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Anatomy & Physiology > Body Orientation and Organizational Levels > Flashcards

Body Orientation and Organizational Levels Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of structure and the relationship among structures

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the science of body functions - how the parts of the body work

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3
Q

Why are anatomy and physiology taught together?

A

Structure often determines function and vice versa. Structure and function are easiest to understand when observed together

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4
Q

6 Levels of Organization from smallest to largest

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal
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5
Q

Chemical

A

atoms and molecules

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6
Q

Cellular

A

basic structural and functional units of an organism

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7
Q

Tissue

A

groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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8
Q

Organ

A

different kinds of tissues come together to form body structures

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9
Q

System

A

consists of related organs that have a common function

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10
Q

Organismal

A

all systems of the body combine to make up an organism

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11
Q

Muscular System

A

Components: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue

Functions: brings about body movement, maintains, posture, produces heat

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12
Q

Skeletal System

A

Components: bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages

Functions: supports and protects, muscle attachment, produce blood cells, store minerals and
lipids

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13
Q

Nervous System

A

Components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs

Functions: regulates body activities

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14
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body (sum of all the building up
and breaking down)

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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions necessary for effective functioning and
survival

Ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside
the body
Maintained by means of many feedback loops

Each body system contributes to homeostasis in some way

It is dynamic – it can change over a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining cellular
life processes

Homeostatic mechanisms are mainly under the control of two systems: the nervous system and
the endocrine system

Nerve impulses cause quick, immediate corrections

Hormones secreted by the endocrine system cause slow, long acting corrections

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16
Q

Feedback Loops

A

a cycle of events in which a condition in

the body in continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on

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17
Q

Controlled conditions

A

body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose level, etc.

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18
Q

Stimulus

A

anything that disrupts the controlled condition

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19
Q

Three components of a feedback system

A

Receptor
Control Center
Effector

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20
Q

Receptor

A

a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends
information called the input to a control center

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21
Q

Control Center

A

the brain sets the ranges of values within which a controlled condition
should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output
commands when they are needed

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22
Q

Effector

A

a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a
response that changes the controlled condition

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23
Q

Negative Feedback loop

A

reverses a change in a controlled condition; the activity of the effector
produces a result that reverses the effect of the stimulus; tend to regulate conditions that are held
fairly stable over long periods; works like the thermostat in your house

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24
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

strengthens a change in a controlled condition; reinforces conditions that
don’t happen very often (childbirth or blood-clotting); must be shut off by some event outside
the system so it can’t “run away” and produce life-threatening changes

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25
Q

Loss of homeostasis in a component or system may result in

A

disruption of normal balance of
other systems and processes, disorders , disease , symptoms , signs ; if the imbalance is severe enough, death may result

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26
Q

Disorders

A

any abnormality of structure and/or function

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27
Q

Disease

A

an

illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs

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28
Q

Symptoms

A

subjective

changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer

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29
Q

Signs

A

objective changes that a

clinician can observe and measure

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30
Q

Anatomical position

A

a specific stance used in the study of anatomy to describe location and direction

Subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and eyes facing forward. Feet are flat
on the floor and directed forward and arms are at the sides with palms turned forward

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31
Q

Supine Position

A

when the body is lying face up

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32
Q

Prone Position

A

when the body is lying face down

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33
Q

Head

A

cephalic,facial,cranial

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34
Q

neck

A

cervical

35
Q

breastbone

A

sternal

36
Q

naval

A

umbilical

37
Q

Spinal column

A

vertebral

38
Q

Between Hips

A

Sacral

39
Q

Armpit

A

axillary

40
Q

Shoulder Blade

A

scapular

41
Q

Arm

A

brachial

42
Q

forearm

A

antebrachial

43
Q

wrist

A

carpal

44
Q

Hip

A

coxal

45
Q

Groin

A

inguinal

46
Q

Buttock

A

gluteal

47
Q

thigh

A

femoral

48
Q

leg

A

crural

49
Q

calf

A

sural

50
Q

ankle

A

tarsal

51
Q

dorsal

A

top of foot

52
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

53
Q

Body cavities

A

spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs

54
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain

55
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

formed by the bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

56
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity containing three smaller cavities: pericardial, 2 pleural cavities

57
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart

58
Q

Two pleural Cavity

A

each of which surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of
fluid

59
Q

Mediastinum

A

central portion containing all thoracic organs except the lungs

60
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Extends from the diaphragm (a dome-shaped muscle that separates the
thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity) to the groin

contains the viscera ( all organs inside the cavity)

Abdominal and pelvic cavities

61
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

upper portion; contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder,

small intestine, and most of the large intestine

62
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

lower portion; contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large
intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system

63
Q

Oral Cavity

A

mouth; contains the tongue and teeth

64
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

nose

65
Q

Orbital cavities

A

contain the eyeballs

66
Q

Middle Ear cavities

A

contain small bones in the middle ear

67
Q

Synovial cavities

A

found in freely movable joints and contain synovial fluid

68
Q

Serous membrane

A

a thin, slippery, double-layered membrane that covers the viscera within the
thoracic and abdominal cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen

69
Q

Pleura

A

of the plueral cavities

70
Q

pericardium

A

of the pericardial cavity

71
Q

Peritoneium

A

of the abdominal cavity

72
Q

Three parts of the peritoneum

A

Parietal, Visceral, Serous fluid

73
Q

Parietal layer

A

lines the walls of the cavities

74
Q

Visceral layer

A

covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities

75
Q

serous fluid

A

a small amount of lubricating fluid between the two layers reducing friction, allowing the viscera to slide somewhat during movements, as when the lungs inflate and
deflate during breathing

76
Q

Directional terms

A

Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

77
Q

Superior/Inferior

A

toward or away from the head

78
Q

Anterior/Posterior

A

nearer to the front or back of the body

79
Q

Medial/Lateral

A

nearer or farther from the midline of the body

80
Q

Intermediate

A

between two structures

81
Q

Ipsilateral/Contralateral

A

on the same or opposite side of the body

82
Q

Proximal/Distal

A

nearer or farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

83
Q

Superficial/Deep

A

toward or away from the surface of the body

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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