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LQB187 > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

The sagittal suture runs between which bones?

A

The left and right parietal bones

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2
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

The ‘turkish saddle’ structure of the sphenoid bone located at the midline of the middle cranial fossa

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3
Q

What is the difference in the mandible of a child versus that of an adult?

A

At birth the mandible consists of paired left and right bones, which fuse during the first year to form the single U-shaped adult mandible

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4
Q

Intervetebral discs provide padding between vertebrae during what form of stress?

A

Weight bearing

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5
Q

Name the three regions of the vertebrae

A

Cervical, thoracic, and lumber

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6
Q

What forms the walls of a joint cavity?

A

The articular or fibrous capsule

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7
Q

What structure terminates at the tympanic membrane?

A

The external auditory canal

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8
Q

What is an articulation of bone?

A

Where two bone surfaces come together

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9
Q

What is an intervertebral disc?

A

A fibrocartilaginous pad that fills the gap between adjacent vertebral bodies

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10
Q

The expanded distal end of each metacarpal articulates with what?

A

The phalanx of the pollex or one of the fingers

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11
Q

Which bones does the coronal suture join?

A

The frontal bone to the right and left parietal bones

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12
Q

The metacarpals form which part of the hand?

A

The palm

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13
Q

What is the definition of a ligament?

A

Dense regular connective tissue bands that band between two bones or bone surfaces

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14
Q

What is the term for a hole through bone?

A

Foramen

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15
Q

Muscle attachment sites on bones will thicken if a person increases their ____ ____

A

Muscle strength

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16
Q

The zygomatic process forms the posterior portion of what structure?

A

The zygomatic arch

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17
Q

Cartilage can unite adjacent bones or provide ____ between them

A

Cushioning

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18
Q

The lateral and anterior aspects of the bony pelvis are formed by the ____ ____ (bones)

A

Os coxae

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19
Q

Which ribs are classified as true ribs?

A

Ribs 1 - 7

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20
Q

Which is the medial bone, radius or ulna?

A

Ulna

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21
Q

Where can the external auditory canal be found?

A

As a lateral opening of the temporal bone

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22
Q

Cartilage is a ____-____ form of connective tissue

A

Semi-rigid

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23
Q

Which metatarsal is shorter and thicker than the others, 1 or 5?

A

1st

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24
Q

How many bones in the lower limb?

A

30

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25
Q

The metatarsals are numbered 1 to 5 beginning at which side, medial or lateral?

A

Medial

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26
Q

What is a foramen?

A

A hole through bone

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27
Q

The superior surface of the talus articulates with what bones?

A

Tibia and fibula

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28
Q

Functional classifications of joints differ based on what?

A

The degree of movement available between the bones

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29
Q

The laterally flattened and expanded region of the scapula is called the ____ or ____ ____

A

Acromion; acromial process

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30
Q

Which joint connects the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton superiorly?

A

The sternoclavicular joints (between the sternum and clavicles)

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31
Q

When do primary curvatures of the vertebral column develop?

A

Primary curvatures are returned from the original foetal curvature

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32
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

The bones that attach the lower limbs to the vertebral column

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33
Q

What holds the hyoid bone in position?

A

A series of small muscles attached superiorly and inferiorly

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34
Q

When do secondary curvatures of the vertebra column develop?

A

After birth

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35
Q

Anterior bending of the head is what kind of body movement?

A

Flexion

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36
Q

What is the purpose of the fibula?

A

Serves primarily for muscle attachments

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37
Q

____ connective tissue forms most of the adult skeleton

A

Dense

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38
Q

Where is the sella turcica found?

A

At the midline of the middle cranial fossa

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39
Q

Why might the curvatures of the vertebral column increase in depth?

A

Increased load, e.g. carrying something heavy

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40
Q

The patella articulates with the distal end of the ____

A

Femur

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41
Q

What is an interphalanageal joint?

A

The articulation between two phalanges of a digit

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42
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

The bony plate that forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity

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43
Q

Which bone forms the anterior margin of the coronal suture?

A

The frontal bone

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44
Q

A reduction in muscle strength or body weight will cause bones to become ____

A

Thinner

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45
Q

Which supports the upper and lower jaws, facial or cranial bones?

A

Facial

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46
Q

What is the functional classification of the hip joint?

A

Diarthrotic

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47
Q

What lines the internal surface of the articular capsule in a synovial joint?

A

A thin synovial membrane

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48
Q

What is the range of the functional ‘degree of movement’ of joints?

A

Immobile, slightly mobile, freely moveable

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49
Q

What are the major divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular

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50
Q

The thoracic cage includes the ____ (number) pairs of ribs and the sternum

A

12

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51
Q

How many phalanges in each hand?

A

14

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52
Q

How many bones are in each upper limb?

A

30

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53
Q

Which metatarsal is the longest?

A

2nd

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54
Q

The occipital bone forms an important articulation with what bone?

A

The first cervical vertebra, called the ‘altas’

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55
Q

The coronal suture runs in which direction?

A

Side to side

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56
Q

How does the pelvic girdle differ from the pectoral girdles in regard to structure and function?

A

The pelvic girdle is strongly united to form a largely immobile, weight-bearing structure (whereas the pectoral girdles are separate which allows for maximum individual movement)

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57
Q

Which bone forms the posterior skull and base of the cranial cavity?

