Skeletal system Flashcards
The sagittal suture runs between which bones?
The left and right parietal bones
What is the sella turcica?
The ‘turkish saddle’ structure of the sphenoid bone located at the midline of the middle cranial fossa
What is the difference in the mandible of a child versus that of an adult?
At birth the mandible consists of paired left and right bones, which fuse during the first year to form the single U-shaped adult mandible
Intervetebral discs provide padding between vertebrae during what form of stress?
Weight bearing
Name the three regions of the vertebrae
Cervical, thoracic, and lumber
What forms the walls of a joint cavity?
The articular or fibrous capsule
What structure terminates at the tympanic membrane?
The external auditory canal
What is an articulation of bone?
Where two bone surfaces come together
What is an intervertebral disc?
A fibrocartilaginous pad that fills the gap between adjacent vertebral bodies
The expanded distal end of each metacarpal articulates with what?
The phalanx of the pollex or one of the fingers
Which bones does the coronal suture join?
The frontal bone to the right and left parietal bones
The metacarpals form which part of the hand?
The palm
What is the definition of a ligament?
Dense regular connective tissue bands that band between two bones or bone surfaces
What is the term for a hole through bone?
Foramen
Muscle attachment sites on bones will thicken if a person increases their ____ ____
Muscle strength
The zygomatic process forms the posterior portion of what structure?
The zygomatic arch
Cartilage can unite adjacent bones or provide ____ between them
Cushioning
The lateral and anterior aspects of the bony pelvis are formed by the ____ ____ (bones)
Os coxae
Which ribs are classified as true ribs?
Ribs 1 - 7
Which is the medial bone, radius or ulna?
Ulna
Where can the external auditory canal be found?
As a lateral opening of the temporal bone
Cartilage is a ____-____ form of connective tissue
Semi-rigid
Which metatarsal is shorter and thicker than the others, 1 or 5?
1st
How many bones in the lower limb?
30
The metatarsals are numbered 1 to 5 beginning at which side, medial or lateral?
Medial
What is a foramen?
A hole through bone
The superior surface of the talus articulates with what bones?
Tibia and fibula
Functional classifications of joints differ based on what?
The degree of movement available between the bones
The laterally flattened and expanded region of the scapula is called the ____ or ____ ____
Acromion; acromial process
Which joint connects the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton superiorly?
The sternoclavicular joints (between the sternum and clavicles)
When do primary curvatures of the vertebral column develop?
Primary curvatures are returned from the original foetal curvature
What is the pelvic girdle?
The bones that attach the lower limbs to the vertebral column
What holds the hyoid bone in position?
A series of small muscles attached superiorly and inferiorly
When do secondary curvatures of the vertebra column develop?
After birth
Anterior bending of the head is what kind of body movement?
Flexion
What is the purpose of the fibula?
Serves primarily for muscle attachments
____ connective tissue forms most of the adult skeleton
Dense
Where is the sella turcica found?
At the midline of the middle cranial fossa
Why might the curvatures of the vertebral column increase in depth?
Increased load, e.g. carrying something heavy
The patella articulates with the distal end of the ____
Femur
What is an interphalanageal joint?
The articulation between two phalanges of a digit
What is the hard palate?
The bony plate that forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity
Which bone forms the anterior margin of the coronal suture?
The frontal bone
A reduction in muscle strength or body weight will cause bones to become ____
Thinner
Which supports the upper and lower jaws, facial or cranial bones?
Facial
What is the functional classification of the hip joint?
Diarthrotic
What lines the internal surface of the articular capsule in a synovial joint?
A thin synovial membrane
What is the range of the functional ‘degree of movement’ of joints?
Immobile, slightly mobile, freely moveable
What are the major divisions of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
The thoracic cage includes the ____ (number) pairs of ribs and the sternum
12
How many phalanges in each hand?
14
How many bones are in each upper limb?
30
Which metatarsal is the longest?
2nd
The occipital bone forms an important articulation with what bone?
The first cervical vertebra, called the ‘altas’
The coronal suture runs in which direction?
Side to side
How does the pelvic girdle differ from the pectoral girdles in regard to structure and function?
The pelvic girdle is strongly united to form a largely immobile, weight-bearing structure (whereas the pectoral girdles are separate which allows for maximum individual movement)
Which bone forms the posterior skull and base of the cranial cavity?
