Q

avascular

A

lacks blood vessels; blood vessels that supply epithelial tissue are located in adjacent
connective tissues

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14
Q

components of epithelial tissue

A

an apical (free) space surface

lateral surface

a basal surface

basement membrane

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15
Q

an apical (free) surface

A 
exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ, or the exterior of
the body (most superficial layer)
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16
Q

lateral surface

A

face adjacent cells on either side

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17
Q

basal surface

A

attached to a basement membrane (deepest layer)

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18
Q

basement membrane

A

a thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers; located
between the epithelial tissue and the underlying connective tissue layer; helps bind and support
the epithelial tissue

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19
Q

classification of epithelial tissue

A

classified according to the arrangement of cells into layers and the
shape of the cells

arrangement of cells in layer
simple epithelium

pseudostratified epithelium

stratified epithelium

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20
Q

secretion

A

the production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat or enzymes

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21
Q

absorption

A

the intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from
the intestinal tract

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22
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

actually simple epithelium, but appears to have multiple
layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the
apical surface

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23
Q

stratified epithelium

A

consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear

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24
Q

squamous cells

A

thin, allowing for the rapid passage of substances through them

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25
Q

cuboidal cells

A

as tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons; have microvilli at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption

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26
Q

columnar cells

A

much taller than they are wide, like columns, protect underlying tissues.
Their apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli; often specialized for secretion and
absorption

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27
Q

transitional cells

A

change shape, from flat to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch to a larger size, then collapse to a smaller size

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28
Q

arrangement of simple epithelium

A

simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple columnar epithelium ( noncilated and ciliated)
pseudostratified columnar epithelium ( noncilated and ciliated)

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29
Q

stratified epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium ( keratinzed and nonkeratinzed)
stratified cuboidal epithelium
stratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium

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30
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

a single layer of flat cells that resembles a tiled floor when
viewed from apical surface; centrally located nucleus that is flattened and oval or spherical in shape

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31
Q

location of simple squamous epithelium

A

lines Lines heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels (endothelium)

Lines air sacs of lungs, glomerular capsule of kidneys, and inner surface of the
tympanic membrane

Forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes such as peritoneum, pleura, or
pericardium (mesothelium)

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32
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium

A

filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes

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33
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cube-shaped cells; round, centrally located nucleus

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34
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands

Makes up the secreting portion of some glands such as the thyroid gland

Covers surface of ovary

Lines anterior surface of capsule of the lens of the eye

Forms the pigmented epithelium at the posterior surface of the eye

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35
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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36
Q

noncilated simple columnar epithelium

A

a single layer of nonciliated column-like cells with

nuclei near bases of cells; contains cells with microvilli and goblet cells

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37
Q

microvilli

A

microscopic fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the
plasma membrane to increase the rate of absorption

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38
Q

goblet cells

A

modified columnar cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surfaces

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39
Q

location of noncilated simple columnar epithelium

A

lines most of the gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to anus), ducts of many glands, and gallbladder

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40
Q

function of noncilated simple columnar epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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41
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

a single layer of ciliated column-like cells with nuclei

near bases; contains goblet cells in some locations

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42
Q

location of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

lines a few portions of upper respiratory tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus,
some paranasal sinuses, and central canal of spinal cord

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43
Q

function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

mucus secreted by goblet cells forms a film over respiratory surface that traps
inhaled foreign particles; cilia wave in unison and move mucus and any trapped foreign particles toward throat where it can be coughed up and swallowed or spit out.

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44
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

not a true stratified tissue; nuclei of cells are at different
levels; all cells are attached to basement membrane, but not all reach the apical surface

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45
Q

location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Lines the airways of most of upper respiratory tract and larger ducts of many
glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra

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46
Q

function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

ciliated variety secretes mucus that traps foreign particles, and cilia sweep
away mucus for elimination from body; nonciliated variety functions in absorption and
protection

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47
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

2+ layers of cells; cells in apical layer and several layers deep to it are squamous; as new cells grow at the basal layer, the deepest layers are pushed upward toward the surface

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48
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

develops a tough layer of keratin in apical layer and

several layers deep to it

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49
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

does not contain keratin in apical layer and several layers deep to it and remains moist

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50
Q

location of Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A 
keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin; nonkeratinized variety lines
wet surfaces (lining of mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, and vagina),
covers tongue
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51
Q

function of Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

protection; provides first line of defense against microbes

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52
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

two or more layers of cells; cells in the apical layer are cubeshaped; fairly rare type

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53
Q

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of male urethra

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54
Q

function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Protection and limited secretion and absorption

55
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

basal layers usually consist of shortened, irregularly shaped
cells; only apical layer has columnar cells; uncommon.