A

Occipital bone

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58
Q

Which bone forms the roof and lateral walls of the superior nasal cavity, superior portion of the nasal septum, and contributes to the medial wall of the orbit?

A

The ethmoid bone

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59
Q

What is the name of the joint where the clavicle articulates with the sternum?

A

The sternoclavicular joint

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60
Q

What is the hip joint?

A

Where the ox coxa articulates laterally with the femur

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61
Q

Extension of the limbs has what effect?

A

Increases the angle between the bones and straightens the joint

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62
Q

Name the groups of bones in the foot

A

Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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63
Q

Which encloses the eyeballs, facial bones or cranial bones?

A

Facial bones

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64
Q

What is the name of the joint where the glenoid fossa of the scapula articuates with the head of the humerus?

A

The glenohumeral joint

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65
Q

Bones can modify their strength and thickness in response to what changes?

A

Muscle strength and body weight

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66
Q

The term ‘cranium’ describes all bones of the skull except the ____

A

Mandible

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67
Q

The sphenoid forms much of what area of the skull?

A

The base of the central skull

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68
Q

Joints that allow little or no movement are the most ____

A

Stable

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69
Q

What separates the sequence of vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral discs

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70
Q

What comprises the walls of a long bone shaft?

A

Dense and hard cortical bone

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71
Q

The axial skeleton includes the bones of what structures?

A

Head, neck, thorax, back

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72
Q

The vertebrae (note: vertebrae, not vertebral column) are divided into how many regions?

A

Three

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73
Q

The posterior portion of the foot is formed by a group of bones called ____ bones

A

Tarsal

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74
Q

What is the function of the rounded cranial bones?

A

The cranial bones surround and protect the brain and house the middle and inner ear structues

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75
Q

What are the three classifications of bone markings?

A

Articulations, projections, and depressions

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76
Q

Name the two primary curvatures in the vertebral column

A

Thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves

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77
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

A shallow concavity on the lateral side of the scapula

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78
Q

How does the vertebral column begin as a sequence of 33 vertebrae but reduce to 24?

A

The fusing of the sacrum and the coccyx

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79
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

A large hole in the occipital bone that allows passage of the spinal cord as it exits the skull

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80
Q

Name the auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

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81
Q

Give an example of a foramen in bone

A

The foramen magnum in the occipital bone

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82
Q

Which joint is the only bony articulation between the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton?

A

The sternoclavicular joint

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83
Q

What are tendons?

A

Part of a skeletal muscle organ that connect muscle fibres to bone

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84
Q

Name the regions of the lower limbs

A

Femoral region, crural region, and the foot

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85
Q

The ankle joint is known properly as the ____ joint

A

Talocrural

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86
Q

The anatomy of the skeleton requires an understanding of ____, the study of bones, and ____, the study of joints

A

Osteology; arthrology

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87
Q

What is an amphiarthrotic joint?

A

A slightly moveable joint

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88
Q

Which bones protect the spinal cord?

A

The vertebrae

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89
Q

What do structural classifications of joints take into account?

A

Whether the bones are strongly anchored by fibrous connective tissue orcaritlage, or whether they articulate in a fluid-filled joint cavity

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90
Q

Rib Y has costal cartilage that terminates within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall. Rib Y is a ____ rib

A

Floating (and false)

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91
Q

What is a suture of the skull?

A

An immobile joint between two adjacent bones of the skull

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92
Q

Are the left and right pectoral girdles connected?

A

No

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93
Q

The metatarsals are located between the ____ and the ____

A

Tarsals; phalanges

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94
Q

How do ligaments prevent excessive or abnormal joint movements?

A

By allowing normal movements at a joint but limiting the range of the motions

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95
Q

Give an example of how two bone surfaces might conform to each other

A

One might be rounded while the other is cupped

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96
Q

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the joint ends of a bone to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber is known as the ____ cartilage

A

Articular

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97
Q

Ribs ____ to ____ (numbers) are classified as true ribs

A

1; 7

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98
Q

What is the atlas?

A

The first cervical bone of the vertebrae

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99
Q

How many curvatures in the vertebral column?

A

Four

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100
Q

Which bone of the lower limb has a medial side immediately deep to the skin?

A

The tibia

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101
Q

The size of a bony landmark that serves as a muscle attachment site is related to what?

A

The strength of that muscle

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102
Q

Where are the sensory organs of the inner ear found?

A

Housed by the temporal bone

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103
Q

What is a carpometacarpal joint?

A

An articulation between a metacarpal and a distal carpal

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104
Q

Describe the proximal end of the ulna

A

Similar to a crescent wrench with a large C-shaped hook that articulates with the humerus

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105
Q

How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?

A

206

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106
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Primary curves are retained from the original foetal curvature, while secondary curvatures develop after birth

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107
Q

Which facial bone forms the upper jaw, anterior 3/4 of the hard palate, medial floor of the orbit, and lateral base of the nose?

A

Maxillary bone/maxilla

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108
Q

The articulation between the tibia, fibula, and talus of the tarsal bones forms what joint?

A

The talocrural joint

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109
Q

What projects inferiorly from the posterior region of the temporal bone?