Occipital bone
Which bone forms the roof and lateral walls of the superior nasal cavity, superior portion of the nasal septum, and contributes to the medial wall of the orbit?
The ethmoid bone
What is the name of the joint where the clavicle articulates with the sternum?
The sternoclavicular joint
What is the hip joint?
Where the ox coxa articulates laterally with the femur
Extension of the limbs has what effect?
Increases the angle between the bones and straightens the joint
Name the groups of bones in the foot
Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Which encloses the eyeballs, facial bones or cranial bones?
Facial bones
What is the name of the joint where the glenoid fossa of the scapula articuates with the head of the humerus?
The glenohumeral joint
Bones can modify their strength and thickness in response to what changes?
Muscle strength and body weight
The term ‘cranium’ describes all bones of the skull except the ____
Mandible
The sphenoid forms much of what area of the skull?
The base of the central skull
Joints that allow little or no movement are the most ____
Stable
What separates the sequence of vertebrae?
Intervertebral discs
What comprises the walls of a long bone shaft?
Dense and hard cortical bone
The axial skeleton includes the bones of what structures?
Head, neck, thorax, back
The vertebrae (note: vertebrae, not vertebral column) are divided into how many regions?
Three
The posterior portion of the foot is formed by a group of bones called ____ bones
Tarsal
What is the function of the rounded cranial bones?
The cranial bones surround and protect the brain and house the middle and inner ear structues
What are the three classifications of bone markings?
Articulations, projections, and depressions
Name the two primary curvatures in the vertebral column
Thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves
What is the glenoid fossa?
A shallow concavity on the lateral side of the scapula
How does the vertebral column begin as a sequence of 33 vertebrae but reduce to 24?
The fusing of the sacrum and the coccyx
What is the foramen magnum?
A large hole in the occipital bone that allows passage of the spinal cord as it exits the skull
Name the auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus, stapes
Give an example of a foramen in bone
The foramen magnum in the occipital bone
Which joint is the only bony articulation between the pectoral girdle and axial skeleton?
The sternoclavicular joint
What are tendons?
Part of a skeletal muscle organ that connect muscle fibres to bone
Name the regions of the lower limbs
Femoral region, crural region, and the foot
The ankle joint is known properly as the ____ joint
Talocrural
The anatomy of the skeleton requires an understanding of ____, the study of bones, and ____, the study of joints
Osteology; arthrology
What is an amphiarthrotic joint?
A slightly moveable joint
Which bones protect the spinal cord?
The vertebrae
What do structural classifications of joints take into account?
Whether the bones are strongly anchored by fibrous connective tissue orcaritlage, or whether they articulate in a fluid-filled joint cavity
Rib Y has costal cartilage that terminates within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall. Rib Y is a ____ rib
Floating (and false)
What is a suture of the skull?
An immobile joint between two adjacent bones of the skull
Are the left and right pectoral girdles connected?
No
The metatarsals are located between the ____ and the ____
Tarsals; phalanges
How do ligaments prevent excessive or abnormal joint movements?
By allowing normal movements at a joint but limiting the range of the motions
Give an example of how two bone surfaces might conform to each other
One might be rounded while the other is cupped
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the joint ends of a bone to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber is known as the ____ cartilage
Articular
Ribs ____ to ____ (numbers) are classified as true ribs
1; 7
What is the atlas?
The first cervical bone of the vertebrae
How many curvatures in the vertebral column?
Four
Which bone of the lower limb has a medial side immediately deep to the skin?
The tibia
The size of a bony landmark that serves as a muscle attachment site is related to what?
The strength of that muscle
Where are the sensory organs of the inner ear found?
Housed by the temporal bone
What is a carpometacarpal joint?
An articulation between a metacarpal and a distal carpal
Describe the proximal end of the ulna
Similar to a crescent wrench with a large C-shaped hook that articulates with the humerus
How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?
206
What is the difference between primary and secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?
Primary curves are retained from the original foetal curvature, while secondary curvatures develop after birth
Which facial bone forms the upper jaw, anterior 3/4 of the hard palate, medial floor of the orbit, and lateral base of the nose?
Maxillary bone/maxilla
The articulation between the tibia, fibula, and talus of the tarsal bones forms what joint?
The talocrural joint
What projects inferiorly from the posterior region of the temporal bone?
The mastoid process
What does the articulation between the occipital bone and the atlas allow?