56
Q

location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

Lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands such as esophageal
glands, small areas in anal mucous membrane, and part of conjunctiva of eye

57
Q

function of stratified columnar epithelium

A

Protection and secretion

58
Q

transitional epithelium

A

variable in appearance; in relaxed or unstretched state, looks similar to
stratified cuboidal epithelium, except apical layer cells tend to be large and rounded; as tissue is
stretched, cells become flatter

59
Q

location of transitional epithelium

A

lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra

60
Q

function of transitional epithelium

A

allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding
variable amounts of fluid without rupturing

61
Q

glandular epithelium

A

secretion accomplished by glandular cells that lie in clusters deep to the
covering and lining epithelium

62
Q

gland

A

may consist of one cell or a group of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete
substances into ducts onto a surface or into the blood

63
Q

glands are classified as endocrine and exocrine

A

secretions (hormones) enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the
bloodstream without flowing through a duct

64
Q

glands are classified exocrine

A

secrete their products into ducts that empty at the surface of covering and
lining epithelium such as the skin surface or the lumen (interior space) of a hollow organ

65
Q

connective tissue

A

one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body

66
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

Binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues

Protects and insulates internal organs

Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles

Is the major transport system within the body (blood)

Is the major site of stored energy reserves (adipose)

Is the main site of immune responses

67
Q

2 basic elements of connective tissue

A

cells

extracellular matrix

68
Q

extracellular matrix

A

the material between its widely spaced cells; consists of protein
fibers and ground substance (the material between the cells and the fibers

69
Q

general features of connective tissue

A

Do not usually occur on body surfaces

Usually are highly vascular

Except for cartilage, connective tissue is supplied with nerves

Connective tissue cells

70
Q

Fibroblasts

A

large flat cells with branching processes; usually the most numerous; migrate through the connective tissue secreting the fibers and ground substance of the
extracellular matrix

71
Q

macrophages

A

develop from monocytes (a type of white blood cells); irregular shape with short branching projections; capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by
phagocytosis

72
Q

plasma cells

A

small cells that develop from B lymphocytes (a type of white blood cells); secrete antibodies

73
Q

mast cells

A

abundant alongside the blood vessels that supply connective tissue; produce histamine (chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response); can kill bacteria

74
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells; adipose cells; store triglycerides; found below the skin and around
organs such as the heart and kidneys

75
Q

connective tissue extracellular matrix

A

Each type of connective tissue has unique properties based on the specific extracellular
materials between the cells

Fluid, gel, or solid ground substance plus protein fibers

76
Q

ground substance

A

the component of connective tissue between the cells and fibers

supports and binds cells together

provides a medium through which substances are exchanged between the blood and cells

plays an active role in how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, change shape, and carry out their metabolic functions

contains water and an assortment of large organic molecules

77
Q

fibers

A

Strengthen and support connective tissues

3 types in the extracellular matrix
collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

78
Q

collagen fibers

A

very strong and resist pulling forces; not stiff, promotes
tissue flexibility; often occur in parallel bundles that offer strength

Most types of connective tissue; bone, cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments

79
Q

elastic fibers

A

smaller in diameter than collagen fibers, branch and joint together to form a network within a tissue; strong but can be stretched up
to 1 ½ times their relaxed length without breaking

Plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue

80
Q

reticular fibers

A

much thinner than collagen fibers; provide support and
strength; supporting framework of many soft organs

provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form branching
networks around fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth
muscle cells

81
Q

loose connective tissue

A 
fibers are loosely arranged
areolar connective tissue
adipose tissue
reticular connective tissue
dense connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
elastic connective tissue
cartilage
liquid connective tissue
82
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

one of the most widely distributed connective tissues; consists of
fibers arranged randomly and several kinds of cells embedded in a semifluid
ground substance

83
Q

location of areolar connective tissue

A

in and around nearly every body structure (“packing material of the
body”); subcutaneous layer deep to skin, superficial region of dermis of skin,
connective tissue layer of mucous membranes, around blood vessels, nerves, and
body organs

84
Q

function of areolar connective tissue

A

strength, elasticity, and support

85
Q

adipose tissue

A

cells called adipocytes; specialized for storage of triglycerides; new
blood vessels form with weight gain

86
Q

location of adipose tissue

A

Wherever areolar connective tissue is located; subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, and padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket

87
Q

function of adipose tissue

A

reduces heat loss through skin; serves as an energy reserve; supports
and protects organs