A

The mastoid process

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110
Q

What does the articulation between the occipital bone and the atlas allow?

A

Flexion and extension of the head on the neck at the atlanto-occipital joint

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111
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

A joint wherein the articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, but come into contact with each other within a joint cavity that is filled with lubricating fluid

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112
Q

How many individual bones in the adult skull?

A

22

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113
Q

What provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement in areas of the skeleton where bones move?

A

Cartilage

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114
Q

Are the long sutures between cranial bones straight or irregular?

A

Irregular

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115
Q

The fibula is ____ (direction) to the tibia

A

Lateral

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116
Q

Which curvatures of the adult vertebral column are retained from foetal curvatures? Name them.

A

The thoracic and sacrococcygeal curvatures (the primary curvatures)

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117
Q

The medial end of the clavicle articulates with which bone?

A

The sternum

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118
Q

What is the name of the feature of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone?

A

The posteriosuperior process/condyle

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119
Q

The superior part of the skeleton has greater ___ and ranges of ____ than the inferior portion

A

Mobility; motion

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120
Q

The ____ bone extends laterally to contribute to the lateral sides of the skull

A

Sphenoid

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121
Q

The pubic symphysis is a ____ joint

A

Cartilaginous

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122
Q

What direction does the head of the humerus face?

A

Medially

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123
Q

What is the name of the deep cup-shaped cavity of the os coxa?

A

The acetabulum

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124
Q

The ribs are anchored posteriorly to which structures?

A

The 12 thoracic vertebrae

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125
Q

What is a meatus of bone?

A

An opening into a canal

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126
Q

How many vertebrae in the axial skeleton?

A

24

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127
Q

Rib X has costal cartilage that attaches to the cartilage of the rib superior to it. Rib X is a ____ rib

A

False

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128
Q

The parietal bones are both bounded posteriorly by which bone?

A

The occipital bone

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129
Q

How many phalanges in the pollex?

A

Two

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130
Q

The most stable joints are those that allow what?

A

Little to no movement

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131
Q

What is the name of the strong connective tissue bands that hold the bones at a moveable joint together and serve to prevent excessive movement of the joint that would cause injury?

A

Ligaments

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132
Q

What is a projection of bone?

A

An area that projects out from the bone surface; these are attachment points for tendons and ligaments

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133
Q

Flexion and extension take place in what plane?

A

The sagittal plane

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134
Q

The first digit is the ____

A

Pollex (thumb)

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135
Q

Where are intervetebral discs thinnest?

A

In the cervical region

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136
Q

How many metatarsal bones in each foot?

A

Five

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137
Q

What is the purpose of the curvatures of the vertebral column? There are three possible answers

A

To increase strength, flexibility, and ability to absorb shock

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138
Q

Body movements are always described in relation to what?

A

The anatomical position of the body

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139
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Where the glenoid fossa of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus

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140
Q

Flexion of the limbs has what effect?

A

Decreases the angle between the bones

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141
Q

What prevents friction between the bones at a synovial joint?

A

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surface of each bone, called the articular cartilage

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142
Q

Which is the most inferior weight-bearing bone?

A

The calcaneus

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143
Q

What does yellow bone marrow contain that red bone marrow does not?

A

Adipose tissue

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144
Q

____ bone marrow fills the spaces in trabecular bone

A

Red

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145
Q

The sternum articulates superolaterally with which structures?

A

The right and left clavicles

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146
Q

Rib Z has costal cartilage that directly attaches to the sternum. Rib Z is a ____ rib

A

True

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147
Q

Rotation can occur in which joints?

A

Glenohumeral and hip joints

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148
Q

Any place where bones or bone and cartilage come together is called a ____ or ____

A

Joint; articulation

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149
Q

What is the name of the rounded depression in the floor of the sella turcica?

A

The hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa

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150
Q

What is a metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

The articulation between the distal end of a metacarpal and the phalanx of a pollex or finger

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151
Q

What type of bone marrow is contained in the head of the femur?

A

Red and yellow marrow

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152
Q

The tympanic membrane marks the boundary between what two structures?

A

The external and middle ear

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153
Q

Most diarthrotic joints are found in the ____ skeleton

A

Appendicular

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154
Q

What is medial/internal rotation?

A

Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body

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155
Q

Muscles that move the head, neck, back, and muscles that act across the glenohumeral and coxal (hip) joints to move their corresponding limbs attach to the ____ skeleton

A

Axial

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156
Q

How many vertebrae fuse to become the sacrum?

A

Five

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157
Q

The os coxae converge anteriorly to attach at what structure?

A

The pubic symphysis

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158
Q

The patella is colloquially referred to as the ____

A

Kneecap

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159
Q

What bones articulate with the hyoid?

A

None - the hyoid is an independent bone that does not contact other bones and is not part of the skull

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160
Q

The term skeleton describes the bones of the body but also includes what structures?

A

The small ligaments and cartilages which help link adjacent bones and form arthroses (joints)

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161
Q

Which part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae?

A

The head of the femur

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162
Q

What is lateral/external rotation?

A

Movement that moves the anterior surface of the limb away from the midline of the body

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163
Q

The pectoral girdle consists of two bones - name them

A

The scapula and the clavicle

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164
Q

Bringing the toes together is what kind of body movement?

