Arthrology Flashcards
Arthrology
the scientific study of joints
Articulation (joint)
a point of contact between bones, between cartilage and bones, or between teeth
and bones; the structure of a joint determines its strength and flexibility
kinesiology
the study of motion of the human body
dislocation
displacement of the articulating bones from their normal positions
Movement at joint is determined by
shape of the articulating bones
the flexibility of the ligaments that bind the bones together
the tension of associated muscles and tendons
joints are classified
Structurally by anatomical characteristics
Functionally based on the type of movement they permit
structural classification is based on 2 criteria
presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones (synovial cavity)
the type of connective tissue that holds the bones together
structural classifications
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
fibrous joints
no synovial cavity; held together by dense irregular connective tissue
cartilaginous joints
no synovial cavity; held together by cartilage
synovial joints
have a synovial cavity and are united by dense irregular connective tissue and ligaments
functional classifications
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
synarthrosis
immovable joint
amphiarthrosis
a slightly movable joint
diarthrosis
a freely movable joint; all diarthrotic joints are synovial joints
3 types of fibrous joints
sutures
syndesmoses
interosseous membranes
sutures
composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue; strong and unlikely to fracture; coronal suture between the frontal and parietal bones; amphiarthrotic
joint in infants and children, synarthrotic joint in adults
syndesmoses
a greater distance between articulating surfaces and more connective tissue than in sutures; typically arranged as a bundle (ligament); permits limited movement; distal tibiofibular joint (connected by anterior tibiofibular ligament;
amphiarthrotic joint)
interosseous membranes
a substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that
binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement; amphiarthrotic joints;
between radius and ulna and between tibia and fibula
cartilaginous joints
articulating bones are tightly connected by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage; allows little or no movement; 2 types
sychondrosis
symphysis
synchondrosis
the connecting material is hyaline cartilage; synarthrotic
Epiphyseal plate that connects the epiphysis and diaphysis of an elongating bone
symphysis
the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but the bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage; amphiarthrotic
Pubic symphysis
synovial joints
presence of space called a synovial (joint) cavity – allows a joint to be freely
moveable
diarthrotic joints
bones are covered by articular cartilage ( hyaline cartilage)
articular joint
composed of 2 layer: fibrous and synovial membrane
double jointed
synovial fluid
accessory ligaments
fibrous membrane
outer layer; dense irregular connective tissue; attaches to the periosteum; some fibers are arranged in bundles (ligaments)
synovial membrane
inner layer; areolar connective tissue and articular fat pads
(accumulations of adipose tissue)
“double jointed”
greater flexibility in their articular capsules and ligaments with increased range of motion; less structurally stable and more easily dislocated
synovial fluid
secreted by the synovial membrane; forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule; more fluid means less stress on the joint
reduces friction
supply nutrients
remove metabolic wastes
accessory ligaments
lie outside and inside the articular capsule
outside
lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the knee joint
inside
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee joint
articular discs (meniscus, labrum, etc.)
pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones and are attached to the fibrous capsule inside some synovial joints
allow two bones of different shapes to fit more tightly
help maintain the stability of the joint
direct the flow of synovial fluid to the areas of greatest friction
bursa ( bursae)
a saclike structure strategically situated to reduce friction in some synovial joints and other places; cushion the movement of one body part over another
(between skin and bone, tendons and bone, muscle and bone, ligaments and bone)
types of movements at synovial joints
Precise terminology to indicate the form of motion, direction of movement, or the relationship of one body part to another during movement
range of motion ( ROM)
the range, measured in degrees in a circle, through which the bones of
a joint can be moved
4 main categories at a synovial joint
gliding
angular movements
rotation
special movements
gliding
nearly flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and side-to-side relative to one
another; AC Joint
angular movements
increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
flexion/extension hyperextension abduction/adduction horizontal abduction/adduction circumduction rotation
flexion/extension
increase or decrease in angle
saggital plane
( lateral/medial flexion- l & r frontal)
hyperextension
continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
saggital
abduction/adduction
away or toward the midline
frontal plane
horizontal abduction/adduction
away or toward the midline in the horizontal
plane
circumduction
movement of a distal end of a part of the body in a circle
transverse plane
rotation
a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
head saying no- transverse plane
upward/downward- frontal
medial/lateral rotation-limbs- transverse
special movements
occur only at certain joints
elevation/depression
to lift up, is the upward movement of a part of the body, such as closing the mouth to elevate the mandible or shrugging the shoulders to elevate the scapula