88
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

fine interlacing network of reticular fibers and reticular cells

89
Q

location of reticular connective tissue

A

stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow; part of the basement membrane; around blood vessels and muscles

90
Q

function of reticular connective tissue

A

forms stroma of organs; binds together smooth muscle tissue cells;
filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

91
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

contains more numerous, thicker, and denser fibers, but fewer cells than loose connective tissue

92
Q

description of dense regular connective tissue

A

extracellular matrix looks shiny white; consists mainly of collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles

93
Q

location of dense regular connective tissue

A

forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses (sheet-like tendons
that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone)

94
Q

function dense regular connective tissue

A

provides strong attachment between various structures; tissue structure
resists pulling along long axis of fibers

95
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

consists predominantly of collagen fibers randomly arranged and a
few fibroblasts

96
Q

location of dense irregular connective tissue

A

often occurs in sheets (fascia), deeper region of dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, various organs,
pericardium of the heart; also in heart valves

97
Q

function of dense irregular connective tissue

A

provides tensile strength in many directions

98
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

consists predominantly of elastic fibers; fibroblasts are present in spaces between fibers; unstained tissue is yellowish

99
Q

location of elastic connective tissue

A

lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal
cords, suspensory ligaments of penis, some ligaments between vertebrae

100
Q

function of elastic connective tissue

A

allows stretching of various organs; is strong and can recoil to original shape after being stretched

101
Q

cartilage

A

Consists of a dense network of collagen fibers or elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate (a rubbery component of the ground substance)

Can endure considerably more stress than loose and dense connective tissues

chondrocytes
perichondrium

no blood vessels or nerves except in the perichondrium

antiangiogenesis factor
heals poorly

102
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells of mature cartilage

103
Q

perichondrium

A

a membrane of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage

104
Q

antiangiogenesis factor

A

secreted by cartilage to prevent blood vessel growth

105
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

106
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

contains a resilient gel as ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white, shiny substance; most abundant type of cartilage in the body

107
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, and embryonic and fetal skeleton

108
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, as well as

flexibility and support; weakest type of cartilage (can be fractured)

109
Q

fibrocartilage

A

consists of chondrocytes scattered among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix; lacks perichondrium

110
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage

111
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A

Support and joining structures together. Strength and rigidity
make it the strongest type of cartilage

112
Q

elastic cartilage

A

consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix; perichondrium present

113
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear, and

auditory (Eustachian) tubes

114
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A

provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures

115
Q

bone tissue

A

each bone is an organ composed of different tissues: bone tissue, cartilage,
dense connective tissue, epithelium, blood-forming tissue, adipose tissue, and nerve tissue

116
Q

liquid connective tissue

A

( blood and lymph tissue)

117
Q

blood tissue

A

connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix (blood plasma) and red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and a variety of other substances

118
Q

lymph tissue

A

a fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels; a connective tissue that consists of several types of cells in a clear extracellular matrix similar to blood plasma

119
Q

membranes

A

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

120
Q

epithelial membrane

A

combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer

121
Q

principle epithelial membranes

A

mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membrane (skin), and synovial membranes (except these do not contain epithelium)

122
Q

mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior

Lines the entire digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems and much of the urinary
system

Secretes mucus which prevents the cavities from drying out

Traps particles in the respiratory passageways, lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through the gastrointestinal tract, and secretes digestive enzymes

123
Q

serous membrane

A

lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior, and covers the
organs that lie within the cavity

Consists of 2 parts: parietal layer (attached to cavity wall) and visceral layer (covers and
attaches to the organs inside the cavities)

secretes serous fluid

124
Q

serous fluid

A

watery lubricating fluid that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities

125
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines the cavities of some joints

composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue with collagen
do not have an epithelial layer

Contain cells which secrete synovial fluid

126
Q

synovial fluid

A

lubricates the ends of bones as they move at joints, nourishes the cartilage covering the bones, and removes microbes and debris from the joint cavity

127
Q

musuclar tissue

A

Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that are highly specialized to generate force

Produces motion, maintains, posture, generates heat, and offers protection

classified into skeletal, cardiac, smooth

128
Q

skeletal muscular tissue

A

usually attached to the bones of the skeleton

129
Q

cardiac muscular tissue

A

the bulk of the wall of the heart

130
Q

smooth muscular tissue

A

located in the walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, airways, digestive and urinary systems

131
Q

nervous tissue

A

consists of neurons and neuroglia

132
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells; sensitive to various stimuli which are converted into nerve
impulses and conducted to other neurons, muscle fibers, or to glands

133
Q

neuroglia

A

do not generate or conduct nerve impulses, but serve protective and
supportive functions

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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