Flexion and extension of the head on the neck at the atlanto-occipital joint
What is a synovial joint?
A joint wherein the articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, but come into contact with each other within a joint cavity that is filled with lubricating fluid
How many individual bones in the adult skull?
22
What provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement in areas of the skeleton where bones move?
Cartilage
Are the long sutures between cranial bones straight or irregular?
Irregular
The fibula is ____ (direction) to the tibia
Lateral
Which curvatures of the adult vertebral column are retained from foetal curvatures? Name them.
The thoracic and sacrococcygeal curvatures (the primary curvatures)
The medial end of the clavicle articulates with which bone?
The sternum
What is the name of the feature of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone?
The posteriosuperior process/condyle
The superior part of the skeleton has greater ___ and ranges of ____ than the inferior portion
Mobility; motion
The ____ bone extends laterally to contribute to the lateral sides of the skull
Sphenoid
The pubic symphysis is a ____ joint
Cartilaginous
What direction does the head of the humerus face?
Medially
What is the name of the deep cup-shaped cavity of the os coxa?
The acetabulum
The ribs are anchored posteriorly to which structures?
The 12 thoracic vertebrae
What is a meatus of bone?
An opening into a canal
How many vertebrae in the axial skeleton?
24
Rib X has costal cartilage that attaches to the cartilage of the rib superior to it. Rib X is a ____ rib
False
The parietal bones are both bounded posteriorly by which bone?
The occipital bone
How many phalanges in the pollex?
Two
The most stable joints are those that allow what?
Little to no movement
What is the name of the strong connective tissue bands that hold the bones at a moveable joint together and serve to prevent excessive movement of the joint that would cause injury?
Ligaments
What is a projection of bone?
An area that projects out from the bone surface; these are attachment points for tendons and ligaments
Flexion and extension take place in what plane?
The sagittal plane
The first digit is the ____
Pollex (thumb)
Where are intervetebral discs thinnest?
In the cervical region
How many metatarsal bones in each foot?
Five
What is the purpose of the curvatures of the vertebral column? There are three possible answers
To increase strength, flexibility, and ability to absorb shock
Body movements are always described in relation to what?
The anatomical position of the body
What is the glenohumeral joint?
Where the glenoid fossa of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus
Flexion of the limbs has what effect?
Decreases the angle between the bones
What prevents friction between the bones at a synovial joint?
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surface of each bone, called the articular cartilage
Which is the most inferior weight-bearing bone?
The calcaneus
What does yellow bone marrow contain that red bone marrow does not?
Adipose tissue
____ bone marrow fills the spaces in trabecular bone
Red
The sternum articulates superolaterally with which structures?
The right and left clavicles
Rib Z has costal cartilage that directly attaches to the sternum. Rib Z is a ____ rib
True
Rotation can occur in which joints?
Glenohumeral and hip joints
Any place where bones or bone and cartilage come together is called a ____ or ____
Joint; articulation
What is the name of the rounded depression in the floor of the sella turcica?
The hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa
What is a metacarpophalangeal joint?
The articulation between the distal end of a metacarpal and the phalanx of a pollex or finger
What type of bone marrow is contained in the head of the femur?
Red and yellow marrow
The tympanic membrane marks the boundary between what two structures?
The external and middle ear
Most diarthrotic joints are found in the ____ skeleton
Appendicular
What is medial/internal rotation?
Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body
Muscles that move the head, neck, back, and muscles that act across the glenohumeral and coxal (hip) joints to move their corresponding limbs attach to the ____ skeleton
Axial
How many vertebrae fuse to become the sacrum?
Five
The os coxae converge anteriorly to attach at what structure?
The pubic symphysis
The patella is colloquially referred to as the ____
Kneecap
What bones articulate with the hyoid?
None - the hyoid is an independent bone that does not contact other bones and is not part of the skull
The term skeleton describes the bones of the body but also includes what structures?
The small ligaments and cartilages which help link adjacent bones and form arthroses (joints)
Which part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae?
The head of the femur
What is lateral/external rotation?
Movement that moves the anterior surface of the limb away from the midline of the body
The pectoral girdle consists of two bones - name them
The scapula and the clavicle
Bringing the toes together is what kind of body movement?
Adduction
The antebrachium is what region?