A

Adduction

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165
Q

The antebrachium is what region?

A

The upper arm between the elbow and radiocarpal joints

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166
Q

Bone marrow stores ____ and ____ tissue

A

Fat; haematopoetic

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167
Q

Do the tips of the ‘u’ of the hyoid point anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

Posteriorly

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168
Q

Where are the vestibular apparatus and cochear found?

A

Housed by the temporal bone

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169
Q

The glenoid fossa articulates with what structure?

A

The head of the humerus

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170
Q

What are the essential functions of bones?

A

Protection of critical organs, facilitating body movement, and haematopoesis (blood cell production)

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171
Q

What bony region is found at the midline of the middle cranial fossa?

A

The sella turcica

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172
Q

What is the purpose of a synovial membrane?

A

The cells of the membrane secrete synovial fluid, a thick slimy fluid that provides lubrication to further reduce friction between the bones of the joint

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173
Q

Describe the distal end of the radius

A

The distal end of the radius has a smooth surface for articulation with two carpals to form the radiocarpal joint

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174
Q

What is the radiocarpal joint?

A

Two carpals articulating with the smooth surface of the distal end of the radius

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175
Q

Adduction of a limb has what effect?

A

Moves the limb toward the body or across the midline

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176
Q

What does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?

A

The acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint

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177
Q

Why is the large immobile structure of the pelvic girdle important for stability?

A

It allows the weight of the body to be transferred laterally from the certebral column into the lower limbs, acting as a foundation for the upper body and resting on the lower limbs

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178
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

Short ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all; their costal cartilages terminate within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall

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179
Q

What is the sternum?

A

The elongated bony structure that anchors the anterior thoracic cage

180
Q

What is the advantage of the left and right pectoral girdles not being connected?

A

It allows each to operate independently

181
Q

What fills the narrow gap between bones in a suture?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

182
Q

What type of joint gives the greatest range of movement at an individual joint?

A

Ball-and-socket

183
Q

What forms the elbow joint?

A

The two articulation areas of the humerus joining with the crescent-shaped end of the ulna and end of the radius

184
Q

What is a diarthrotic joint?

A

A freely moveable joint

185
Q

The frontal sinuses are part of what group of sinuses?

A

Paranasal sinuses

186
Q

What bone houses the auditory ossicles?

A

The temporal bone

187
Q

What is enabled by the temporomandibular joint?

A

Opening and closing of the mouth

188
Q

Most ribs attach anteriorly through their costal cartilages to the ____

A

Sternum

189
Q

The inferior portion of the skeleton is specialised for stability during what actions?

A

Walking or running

190
Q

What component of synovial joints is not seen in fibrous or cartilaginous joints?

A

A fluid-filled joint cavity

191
Q

Name the moveable bone in the adult skull

A

The mandible (lower jaw)

192
Q

Which bone forms the roof and lateral walls of the superior nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid bone

193
Q

What is the femoral region?

A

The portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee joint

194
Q

Where are intervetebral discs thickest?

A

In the lumbar region

195
Q

Which bone contributes to the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid bone

196
Q

The brachium is what region?

A

The upper arm between the glenohumeral and elbow joints

197
Q

Calcium homeostasis relies on regular ____ ____ to maintain high levels in bone mineralisation during replacement of bone tissue

A

Dietary intake (of calcium)

198
Q

How many phanges in each foot?

A

14

199
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

The joint between the occipital bone and atlas that allows flexion and extension of the head on the neck

200
Q

Each intervetebral disc is anchored to what?

A

The bodies of the adjacent vertebrae

201
Q

Much of the base of the central skull is formed by the ____ bone

A

Sphenoid

202
Q

The metacarpals are numbered 1 to 5 beginning where?

A

At the pollex (thumb)

203
Q

What is the most superior tarsal bone?

A

The talus

204
Q

What is the secondary purpose of synovial fluid?

A

To provide nourishment for the articular cartilage, which does not contain blood vessels

205
Q

The bones of the ____ protect the brain

A

Cranium

206
Q

The vertebral column originally develops as a sequence of how many vertebrae?

A

33

207
Q

How many bones of the adult skull are immobile?

A

21

208
Q

What structures of the inner ear are housed by the temporal bone?

A

The vestibular apparatus and cochlear

209
Q

Name the two sutures seen on the superior aspect of the skull

A

The coronal and sagittal sutures

210
Q

Which part of the scapula forms the bony tip of the superior shoulder region?

A

The acromion

211
Q

What is the lateral opening of the temporal bone?

A

The external auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)

212
Q

Secondary curvatures are concave ____ (direction)

A

Posteriorly

213
Q

Which forms the nasal cavity, the facial bones or cranial bones?

A

Facial bones

214
Q

What is a fossa?

A

An elongated basin in the bony surface

215
Q

Articulating bone surfaces tend to ____ to each other

A

Conform

216
Q

Which bones protect the lungs and heart?

A

The ribs and sternum

217
Q

Name the joint between the ox coxae and the sacrum

A

Sacroiliac joint

218
Q

What comprises the thoracic cage?

A

The 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum

219
Q

How many bones of the skull are facial bones?

A

14

220
Q

What happens to the curvatures of the vertebral column when the load on it is increased (e.g. carrying something heavy?)