frontal plane
protraction/depression
to draw forth - is the movement of a part of the body forward, such as opening the mouth to depress the mandible/ to press down - is the downward movement of a part of the body, such as opening the mouth to depress the mandible or returning shrugged shoulders to the anatomical position to depress the scapula
transverse plane
inversion/eversion
to turn inward - is the movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position/ to turn outward - is the movement of the soles laterally so that they face away from each other
frontal plane
dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion
bending of the foot in the direction of the superior surface, like when you stand on your heels/ bending of the foot in the direction of the plantar surface, as when standing on your toes
saggital plane
supination/ pronation
is the movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned forward, anatomical position/ movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned backward
transverse plane
opposition
movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers
transverse
Uniaxial
constructed so that motion of the bony components is allowed in only one of the planes around a single axis
hinge
pivot joint
hinge joint (ginglymus)
allows flexion and extension in one direction (elbow)
convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another; angular opening and closing motion
- uniaxial ( flexion/ extension)
- knee, elbow
pivot joint ( trochoidal)
allows rotation around the length of the bone ( atlas C1/ axis C2 relationship)
rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
- unaxial- rotation only
atlantoaxial joint; radioulnar joints
Biaxial
allow movement in two planes around two axes
condyloid joint
saddle joint
condyloid joint (ellipsoidal)
allows movement in two directions but one motion
dominates; one bony surface is concave and the other is convex (wrist joint)
convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the concave oval-shaped depression of another
biaxial (flexion/ extension; abduction/adduction
wrist and metacarpophlangeal joint
saddle joint ( sellar)
each joint surface is convex in one plane and concave in the other and these surfaces fit together similar to a rider on a saddle (SC joint)
the articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the saddle like a rider sitting on a horse
biaxial ( flexion/extension and abduction/adduction)
carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and metacarapal of thumb)
triaxial
joints in which the bony components are free to move in three planes around three axes; may also occur in oblique planes
ball- and socket
gliding joint
ball and socket ( enarthroidal)
allows movement in many directions around a
central point; formed when a ball-shaped convex surface is fitted into a concave socket (hip and shoulder)
the ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another bone
triaxial ( flexion/ extension, abduction/adduction, rotation)
shoulder and hip joints
gliding joint ( arthroidal)
also called synovial plane joint; permits gliding
between two or more bones; allow only a gliding motion in various planes (AC joint)
flat or slightly curved surfaces
biaxial ( back and forth, side to side movements)
triaxial ( may also rotate)
carpal bones; intertarsal; ac joint; proximal tibiofemoral joint)
Types of synovial joints
pivot hinge condyloid saddle ball and socket plane ( gliding)
Arthralgia
pain in a joint
bursectomy
removal of a bursa
chondritis
inflammation of cartilage
dislocation ( luxation)
the displacement of a bone from a joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons and
articular capsules; incomplete dislocation (subluxation)
synovitis
inflammation of a synovial membrane in a joint
arthritis
inflammation of one or more joints; most common type of joint disorder
4 primary types of arthritis
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gout
infectious arthritis
osteoarthritis (physical stress induced)
degenerative; bone spurs, thickening of synovial
membrane, atrophy of cartilage, and calcification of ligaments
rheumatoid arthritis ( immune related)
autoimmune; swelling of joints
gout ( crystal- induced)
underexcretion of uric acids which accumulates and forms crystals which are deposited as masses around the joints; painful, hot swelling
infectious arthritis
brought about by infections such as gonorrhea and tuberculosis; joints are attacked by the organism and may result in gradual destruction of parts of bone near the joint. Diagnosis is difficult unless other symptoms are present
Bones of the shoulder girdle
scapula, clavicle
joints of the shoulder
sternoclavicular ( saddle), acrimoclavicular (plane), scapulothoracic ( not a a joint), glenohumeral ( ball and socket)
bones of the elbow
humerus, radius, ulna
joints of the elbow
superior radioulnar joint ( pivot), humeroulnar joint ( hinge), humeroradial joint ( hinge)
bones of the wrist
radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals
joints of the wrist
distal radioulnar joint ( pivot), radiocarpal joint ( condyloid), intercarpal, midcarpal, carpometacarpal, and intmetacarpal joints ( condyloid, excempt the CMC of thumb is saddle)
bones of the pelvic girdle
illium, ischium, pubis
joints of the pelvic girlde
acetabulofemoral joint ( ball and socket), sacroilliac joint( starts as a planar synovial oint and over time converts to fibrous), pubic symphysis ( symphysis joint)
bones of the knee
femur, tibia, fibula
joints of the knee
tibiofemoral joint ( hinge), patellofemoral joint ( gliding), superior tibiofibular joint ( plane)
Bones of the ankle
tibia, fibula, calcaneous, metatarsals
joints of the ankle
talocrural joint (hinge), subtalar joint (bicondylar; 2 condyloids), inferior tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis; fibrous), tarsometatarsal joints (condyloid and saddle), metatarsophalangeal joints (condyloid)