The upper arm between the elbow and radiocarpal joints
Bone marrow stores ____ and ____ tissue
Fat; haematopoetic
Do the tips of the ‘u’ of the hyoid point anteriorly or posteriorly?
Posteriorly
Where are the vestibular apparatus and cochear found?
Housed by the temporal bone
The glenoid fossa articulates with what structure?
The head of the humerus
What are the essential functions of bones?
Protection of critical organs, facilitating body movement, and haematopoesis (blood cell production)
What bony region is found at the midline of the middle cranial fossa?
The sella turcica
What is the purpose of a synovial membrane?
The cells of the membrane secrete synovial fluid, a thick slimy fluid that provides lubrication to further reduce friction between the bones of the joint
Describe the distal end of the radius
The distal end of the radius has a smooth surface for articulation with two carpals to form the radiocarpal joint
What is the radiocarpal joint?
Two carpals articulating with the smooth surface of the distal end of the radius
Adduction of a limb has what effect?
Moves the limb toward the body or across the midline
What does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?
The acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint
Why is the large immobile structure of the pelvic girdle important for stability?
It allows the weight of the body to be transferred laterally from the certebral column into the lower limbs, acting as a foundation for the upper body and resting on the lower limbs
What are floating ribs?
Short ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all; their costal cartilages terminate within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall
What is the sternum?
The elongated bony structure that anchors the anterior thoracic cage
What is the advantage of the left and right pectoral girdles not being connected?
It allows each to operate independently
What fills the narrow gap between bones in a suture?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
What type of joint gives the greatest range of movement at an individual joint?
Ball-and-socket
What forms the elbow joint?
The two articulation areas of the humerus joining with the crescent-shaped end of the ulna and end of the radius
What is a diarthrotic joint?
A freely moveable joint
The frontal sinuses are part of what group of sinuses?
Paranasal sinuses
What bone houses the auditory ossicles?
The temporal bone
What is enabled by the temporomandibular joint?
Opening and closing of the mouth
Most ribs attach anteriorly through their costal cartilages to the ____
Sternum
The inferior portion of the skeleton is specialised for stability during what actions?
Walking or running
What component of synovial joints is not seen in fibrous or cartilaginous joints?
A fluid-filled joint cavity
Name the moveable bone in the adult skull
The mandible (lower jaw)
Which bone forms the roof and lateral walls of the superior nasal cavity?
Ethmoid bone
What is the femoral region?
The portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee joint
Where are intervetebral discs thickest?
In the lumbar region
Which bone contributes to the medial wall of the orbit?
Ethmoid bone
The brachium is what region?
The upper arm between the glenohumeral and elbow joints
Calcium homeostasis relies on regular ____ ____ to maintain high levels in bone mineralisation during replacement of bone tissue
Dietary intake (of calcium)
How many phanges in each foot?
14
What is the atlanto-occipital joint?
The joint between the occipital bone and atlas that allows flexion and extension of the head on the neck
Each intervetebral disc is anchored to what?
The bodies of the adjacent vertebrae
Much of the base of the central skull is formed by the ____ bone
Sphenoid
The metacarpals are numbered 1 to 5 beginning where?
At the pollex (thumb)
What is the most superior tarsal bone?
The talus
What is the secondary purpose of synovial fluid?
To provide nourishment for the articular cartilage, which does not contain blood vessels
The bones of the ____ protect the brain
Cranium
The vertebral column originally develops as a sequence of how many vertebrae?
33
How many bones of the adult skull are immobile?
21
What structures of the inner ear are housed by the temporal bone?
The vestibular apparatus and cochlear
Name the two sutures seen on the superior aspect of the skull
The coronal and sagittal sutures
Which part of the scapula forms the bony tip of the superior shoulder region?
The acromion
What is the lateral opening of the temporal bone?
The external auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)
Secondary curvatures are concave ____ (direction)
Posteriorly
Which forms the nasal cavity, the facial bones or cranial bones?
Facial bones
What is a fossa?
An elongated basin in the bony surface
Articulating bone surfaces tend to ____ to each other
Conform
Which bones protect the lungs and heart?
The ribs and sternum
Name the joint between the ox coxae and the sacrum
Sacroiliac joint
What comprises the thoracic cage?
The 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum
How many bones of the skull are facial bones?
14
What happens to the curvatures of the vertebral column when the load on it is increased (e.g. carrying something heavy?)