A

The curvatures increase in depth to accomoate the extra weight, then spring back when the weight is removed

221
Q

The intervertebral disc is what type of joint?

A

Symphysis

222
Q

Bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton make up the ____ skeleton

A

Appendicular

223
Q

List the five critical functions of the skeletal system

A 
Supports the body
Facilitates movement 
Protects internal organs 
Produces blood cells 
Stores and releases minerals and fat
224
Q

What does the articular cartilage of a synovial joint allow?

A

The articular cartilage allows the articulating bones to move smoothly against each other without damaging the underlying bone tissue

225
Q

List the bones in the lower limb

A

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges

226
Q

The size of the vessels and nerves that penetrate a bone are indicated by what?

A

The size and shape of the bony depression

227
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Strong connective tissue bands that hold the bones at a moveable joint together and serve to prevent excessive movement of the joint that would cause injury

228
Q

Tilting the head back is what kind of body movement?

A

Extension

229
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Ribs whose costal cartilages do not attach directly to the sternum, but rather to the cartilage of the more superior rib

230
Q

The ribs do not not extend anteriorly completely around the sternum; instead, each rib ends in a ____ ____

A

Costal cartilage

231
Q

There are seven additional bones associated with the head in the axial skeleton - what are they?

A

The hyoid bone and the auditory ossicles (three boens of the middle ear on each side)

232
Q

What is a synarthrotic joint?

A

An immobile joint

233
Q

The regular removal of bone tissue releases what into the blood?

A

Calcium

234
Q

What type of bone marking serves as attachment points for tendons and ligaments?

A

Projections

235
Q

Where are the frontal sinuses contained?

A

In the frontal bone

236
Q

Name the two secondary curvatures in the vertebral column

A

Cervical and lumbar curves

237
Q

What is the purpose of freely moveable joints?

A

To allow extensive movements of the body and limbs

238
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

A joint where the bones are jointed by hyaline or fibrocartilage

239
Q

What is the anatomical name for a freely moveable joint?

A

Diarthosis

240
Q

The ribs are numbered 1 - 12 in accordance with the ____ ____

A

Thoracic vertebrae

241
Q

Joints that allow the most movement between bones are the least ____

A

Stable

242
Q

21 of the adult skull bones are immobile and united in a single unit called the ____

A

Cranium

243
Q

The proximal end of each metacarpal articulates with what?

A

One of the distal carpal bones

244
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

In the superior aspect of the neck near the level fo the inferior mandible

245
Q

What feature of the sella turcica earned the region its name?

A

The high back and tall front

246
Q

Which bone is the longest and strongest in the body?

A

The femur

247
Q

How many vertebrae fuse to become the coccyx?

A

Four

248
Q

The coxal joints serve as the attachment points for what structures?

A

Lower limbs

249
Q

The thoracic cage protects which major organs?

A

Heart and lungs

250
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the joint ends of a bone to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber

251
Q

The ribs are classified into three groups based on what?

A

Their relationship to the sternum

252
Q

The muscles attached to the hyoid allow it to move in what directions?

A

Superiorly/inferiorly or anteriorly/posteriorly

253
Q

Generally describe what calcium ions are essential for

A

Muscle contractions and controlling the flow of other ions involved in the transmission of nerve impulses

254
Q

What areas of the skull are formed by the maxilla?

A

The upper jaw, anterior 3/4 of the hard palate, medial floor of the orbit, and lateral base of the nose

255
Q

What is the name of an elongated basin on a bone?

A

Fossa

256
Q

The parietal bones are both bounded anteriorly by which bone?

A

The frontal bone

257
Q

The vertebral column is subdivided into how many regions?

A

Five

258
Q

The inferior surface of the talus articulates with what?

A

The calcaneus (heel bone)

259
Q

Why are intervetebral discs thickest in the lumbar region?

A

The lumbar region carries the most body weight

260
Q

What is the name of the interior space that is almost completely occupied by the brain?

A

The cranial cavity

261
Q

What is a synovial membrane?

A

The thin membrane that lines the internal surface of the articular capsule of synovial joints

262
Q

All toes except the hallux have how many phalanges?

A

Three

263
Q

The maxillary bone is often referred to by what name?

A

The maxilla

264
Q

What is in the medullary cavity of an adult long bone?

A

Yellow bone marrow

265
Q

Which facial bone contributes to the formation of the lower jaw?

A

The mandible

266
Q

The medial end of the clavicle has a ____ shape

A

Triangular

267
Q

The hyoid bone is attached posteriorly to what structure?

A

The pharynx

268
Q

Describe the two groups in the appendicular skeleton

A

Bones that are located within the limbs themselves, and the girdle bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

269
Q

How many phalnges in digits 2 - 5?

A

Three

270
Q

What are the names of the bones of the middle ear?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

271
Q

Give an example of synarthrosis joints

A

Cranial sutures, the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull

272
Q

What is a bony depression?

A

A hole or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to course around or through a bone

273
Q

What is the articular or fibrous capsule?

A

A dense irregular connective tissue structure of synovial joints that is attached to each bone just external to the area of the bone’s articulating surface

274
Q

Name the regions of the upper limb

A

Brachium, antebrachium, hand

275
Q

What is distal to the talocrural joint?

