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LQB187 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

In what direction are the palatine tonsils located in the oropharynx?

A

Laterally

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2
Q

What structure forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

The palate

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3
Q

What are two benefits of the division created by the pleurae?

A

Prevents the spread of infection, and prevents movement interference between major organs

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4
Q

What passes through the laryngopharynx?

A

Air and food

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5
Q

Reflexes like coughing and the ability of the lungs to regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels is due to what system?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

The pharynx is continuous with what structures?

A

Nasal cavities

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7
Q

Which type of alveolar cell is highly permeable to gases?

A

Type I alveolar cell (pneumocyte)

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8
Q

How many layers in the pleura?

A

Two

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9
Q

An alveolar duct originates from what structure?

A

A respiratory bronchiole

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10
Q

Name some non-vital functions of the respiratory system (three possible answers)

A

Sensing odours, speech production, and straining (such as during childbirth or when coughing)

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11
Q

What structure branches from bronchioles?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

Which alveolar cell roams the alveolar wall?

A

The alveolar macrophage, a phagocytic cell that removes debris and pathogens that reach the alveoli

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13
Q

What is the approximate diameter of a bronchiole?

A

1mm

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14
Q

Name the structure: hollow, air-filled spaces within certain bones of the skull

A

Paranasal sinuses

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15
Q

What type of epithelium lines the primary bronchi?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing goblet cells

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16
Q

How many terminal bronchioles are in each lung?

A

Over 1000

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17
Q

Each lateral wall of the nasal cavity has three ____ ____ known as nasal conchae

A

Bony projections

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18
Q

What is the anterior laryngeal prominence?

A

An anterior projection of cartilage often called the ‘Adam’s apple’

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19
Q

What is the main function of the bronchi?

A

To act as conducting zone structures, providing a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung (as well as the mucous membrane trapping debris and pathogens)

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20
Q

What is the function of the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing goblet cells?

A

To produce mucous to trap debris and pathgens as they enter the trachea

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21
Q

What is the pharynx formed of?

A

Skeletal muscle and mucous membrane

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22
Q

What is the effect of the adhesive characteristic of the pleural fluid?

A

It causes the lungs to enlarge when the thoracic wall expands during ventilation, allowing the lungs to fill with air

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23
Q

What is a type I alveolar cell?

A

A squamous epithelial cell of the alveoli, ~25nm thick, highly permeable to gases

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24
Q

The frontal sinus is located within the ____ ____

A

Frontal bone (just superior to the eyebrows)

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25
Q

The trachea branches into what two structures?

A

The left and right primary bronchi

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26
Q

The anterior region of the nasal cavity is composed of ____

A

Bone

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27
Q

Where do pulmonary veins exit the lungs?

A

Through the hilum

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28
Q

The ____ lung is shorter and wider than the ____, and the ____ lung occupies a smaller volume than the ____.

A

Right; left; left; right

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29
Q

What happens to the epithelium as the nasopharynx becomes the oropharynx?

A

The epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

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30
Q

The lungs are enclosed by what membranous structure?

A

Pleurae

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31
Q

How many major cell types are in the alveolar wall?

A

Three

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32
Q

The pulmonary artery branches multiple times as it follows the ____

A

Bronchi

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33
Q

Innervation of the respiratory system by sympathetic and parasympathetic systems provides an important level of control through ____ and ____

A

Dilation; constriction

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34
Q

What happens to mucous in the larynx?

A

Cilia beat the mucous upward toward the laryngopharynx where it can be swallowed down the oesophagus

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35
Q

What type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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36
Q

What are the two major functions of the pleurae?

A

To produce pleural fluid, and create cavities that separate the major organs in the thoracic cavity

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37
Q

Each lateral wall of the nasal cavity has three bony projections known as ____ ____

A

Nasal conchae

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38
Q

Asthma, emphysema, COPD, and lung cancer all affect the process of ____ ____

A

Gas exchange

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39
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation of the lungs allow?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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40
Q

What are the major functions of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

To provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from incoming air, and to warm and humidify the incoming air

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41
Q

Which is closest to the lungs, the visceral or parietal pleura?

A

Visceral

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42
Q

What is the main purpose of the lungs?

A

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with air from the atmosphere

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43
Q

What are the three primary functions of the major organs of the respiratory system?

A

Provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove waste product carbon dioxide, and help maintain acid-base balance

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44
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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45
Q

Is there cartilage in the walls of the bronchioles?

A

No, the walls of the bronchi are muscular

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46
Q

The pharynx is divided into how many major regions?

A

Three

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47
Q

The major entrance and exit for the respiratory system is through the ____

A

Nose

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48
Q

Type I alveolar cells form what type of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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49
Q

What occurs at the hilum?

A

The primary bronchi and arteries enter the lungs and the pulmonary veins exit the lungs

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50
Q

An alveolar duct opens into what structure?

A

A cluster of alveoli

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51
Q

What covers the posterior surface of the trachea?

A

A flexible membrane formed of muscle and connective tissue

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52
Q

What does sympathetic innervation of the lungs allow?

A

Bronchodilation

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53
Q

What can slow the movement of respiratory cilia?

A

Cold air

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54
Q

What are the functions of nasal sinuses?

A

They serve to reduce bone mass and so lighten the skull, and add resonance to the voice

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55
Q

Each lateral wall of the nasal cavity has ____ bony projections known as nasal conchae

A

Three

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56
Q

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

A

A muscle and connective tissue membrane on the posterior surface

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57
Q

The respiratory capillary wall meets the alveolar wall, creating the ____ ____

A

Respiratory membrane

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58
Q

The accumulation of ____ ____ drives the need to breathe

A

Carbon dioxide

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59
Q

Name the fissure that separates the left superior and inferior lobes

A

Oblique fissure

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60
Q

Between each nasal concha is a passageway called a ____ ____

A

Nasal meatus

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61
Q

All sinuses are lined with ____ ____

A

Respiratory mucosa

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62
Q

The superior portion of the larynx is lined with what type of epithelium?