The curvatures increase in depth to accomoate the extra weight, then spring back when the weight is removed
The intervertebral disc is what type of joint?
Symphysis
Bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton make up the ____ skeleton
Appendicular
List the five critical functions of the skeletal system
Supports the body Facilitates movement Protects internal organs Produces blood cells Stores and releases minerals and fat
What does the articular cartilage of a synovial joint allow?
The articular cartilage allows the articulating bones to move smoothly against each other without damaging the underlying bone tissue
List the bones in the lower limb
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges
The size of the vessels and nerves that penetrate a bone are indicated by what?
The size and shape of the bony depression
What are ligaments?
Strong connective tissue bands that hold the bones at a moveable joint together and serve to prevent excessive movement of the joint that would cause injury
Tilting the head back is what kind of body movement?
Extension
What are false ribs?
Ribs whose costal cartilages do not attach directly to the sternum, but rather to the cartilage of the more superior rib
The ribs do not not extend anteriorly completely around the sternum; instead, each rib ends in a ____ ____
Costal cartilage
There are seven additional bones associated with the head in the axial skeleton - what are they?
The hyoid bone and the auditory ossicles (three boens of the middle ear on each side)
What is a synarthrotic joint?
An immobile joint
The regular removal of bone tissue releases what into the blood?
Calcium
What type of bone marking serves as attachment points for tendons and ligaments?
Projections
Where are the frontal sinuses contained?
In the frontal bone
Name the two secondary curvatures in the vertebral column
Cervical and lumbar curves
What is the purpose of freely moveable joints?
To allow extensive movements of the body and limbs
What is a cartilaginous joint?
A joint where the bones are jointed by hyaline or fibrocartilage
What is the anatomical name for a freely moveable joint?
Diarthosis
The ribs are numbered 1 - 12 in accordance with the ____ ____
Thoracic vertebrae
Joints that allow the most movement between bones are the least ____
Stable
21 of the adult skull bones are immobile and united in a single unit called the ____
Cranium
The proximal end of each metacarpal articulates with what?
One of the distal carpal bones
Where is the hyoid bone located?
In the superior aspect of the neck near the level fo the inferior mandible
What feature of the sella turcica earned the region its name?
The high back and tall front
Which bone is the longest and strongest in the body?
The femur
How many vertebrae fuse to become the coccyx?
Four
The coxal joints serve as the attachment points for what structures?
Lower limbs
The thoracic cage protects which major organs?
Heart and lungs
What is articular cartilage?
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the joint ends of a bone to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber
The ribs are classified into three groups based on what?
Their relationship to the sternum
The muscles attached to the hyoid allow it to move in what directions?
Superiorly/inferiorly or anteriorly/posteriorly
Generally describe what calcium ions are essential for
Muscle contractions and controlling the flow of other ions involved in the transmission of nerve impulses
What areas of the skull are formed by the maxilla?
The upper jaw, anterior 3/4 of the hard palate, medial floor of the orbit, and lateral base of the nose
What is the name of an elongated basin on a bone?
Fossa
The parietal bones are both bounded anteriorly by which bone?
The frontal bone
The vertebral column is subdivided into how many regions?
Five
The inferior surface of the talus articulates with what?
The calcaneus (heel bone)
Why are intervetebral discs thickest in the lumbar region?
The lumbar region carries the most body weight
What is the name of the interior space that is almost completely occupied by the brain?
The cranial cavity
What is a synovial membrane?
The thin membrane that lines the internal surface of the articular capsule of synovial joints
All toes except the hallux have how many phalanges?
Three
The maxillary bone is often referred to by what name?
The maxilla
What is in the medullary cavity of an adult long bone?
Yellow bone marrow
Which facial bone contributes to the formation of the lower jaw?
The mandible
The medial end of the clavicle has a ____ shape
Triangular
The hyoid bone is attached posteriorly to what structure?
The pharynx
Describe the two groups in the appendicular skeleton
Bones that are located within the limbs themselves, and the girdle bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
How many phalnges in digits 2 - 5?
Three
What are the names of the bones of the middle ear?
Malleus, incus, stapes
Give an example of synarthrosis joints
Cranial sutures, the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull
What is a bony depression?
A hole or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to course around or through a bone
What is the articular or fibrous capsule?
A dense irregular connective tissue structure of synovial joints that is attached to each bone just external to the area of the bone’s articulating surface
Name the regions of the upper limb
Brachium, antebrachium, hand
What is distal to the talocrural joint?