A

The foot

276
Q

The upper limb is divided into how many regions?

A

Three

277
Q

What is the term for an air-filled space in bone?

A

Sinus

278
Q

What is the name of the joint between the mandible and temporal bones?

A

Temporomandibular joint

279
Q

Which portion of the body has features that allow us to lift and carry objects?

A

The anterior portion

280
Q

Why is the spenoid bone said to be a ‘keystone’ bone?

A

Because it joins with almost every other bone of the skull

281
Q

What is a process of bone?

A

A prominent projection, often elongated

282
Q

Why does yellow marrow contain adipocytes?

A

The trigylcerides stored in the adipocytes serve as an energy source

283
Q

Where is the hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa?

A

The rounded depression in the floor of the sella turcica

284
Q

The bones of the shoulder region form the ____ girdle

A

Pectoral

285
Q

How many bones are in the adult axial skeleton?

A

80

286
Q

What is the anatomical name for a slightly moveable joint?

A

Amphiarthrosis

287
Q

Which bone forms the superior portion of the nasal septum?

A

Ethmoid bone

288
Q

What is the term for bone cells removing old/damaged bone and laying down new bone?

A

Bone remodelling

289
Q

Which is larger, the tibia or fibula?

A

Tibia

290
Q

The scapula has a shallow concavity on the lateral side - what is it called?

A

The glenoid fossa

291
Q

Where does the external auditory canal terminate?

A

At the tympanic membrane

292
Q

What is the name of the joint between a metatarsal and the proximal phalanx of a toe?

A

Metatarsophalangeal joint

293
Q

Give an example of amphiarthrosis joints

A

The anterior intervertebral joints, teh cartilaginous joints that unite the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. The intervertebral disc strongly units the vertebrae but still allows for a limited amount of movement between them, and the total sum of movement along the length of the vertebral column allows for large ranges of movements

294
Q

The articulation between the distal end of a metacarpal and the phalanx of the pollex or a finger is known as what?

A

A metacapophalangeal joint

295
Q

What connects the bones outside the articulating surfaces of synovial joints?

A

Ligaments (strong bands of dense regular connective tissue)

296
Q

The costal cartilage of rib 10 attaches to what structure?

A

The costal cartilage of rib 9

297
Q

An articulation between a carpal and a metacarpal is known as what?

A

Carpometacarpal joint

298
Q

What attaches the lower limbs to the vertebral column?

A

The pelvic girdle

299
Q

Bone remodelling is ongoing as part of what process?

A

Calcium homeostasis

300
Q

When does the cervical curvature develop?

A

As the infant begins to hold their hair upright when sitting

301
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

A joint wherein the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue

302
Q

The maxilla can also be called by what other name?

A

The maxillary bone

303
Q

The articulation between ox coxa and femur is called the ____ joint

A

Hip

304
Q

Which surrounds and protects the brain, the facial or cranial bones?

A

Cranial

305
Q

Ribs 11 and 12 are classified as both ____ and ____ ribs

A

False; floating

306
Q

Ribs ____ to ____ (numbers) are classified as false ribs

A

8; 12

307
Q

When does fusion of the sacrum and coccyx begin?

A

Around 20 years of age

308
Q

What are the functions of the facial bones of the skull?

A

The facial bones form the casal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws

309
Q

The distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulate with what?

A

The talus of the tarsal bones

310
Q

What is housed in the hypophyseal fossa?

A

The pituitary gland

311
Q

What is a bony sinus?

A

An air-filled space in bone

312
Q

What is the most common structural classification of joint in the body?

A

Synovial

313
Q

What is the sacroiliac joint?

A

The joint between the ox coxae and the sacrum

314
Q

The softer connective tissue that fills the interior of most bone is referred to as ____ ____

A

Bone marrow

315
Q

The hyoid bone is attached inferiorly to what structure?

A

The larynx

316
Q

Name the paired bone that forms the pelvic girdle

A

Os coxae (AKA coxal bones or hip bones)

317
Q

The pelvic girdle is formed by a ____ bone

A

Paired

318
Q

Name three things produced in red marrow

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

319
Q

The scapula and clavicle comprise what skeletal structure?

A

The pectoral girdle

320
Q

List some reasons behind a decrease in size and thickness of bones

A

Being bedridden, limb immobilisation, weightlessness in space, changes in diet

321
Q

Flexion and extension involve movements in what directions?

A

Anterior and posterior

322
Q

What occurs in red bone marrow?

A

Haematopoesis

323
Q

The temporal bone houses what three small bones?

A

The auditory ossicles

- malleus, incus, and stapes

324
Q

What is an extracapsular ligament?

A

A ligament located outside the articular capsule

325
Q

Which is the first toe, the smallest or largest (hallux)?

A

The hallux (big toe) is the first

326
Q

The head of the femur articulates with the ____ to form the ____ joint

A

Acetabulum; hip

327
Q

The articulation between two phalanges of a digit is called an ____ joint

A

Interphalangeal

328
Q

List some of the other connective tissue structures of bones

A 
Articular cartilage (lines the joint surfaces of bone)
Dense irregular connective tissue of the periosteum and endosteum that line the non-joint bone surfaces 
Red and yellow bone marrow
329
Q

How many vertebrae in the thoracic region?

