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Anatomy & Physiology > Central, Peripheral, Somatic, and Autonomic Nerves > Flashcards

Central, Peripheral, Somatic, and Autonomic Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

spinal and cranial nerves

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3
Q

vertebral canal spinal cord structure

A

where the spinal cord is located within the vertebral column

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4
Q

meninges

A

3 layers of connective tissue coverings that extend around the spinal cord and brain

spinal meninges
cranial meninges
3 layers of meninges

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5
Q

spinal meninges

A

protect the spinal cord; continuous with cranial meninges

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6
Q

cranial meninges

A

protect the brain

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7
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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8
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer; tough, dense irregular connective tissue; protects the delicate structures of the CNS; extends to the second sacral vertebra (past the end of the spinal cord)

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9
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer; arrangement of its collagen and elastic fibers ressemble a spider’s web

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10
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer; transparent layer of collagen and elastic fibers that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain; contains numerous blood vessels

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11
Q

2 spaces

A

epidural space

subarachnoid space

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12
Q

epidural space

A

space between the dura mater and vertebral column that contains a cushion of fat and connective tissue to protect the spinal cord

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13
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater; where cerebrospinal fluid circulates

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14
Q

length of spinal cord

A

42-45 cm ( medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra)

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15
Q

cauda equina

A

horse’s tail; the roots of the spinal nerves that angle down the vertebral canal to
exit at vertebral levels before the level they exit the spinal cord

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16
Q

conus medullaris

A

the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord

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17
Q

enlargements

A

cervical

lumbar`

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18
Q

cervical enlargement

A

contains cell bodies of nerves that supply the upper limbs

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19
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

contains cell bodies of nerves that supply the upper limbs

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20
Q

grooves

A

(divide the spinal cord into right and left halves)

anterior median fissure
posterior median sulcus

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21
Q

anterior median fissure

A

deep

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22
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

shallow

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23
Q

central canal spinal cord structure

A

a small space in the center of the gray matter that extends the length of the cord; contains cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

gray matter of the spinal cord * internal structure of spinal cord*

A

contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

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25
Q

horns

A

divisions of spinal cord gray matter; named relative to their location

anterior

lateral

posterior

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26
Q

anterior horns

A

contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles

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27
Q

lateral horns

A

between anterior and posterior horns; present only in thoracic and upper
lumbar segments; contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate
the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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28
Q

posterior horns

A

contain cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons

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29
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A

consists primarily of myelinated axons of neurons

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30
Q

white columns

A

regions of spinal cord white matter (anterior, lateral, and posterior); contains one or more tracts

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31
Q

tracts

A

distinct bundles of axons having a common origin or destination and carrying similar information

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32
Q

sensory ( ascending) tracts

A

consist of axons that conduct nerve impulses up the spinal cord toward the brain; continuous with sensory tracts in the brain

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33
Q

motor ( descending) tracts

A

consist of axons that carry nerve impulses down the spinal cord away from the brain; continuous with motor tracts in the brain

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34
Q

spinal nerves

A

paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body

31 pairs or spinal nerves that emerge at regular intervals; named and numbered according to the region and level of the vertebral column

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35
Q

cervical spinal nerves

A

8

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36
Q

thoracic spinal nerves

A

12

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37
Q

lumbar spinal neves

A

5

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38
Q

sacral spinal nerves

A

5

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39
Q

coccygeal spinal nerves

A

1

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40
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

holes between vertebrae through which spinal nerves leave the vertebral column

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41
Q

roots

A

bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord (2 roots per
spinal nerve)

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42
Q

posterior ( dorsal) root

A

contains only sensory axons (conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors into the CNS)

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43
Q

posterior ( dorsal ) root ganglion

A

a swelling which contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

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44
Q

anterior ( ventral) root

A

contains only motor axons (conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors)

45
Q

spinal nerve =

* internal spinal structure*

A

1 posterior root + 1 anterior root = mixed nerve

46
Q

spinal nerve coverings

A

endonerium
fascicles
perineurium
epineurium

47
Q

endoneurium

A

connective tissue that wraps individual axons of spinal and cranial nerves

48
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of axons wrapped in endoneurium

49
Q

perineurium

A

connective tissue that wraps fascicles; many blood vessels

50
Q

epineurium

A

the superficial covering over the entire nerve; fuses with the dura mater of the
spinal meninges; many blood vessels

51
Q

distribution of spinal nerves

A

After exiting through the intervertebral foramina, spinal nerves divide into several branches

Many of these branches form networks with adjacent branches from other spinal nerves forming a plexus

52
Q

plexus

A

a network of nerves or vessels

53
Q

major plexuses

A

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral

54
Q

cervical plexus

A

skin and muscles of the posterior head, neck, upper part of shoulders, and diaphragm

55
Q

brachial plexus

A

upper limbs and several neck and shoulder muscles

56
Q

lumbar plexus

A

abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs

57
Q

sacral plexus

A

buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs (contains sciatic nerve which is the
longest nerve in the body)

58
Q

intercostal nerves

A

spinal nerves at levels T2-T11 which do not form plexuses

Muscles between ribs, abdominal muscles, skin of the chest and back

59
Q

cranial nerves

A

numbered in order from anterior to posterior in which the nerves emerge from the brain

60
Q

3 sensory nerves

A

I, II, VIII

61
Q

5 motor nerves

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

62
Q

4 mixed nerves

A

V, VII, IX, X

63
Q

2 main functions of the spinal cord

A

white matter

gray matter

64
Q

white matter

A

highways for nerve impulse conduction

65
Q

pathway

A

the route that nerve impulses follow from a neuron in one part of the body to
other neurons elsewhere in the body