The foot
The upper limb is divided into how many regions?
Three
What is the term for an air-filled space in bone?
Sinus
What is the name of the joint between the mandible and temporal bones?
Temporomandibular joint
Which portion of the body has features that allow us to lift and carry objects?
The anterior portion
Why is the spenoid bone said to be a ‘keystone’ bone?
Because it joins with almost every other bone of the skull
What is a process of bone?
A prominent projection, often elongated
Why does yellow marrow contain adipocytes?
The trigylcerides stored in the adipocytes serve as an energy source
Where is the hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa?
The rounded depression in the floor of the sella turcica
The bones of the shoulder region form the ____ girdle
Pectoral
How many bones are in the adult axial skeleton?
80
What is the anatomical name for a slightly moveable joint?
Amphiarthrosis
Which bone forms the superior portion of the nasal septum?
Ethmoid bone
What is the term for bone cells removing old/damaged bone and laying down new bone?
Bone remodelling
Which is larger, the tibia or fibula?
Tibia
The scapula has a shallow concavity on the lateral side - what is it called?
The glenoid fossa
Where does the external auditory canal terminate?
At the tympanic membrane
What is the name of the joint between a metatarsal and the proximal phalanx of a toe?
Metatarsophalangeal joint
Give an example of amphiarthrosis joints
The anterior intervertebral joints, teh cartilaginous joints that unite the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. The intervertebral disc strongly units the vertebrae but still allows for a limited amount of movement between them, and the total sum of movement along the length of the vertebral column allows for large ranges of movements
The articulation between the distal end of a metacarpal and the phalanx of the pollex or a finger is known as what?
A metacapophalangeal joint
What connects the bones outside the articulating surfaces of synovial joints?
Ligaments (strong bands of dense regular connective tissue)
The costal cartilage of rib 10 attaches to what structure?
The costal cartilage of rib 9
An articulation between a carpal and a metacarpal is known as what?
Carpometacarpal joint
What attaches the lower limbs to the vertebral column?
The pelvic girdle
Bone remodelling is ongoing as part of what process?
Calcium homeostasis
When does the cervical curvature develop?
As the infant begins to hold their hair upright when sitting
What is a fibrous joint?
A joint wherein the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue
The maxilla can also be called by what other name?
The maxillary bone
The articulation between ox coxa and femur is called the ____ joint
Hip
Which surrounds and protects the brain, the facial or cranial bones?
Cranial
Ribs 11 and 12 are classified as both ____ and ____ ribs
False; floating
Ribs ____ to ____ (numbers) are classified as false ribs
8; 12
When does fusion of the sacrum and coccyx begin?
Around 20 years of age
What are the functions of the facial bones of the skull?
The facial bones form the casal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws
The distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulate with what?
The talus of the tarsal bones
What is housed in the hypophyseal fossa?
The pituitary gland
What is a bony sinus?
An air-filled space in bone
What is the most common structural classification of joint in the body?
Synovial
What is the sacroiliac joint?
The joint between the ox coxae and the sacrum
The softer connective tissue that fills the interior of most bone is referred to as ____ ____
Bone marrow
The hyoid bone is attached inferiorly to what structure?
The larynx
Name the paired bone that forms the pelvic girdle
Os coxae (AKA coxal bones or hip bones)
The pelvic girdle is formed by a ____ bone
Paired
Name three things produced in red marrow
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
The scapula and clavicle comprise what skeletal structure?
The pectoral girdle
List some reasons behind a decrease in size and thickness of bones
Being bedridden, limb immobilisation, weightlessness in space, changes in diet
Flexion and extension involve movements in what directions?
Anterior and posterior
What occurs in red bone marrow?
Haematopoesis
The temporal bone houses what three small bones?
The auditory ossicles
- malleus, incus, and stapes
What is an extracapsular ligament?
A ligament located outside the articular capsule
Which is the first toe, the smallest or largest (hallux)?
The hallux (big toe) is the first
The head of the femur articulates with the ____ to form the ____ joint
Acetabulum; hip
The articulation between two phalanges of a digit is called an ____ joint
Interphalangeal
List some of the other connective tissue structures of bones
Articular cartilage (lines the joint surfaces of bone) Dense irregular connective tissue of the periosteum and endosteum that line the non-joint bone surfaces Red and yellow bone marrow
How many vertebrae in the thoracic region?