A

12 (T1 - T12)

330
Q

What feature of the occipital bone is found at the base of the skull?

A

The foramen magnum

331
Q

Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?

A

Ribs 11 - 12

332
Q

What is the term for a hole or groove that allows blood vessels and nerves to course around or through a bone?

A

A depression (of bone)

333
Q

What kind of tissue are ligaments?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

334
Q

The mid-foot contains five bones known as ____ bones

A

Metatarsal

335
Q

Which bone forms most of the central base and extends laterally to contribute to the sides of the skull?

A

The sphenoid bne

336
Q

Which houses the middle and inner ear structures, the facial or cranial bones?

A

Cranial

337
Q

Which bone of the lower leg is weight-bearing, the tibia or fibula?

A

Tibia

338
Q

How many metacarpals are in the hand?

A

Five

339
Q

Abduction and adduction involve movements in what directions?

A

Medial and lateral

340
Q

What is the term for an opening into a canal of bone?

A

Meatus

341
Q

What is the proper name for the heel bone?

A

Calcaneus

342
Q

Why are the lumbar vertebrae and lower limbs thick and strong?

A

Allows them to support body weight

343
Q

What is the advantage of long sutures being irregular?

A

It serves to tightly interlock the adjacent bones, adding strength to the skull for brain protection

344
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs whose costal cartilages attach directly to the sternum

345
Q

How many articulation areas are at the distal end of the humerus?

A

Two, joining the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint

346
Q

The left and right parietal bones connect at what structure?

A

The sagittal suture

347
Q

What is the functional classification of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Diarthrotic

348
Q

How many carpal bones are in each hand?

A

Eight

349
Q

The last two pairs of false ribs are also ____ ribs

A

Floating

350
Q

How many pairs of ribs in the thoracic cage?

A

12

351
Q

Each of the 14 bones in the toes are known as a ____

A

Phalanx

352
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

The bones of the shoulder region that anchor the limbs to the thoracic cage of the axial skeleton

353
Q

The temporal bones form which part of the skull?

A

The interior lateral sides

354
Q

How many bones are in the adult appendicular skeleton?

A

126

355
Q

The ends of which bones rest on the ground to form the ball of the foot?

A

Metatarsal bones

356
Q

What are the structural classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

357
Q

The least stable joints are those that allow what?

A

The most movement

358
Q

What forms the pectoral girdle?

A

The bones of the shoulder region

359
Q

The pubic symphysis is what type of functional joint classification?

A

Amphiarthrosis - the fibrocartilage connecting the os coxae has very little mobility

360
Q

What is the anatomical name for an immobile joint?

A

Synarthrosis

361
Q

What is an intracapsular ligament?

A

A ligament located inside the fibrous capsule

362
Q

How many phalanges in the hallux?

A

Two

363
Q

The hyoid bone serves as a base for what muscle?

A

The tongue

364
Q

Bone matrix acts as a ____ for minerals including calcium and phosphorus

A

Reservoir

365
Q

Bones facilitate movement by serving as points of ____

A

Attachment

366
Q

How many vertebrae in the adult vertebral column?

A

24

367
Q

Abduction of a limb has what effect?

A

Moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body

368
Q

The body is flexed ____ (direction) during foetal development

A

Anteriorly

369
Q

How many bones are cranial bones?

A

Eight

370
Q

How many vertebrae in the cervical region?

A

7 (C1 - C7)

371
Q

Where does the costal cartilages of the floating ribs terminate?

A

Within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall

372
Q

What is the name of the flattened bone of the anterior thorax?

A

Sternum

373
Q

The parietal bones form most of which part of the skull?

A

The superior lateral sides

374
Q

Body weight is transferred from the tibia to the ____ then onto the ____

A

Talus; calcaneus

375
Q

What are the two main parts of a long bone?

A

The shaft and the joint

376
Q

The mandible articulates with which bone?

A

Temporal bones

377
Q

How does the sternum connect to the ribs?

A

Via articulation with the costal cartilages

378
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

The hollow region in the shaft of a long bone

379
Q

Ribs ____ to ____ (numbers) are classified as floating ribs

A

11; 12

380
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral column?

A

To support to head, neck, and body, allow for movements, and protet the spinal cord

381
Q

The bones serve as primary storage sites for what two minerals?

A

Calcium, phosphate

382
Q

Abduction and adduction take place in what plane?

A

Coronal plane

383
Q

What fills the spaces in trabecular bone?

A

Red bone marrow

384
Q

The parietal bones are both bounded inferiorly by which bones?

A

The temporal bones

385
Q

The vertebral column consists of ____ (number) bones plus the fused sacrum and the coccyx

A

24

386
Q

What is the talus?

A

The most superior tarsal bone

387
Q

Which is the lateral bone, radius or ulna?

A

Radius

388
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Red and yellow bone marrow

389
Q

What is the effect of rotation of the glenohumoral or hip joints?

A

Moves the anterior surface of the limb toward or away from the midline of the body

390
Q

What is the functional classification of all synovial joints?

A

Diarthrosis

391
Q

What is the singular form of phalange?

A

Phalanx

392
Q

When does the lumbar curvature develop?