66
Q

gray matter

A

receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information; site for integration of
reflexes

67
Q

reflex

A

a fast, involuntary sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus

68
Q

spinal reflex

A

when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter

69
Q

cranial reflex

A

when integration occurs in the brain stem rather than the spinal cord

70
Q

reflex arc

A

the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex

71
Q

components of a reflex arc

A 
stimulus
sensory neuron
integrating center
motor neuron
effector
72
Q

stimulus

A

arrival of a stimulus at the sensory receptor

73
Q

sensory neuron

A

nerve impulses are conducted from the sensory receptor along the axon of a sensory neuron leading to the CNS

74
Q

integrating center

A

gray matter in the CNS relays the sensory information to a motor neuron

75
Q

motor neuron

A

an impulse is triggered from the spinal cord along a motor neuron to the part of the body that will respond

76
Q

effector

A

the part of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse, receives the signal and an action occurs

77
Q

somatic reflex

A

if the effector is skeletal muscle

78
Q

autonomic ( visceral) reflex

A

if the effector is smooth or cardiac muscle,

or a gland

79
Q

autonomic and somatic nervous system

A

together they compose the peripheral nervous system

80
Q

somatic nervous system

A

Produce conscious, voluntary movements; consciously perceived sensations

81
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

Not under conscious control

May use acetylcholine or norepinephrine (instead of only ACh)

82
Q

autonomic motor neurons

A

regulate ongoing activities in their effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands)

83
Q

2 branches of the motor part of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

84
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

increases

85
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

decreases

86
Q

autonomic pathway utilizes how many motor neurons?

A

2

87
Q

somatic pathway utilizes how many motor neurons?

A

1

88
Q

preganglionic neuron

A

the first of the two; cell body is in the brain or spinal cord and axon exits the CNS as part of a cranial or spinal nerve

89
Q

postganglionic neuron

A

the second neuron in the autonomic motor pathway; lies entirely outside the CNS; its cell body and dendrites are located in the autonomic ganglion; it terminates in an effector

90
Q

autonomic ganglion

A

Where the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron synapse

91
Q

organization of sympathetic nervous system

A

Also called the thoracolumbar division because the outflow of sympathetic nerve impulses comes from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the 12 thoracic and the first 2-3 lumbar segments of the spinal cord; after exiting the cord extend to sympathetic ganglions

Once the axon of a preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic division enters a sympathetic trunk ganglion, it may follow one of four paths

92
Q

sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

in two vertical rows, one on either side of the vertebral column; short axons because they don’t have far to go

93
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

lie anterior to the vertebral column and close to the large abdominal arteries

94
Q

4 paths a sympathetic trunk ganglion may follow

A

Synapse with postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic trunk ganglion it first reaches

Ascend or descend to a higher or lower sympathetic trunk ganglion before synapsing

Continue without synapsing through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a
prevertebral ganglion

Extend to and terminate in the adrenal medulla

95
Q

a single sympathetic preganglionic axon may

A

synapse with 20+ postganglionic neurons; can elicit change in several effectors at once

adrenal medulla

96
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner part of the adrenal gland; similar tissue to sympathetic postganglionic neurons

upon stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons release epinephrine and norepinephrine to intensify responses around the body

97
Q

organization of parasympathetic nervous system

A

Also called the craniosacral division because the outflow of parasympathetic nerve impulses comes from cranial nerve nuclei and sacral segments of the spinal cord

The cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the nuclei of 4 cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, and X) in the brain stem and in the 2-4 sacral segments of the spinal cord
(S2-S4)

The vagus (X) nerve carries nearly 80% of the total parasympathetic outflow

One preganglionic neuron only synapses with 4-5 postganglionic neurons, all of which supply the same effector

98
Q

terminal ganglia

A

where the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse in the parasympathetic system; located close to or actually within the wall of the innervated organ

99
Q

functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Autonomic neurons release neurotransmitters (acetylcholine or norepinephrine) at synapses: between or with autonomic effectors

100
Q

between neurons

A

preganglionic to postganglionic

101
Q

with autonomic effectors

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

102
Q

ANS neurons that release acetycholine

A

All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A few sympathetic postganglionic neurons

103
Q

ANS neurons that release norepinephrine

A

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

104
Q

parasympathetic effects are

A

short-lived and localized

105
Q

sympathetic effects are

A

long-lasting and widespread

106
Q

balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

is regulated by the hypothalamus

107
Q

sympathetic activities

A

Favors body functions that can support vigorous physical activity and rapid production of ATP

Reduces body functions that favor the storage of energy

Stimulated by physical exertion, a variety of emotions (fear, embarrassment, rage, etc.)

Exercise, Emergency, Excitement, Embarrassment

Fight-or-flight

108
Q

Fight-or-flight

A

pupils dilate, heart rate and blood pressure increase, airways dilate, blood vessels (supplying muscles, heart, lungs, and brain) dilate, slowing of digestion and urine formation, liver works on ATP production and increases blood glucose level,
nonessential processes are inhibited

109
Q

parasympathetic activites

A

Rest and digest activities; blood vessels dilate/constrict to redirect blood flow

Support body functions that conserve and restore body energy during times of rest and recovery

In quiet intervals, parasympathetic impulses predominate over sympathetic impulses

SLUDD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation

Decreases: heart rate, diameter of airways, and diameter of pupils

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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