12 (T1 - T12)
What feature of the occipital bone is found at the base of the skull?
The foramen magnum
Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?
Ribs 11 - 12
What is the term for a hole or groove that allows blood vessels and nerves to course around or through a bone?
A depression (of bone)
What kind of tissue are ligaments?
Dense regular connective tissue
The mid-foot contains five bones known as ____ bones
Metatarsal
Which bone forms most of the central base and extends laterally to contribute to the sides of the skull?
The sphenoid bne
Which houses the middle and inner ear structures, the facial or cranial bones?
Cranial
Which bone of the lower leg is weight-bearing, the tibia or fibula?
Tibia
How many metacarpals are in the hand?
Five
Abduction and adduction involve movements in what directions?
Medial and lateral
What is the term for an opening into a canal of bone?
Meatus
What is the proper name for the heel bone?
Calcaneus
Why are the lumbar vertebrae and lower limbs thick and strong?
Allows them to support body weight
What is the advantage of long sutures being irregular?
It serves to tightly interlock the adjacent bones, adding strength to the skull for brain protection
What are true ribs?
Ribs whose costal cartilages attach directly to the sternum
How many articulation areas are at the distal end of the humerus?
Two, joining the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint
The left and right parietal bones connect at what structure?
The sagittal suture
What is the functional classification of the glenohumeral joint?
Diarthrotic
How many carpal bones are in each hand?
Eight
The last two pairs of false ribs are also ____ ribs
Floating
How many pairs of ribs in the thoracic cage?
12
Each of the 14 bones in the toes are known as a ____
Phalanx
What is the pectoral girdle?
The bones of the shoulder region that anchor the limbs to the thoracic cage of the axial skeleton
The temporal bones form which part of the skull?
The interior lateral sides
How many bones are in the adult appendicular skeleton?
126
The ends of which bones rest on the ground to form the ball of the foot?
Metatarsal bones
What are the structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
The least stable joints are those that allow what?
The most movement
What forms the pectoral girdle?
The bones of the shoulder region
The pubic symphysis is what type of functional joint classification?
Amphiarthrosis - the fibrocartilage connecting the os coxae has very little mobility
What is the anatomical name for an immobile joint?
Synarthrosis
What is an intracapsular ligament?
A ligament located inside the fibrous capsule
How many phalanges in the hallux?
Two
The hyoid bone serves as a base for what muscle?
The tongue
Bone matrix acts as a ____ for minerals including calcium and phosphorus
Reservoir
Bones facilitate movement by serving as points of ____
Attachment
How many vertebrae in the adult vertebral column?
24
Abduction of a limb has what effect?
Moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body
The body is flexed ____ (direction) during foetal development
Anteriorly
How many bones are cranial bones?
Eight
How many vertebrae in the cervical region?
7 (C1 - C7)
Where does the costal cartilages of the floating ribs terminate?
Within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall
What is the name of the flattened bone of the anterior thorax?
Sternum
The parietal bones form most of which part of the skull?
The superior lateral sides
Body weight is transferred from the tibia to the ____ then onto the ____
Talus; calcaneus
What are the two main parts of a long bone?
The shaft and the joint
The mandible articulates with which bone?
Temporal bones
How does the sternum connect to the ribs?
Via articulation with the costal cartilages
What is the medullary cavity?
The hollow region in the shaft of a long bone
Ribs ____ to ____ (numbers) are classified as floating ribs
11; 12
What is the purpose of the vertebral column?
To support to head, neck, and body, allow for movements, and protet the spinal cord
The bones serve as primary storage sites for what two minerals?
Calcium, phosphate
Abduction and adduction take place in what plane?
Coronal plane
What fills the spaces in trabecular bone?
Red bone marrow
The parietal bones are both bounded inferiorly by which bones?
The temporal bones
The vertebral column consists of ____ (number) bones plus the fused sacrum and the coccyx
24
What is the talus?
The most superior tarsal bone
Which is the lateral bone, radius or ulna?
Radius
What are the two types of bone marrow?
Red and yellow bone marrow
What is the effect of rotation of the glenohumoral or hip joints?
Moves the anterior surface of the limb toward or away from the midline of the body
What is the functional classification of all synovial joints?
Diarthrosis
What is the singular form of phalange?