A

As the child begins to stand then to walk

393
Q

A dense irregular connective tissue structure of synovial joints that is attached to each bone just external to the area of the bone’s articulating surface; what is the name of this structure?

A

The articular or fibrous capsule

394
Q

What are the purposes of immobile or slightly moveable joints?

A

To protect internal organs, give stability to the body, and allow limited body movement

395
Q

____ (number) tarsal bones form the ____ (direction) of the foot

A

Seven; posterior

396
Q

Name the cranial bones

A 
Parietal bones (L&R)
Temporal bones (L&R)
Frontal bone
Occipital bone 
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
397
Q

Which part of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus?

A

The glenoid fossa

398
Q

Name the paired bones of the antebrachium

A

Radius, ulna

399
Q

Which is medial, the tibia or fibula?

A

Tibia

400
Q

The clavicle is an ____-shaped bone on the ____ side of the shoulder

A

S-shaped; anterior

401
Q

Which bone forms the roof of the orbit?

A

The frontal bone

402
Q

What is the crural region?

A

The region between the knee and the talocrural (ankle) joint

403
Q

The scapula is on which aspect of the shoulder?

A

Posterior aspect

404
Q

What does the size and shape of a bony depression indicate?

A

The size of the vessels and nerves that penetrate the bone at these points

405
Q

How does the ulna articulate with the hand?

A

The ulna does not contribute to the articulations with the bones of the hand

406
Q

What projects anteriorly from the temporal bone?

A

The zygomatic process

407
Q

Describe the relationship between bones and joints from a mechanical perspective

A

Bones act as levels and joints serve as fulcrums

408
Q

What is the anatomical name of the ‘big toe’?

A

Hallux

409
Q

What structures comprise the bony pelvis?

A

The two os coxae, sacrum, and coccyx

410
Q

The ethmoid bone contributes to the formation of how many nasal conchae?

A

2 of the 3

411
Q

How many vertebrae in the lumbar region?

A

5 (L1 - L5)

412
Q

What type of bone tissue fills the wider joint ends of bones?

A

Trabecular bone

413
Q

Which bone can be easily palpated down the medial side of the leg?

A

The tibia

414
Q

What major organs are protected by the axial skeleton?

A

Brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs

415
Q

Why does the hyoid need to move?

A

Its movements are coordinated with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx during swallowing and speaking

416
Q

Name the single bone of the brachium

A

Humerus

417
Q

A bone is not going to move unless a muscle does what?

A

Spans a joint and contracts

418
Q

The distal end of the femur articulates with which bones to form the knee?

A

Tibia; patella

419
Q

What is contained in the frontal bone?

A

The frontal sinuses (one of the paranasal sinuses)

420
Q

How many bones in the toes?

A

14

421
Q

Osseous tissue is a form of ____ connective tissue

A

Dense

422
Q

Together the vertebrae and intervertebral discs form what structure?

A

The vertebral column

423
Q

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Where the lateral end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula

424
Q

Which facial bone contributes to the formation of the upper jaw?

A

The maxilla

425
Q

Ligaments are classified based on what?

A

Their relationship to the fibrous capsule

426
Q

What are the subdivisions of the skull?

A

The facial bones and the cranial bones

427
Q

How many moveable bones are in the adult skull?

A

One

428
Q

Why do young people have more bones than adults?

A

Some bones fuse together during childhood and adolescence

429
Q

What is the name of the joints where the sternum articulates with the right and left clavicles?

A

Sternoclavicular joints

430
Q

What is the largest bone of the foot?

A

The calcaneus

431
Q

What is the name of the hollow region in a long bone shaft?

A

Medullary cavity

432
Q

The hard palate separates what two cavities?

A

Oral and nasal cavities

433
Q

What is the joint between adjacent phalanges called?

A

Interphalangeal joint

434
Q

The size and shape of a bony projection is an indication of what?

A

The forces exerted through the attachment to the bone

435
Q

Is spreading the fingers abduction or adduction?

A

Abduction

436
Q

Which bone forms the forehead?

A

The frontal bone

437
Q

Is the skeleton alive?

A

Yes, it is a living tissue structure that grows, repairs, and renews itself

438
Q

Which ribs are classified as false ribs?

A

Ribs 8 - 12

439
Q

How is each os coxa joined to the axial skeleton?

A

Via attachment to the sacrum of the vertebral column

440
Q

What type of bone tissue comprises the shaft of a long bone?

A

Dense and hard cortical bone

441
Q

What is acknowledged by the term ‘bone organ’?

A

That a bone consists of bone tissue as well as other connective tissue derivatives including cartilaginous and connective tissue proper, adipose tissue, and fluid connective tissue

442
Q

The bones of the lower limbs are adapted for what functions?

A

Weight-bearing, support, stability, and body locomotion

443
Q

What is the purpose of the mastoid process?

A

It serves as a muscle attachment site for the sternocleidomastoid muscle

444
Q

The ribs articulate posteriorly with which structures?

A

T1 - T12 vertebrae

445
Q

What is the name of the joint between the occipital and atlas bones?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

446
Q

The sagittal suture is located along the ____ plane

A

Sagittal (or mid-sagittal)

447
Q

How many tarsal bones are there?

A

Seven

LQB187 (11 decks)

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