Phalanx
When does the lumbar curvature develop?
As the child begins to stand then to walk
A dense irregular connective tissue structure of synovial joints that is attached to each bone just external to the area of the bone’s articulating surface; what is the name of this structure?
The articular or fibrous capsule
What are the purposes of immobile or slightly moveable joints?
To protect internal organs, give stability to the body, and allow limited body movement
____ (number) tarsal bones form the ____ (direction) of the foot
Seven; posterior
Name the cranial bones
Parietal bones (L&R) Temporal bones (L&R) Frontal bone Occipital bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone
Which part of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus?
The glenoid fossa
Name the paired bones of the antebrachium
Radius, ulna
Which is medial, the tibia or fibula?
Tibia
The clavicle is an ____-shaped bone on the ____ side of the shoulder
S-shaped; anterior
Which bone forms the roof of the orbit?
The frontal bone
What is the crural region?
The region between the knee and the talocrural (ankle) joint
The scapula is on which aspect of the shoulder?
Posterior aspect
What does the size and shape of a bony depression indicate?
The size of the vessels and nerves that penetrate the bone at these points
How does the ulna articulate with the hand?
The ulna does not contribute to the articulations with the bones of the hand
What projects anteriorly from the temporal bone?
The zygomatic process
Describe the relationship between bones and joints from a mechanical perspective
Bones act as levels and joints serve as fulcrums
What is the anatomical name of the ‘big toe’?
Hallux
What structures comprise the bony pelvis?
The two os coxae, sacrum, and coccyx
The ethmoid bone contributes to the formation of how many nasal conchae?
2 of the 3
How many vertebrae in the lumbar region?
5 (L1 - L5)
What type of bone tissue fills the wider joint ends of bones?
Trabecular bone
Which bone can be easily palpated down the medial side of the leg?
The tibia
What major organs are protected by the axial skeleton?
Brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
Why does the hyoid need to move?
Its movements are coordinated with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx during swallowing and speaking
Name the single bone of the brachium
Humerus
A bone is not going to move unless a muscle does what?
Spans a joint and contracts
The distal end of the femur articulates with which bones to form the knee?
Tibia; patella
What is contained in the frontal bone?
The frontal sinuses (one of the paranasal sinuses)
How many bones in the toes?
14
Osseous tissue is a form of ____ connective tissue
Dense
Together the vertebrae and intervertebral discs form what structure?
The vertebral column
What is the acromioclavicular joint?
Where the lateral end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula
Which facial bone contributes to the formation of the upper jaw?
The maxilla
Ligaments are classified based on what?
Their relationship to the fibrous capsule
What are the subdivisions of the skull?
The facial bones and the cranial bones
How many moveable bones are in the adult skull?
One
Why do young people have more bones than adults?
Some bones fuse together during childhood and adolescence
What is the name of the joints where the sternum articulates with the right and left clavicles?
Sternoclavicular joints
What is the largest bone of the foot?
The calcaneus
What is the name of the hollow region in a long bone shaft?
Medullary cavity
The hard palate separates what two cavities?
Oral and nasal cavities
What is the joint between adjacent phalanges called?
Interphalangeal joint
The size and shape of a bony projection is an indication of what?
The forces exerted through the attachment to the bone
Is spreading the fingers abduction or adduction?
Abduction
Which bone forms the forehead?
The frontal bone
Is the skeleton alive?
Yes, it is a living tissue structure that grows, repairs, and renews itself
Which ribs are classified as false ribs?
Ribs 8 - 12
How is each os coxa joined to the axial skeleton?
Via attachment to the sacrum of the vertebral column
What type of bone tissue comprises the shaft of a long bone?
Dense and hard cortical bone
What is acknowledged by the term ‘bone organ’?
That a bone consists of bone tissue as well as other connective tissue derivatives including cartilaginous and connective tissue proper, adipose tissue, and fluid connective tissue
The bones of the lower limbs are adapted for what functions?
Weight-bearing, support, stability, and body locomotion
What is the purpose of the mastoid process?
It serves as a muscle attachment site for the sternocleidomastoid muscle
The ribs articulate posteriorly with which structures?
T1 - T12 vertebrae
What is the name of the joint between the occipital and atlas bones?
Atlanto-occipital joint
The sagittal suture is located along the ____ plane
Sagittal (or mid-sagittal)
How many tarsal bones are there?
Seven