A

Stratified simple squamous epithelium

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63
Q

What comprises the external nose?

A

The paired nasal bones and the protruding portion of the nose composed of hyaline cartilage

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64
Q

What structures does the parietal pleura connect to?

A

The thoracic wall, mediastinum, and thoracic diaphragm

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65
Q

The anterior region of the nasal cavity is what structure?

A

The hard palate

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66
Q

Name the regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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67
Q

What is located immediately superior to the oropharynx?

A

The nasopharynx

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68
Q

What occurs at the inferior end of the laryngopharynx?

A

The digestive and respiratory systems diverge

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69
Q

How are the paranasal sinuses named?

A

They are named for the skull bone that each sinus occupies

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70
Q

What structures comprise the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree

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71
Q

How many lobes in the right lung?

A

Three - the superior, middle and inferior lobes

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72
Q

Capillaries just beneath the ____ ____ warm entering air by convection

A

Nasal epithelium

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73
Q

What is the function of the palatine tonsils?

A

To trap and destroy pathogens entering through the oral cavity

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74
Q

Where does the respiratory zone begin?

A

Where the terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole

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75
Q

In which respiratory functional zone does gas exchange occur?

A

The respiratory zone

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76
Q

What is located immediately anterior to the laryngopharynx?

A

The larynx

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77
Q

What are the names of the lobes of the right lung?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior

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78
Q

The bronchial epithelium lining the lungs is capable of what function?

A

Metabolise some airborne carcinogens

79
Q

What is the purpose of the muscle and connective tissue membrane of the trachea?

A

To provide structural support to the c-shaped cartilages and prevent the trachea from collapsing

80
Q

In the respiratory system there is at least one horizontal fissure and at least one oblique fissure. Of which are there two?

A

Oblique fissures

81
Q

One lung is horter and wider than the other - which is it?

A

The right lung

82
Q

What is the largest piece of cartilage in the larynx?

A

The thyroid cartilage

83
Q

What separates the right and left pleurae?

A

The mediastinum

84
Q

Name the fissure that separates the right middle and inferior lobes

A

Oblique fissure

85
Q

Each lung is enclosed in a cavity that is surrounded by the ____

A

Pleura

86
Q

On which side does the oesophagus border the trachea?

A

The posterior side

87
Q

What occurs to the bronchi after entering the hilum?

A

They divide into secondary (lobar) bronchi

88
Q

By what process does the respiratory membrane allow gas exchange?

A

Simple diffusion, allowing oxygen to be picked up by the blood and carbon dioxide to be released into the air of the alveoli

89
Q

The stratified simple squamous epithelium in the superior portion larynx transitions to what type of epithelium?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells

90
Q

All paranasal sinuses communicate with the ____ ____

A

Nasal cavity

91
Q

Nasal conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined with what type of respiratory epithelium?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

92
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

Where the wall of a

respiratory capillary meets the wall of an alveolus

93
Q

What is between each nasal concha?

A

A passageway called a nasal meatus

94
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

95
Q

The lungs are connected to the trachea by which structures?

A

The left and right bronchi

96
Q

What is located immediately posterior to the larynx?

A

The laryngopharynx

97
Q

What is the approximate epithelial surface area of the lungs for gas exchange?

A

~70 square metres

98
Q

Swallowing causes the pharynx and larynx to do what?

A

Lift upward

99
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal layers of pleurae

100
Q

The laryngopharynx posteriorly enters what structure?

A

The oesophagus

101
Q

The cilia of respiratory epithelium help remove mucous and debris from the nasal cavity with a constant beating motion that sweeps materials where?

A

Towards the pharynx to be swallowed and destroyed by digestive enzymes and acids

102
Q

Are sinuses divided at the midline into bilateral spaces, or fused into a single sinus space?

A

Both are possible, the space is irregular and may be one or the other

103
Q

The posterior region of the nasal cavity is composed of ____ ____

A

Muscle tissue

104
Q

What is the name of the tube formed by skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane that is continuous with the nasal cavities?

A

The pharynx

105
Q

The nasal septum is formed posteriorly by bone and is known as the ____ ____ ____

A

Osseous nasal septum

106
Q

Capillaries just beneath the nasal epithelium warm entering air by ____

A

Convection

107
Q

The nasal bones articulate ____ (direction) with the ____ ____ (structure)

A

Superiorly; frontal bone

108
Q

What is the purpose of the nasal conchae disrupting the flow of air entering the nose?

A

The air bounces along the epithelium where is it cleaned and warmed

109
Q

The structure of the larynx is formed by several pieces of ____

A

Cartilage

110
Q

The nasopharynx is bounded laterally by what structure?

A

The conchae of the nasal cavity

111
Q

The trachea bifurcates into the ____ ____

A

Primary bronchi

112
Q

The ____ ____ arises from the pulmonary trunk of the heart and carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli

A

Pulmonary artery

113
Q

What is the purpose of type II alveolar cells?

A

To secrete pulmonary surfactant, a lubricant to reduce the surface tension of the alveoli

114
Q

The alveolar epithelium and endothelial membrane of capillaries together form what structure?

A

Respiratory membrane

115
Q

Approximately how thick is the respiratory membrane?

A

0.5mm

116
Q

What is the result of the epiglottis closing over the trachea when swallowing?

A

It produces a larger area for food to pass through while preventing food/beverages entering the trachea

117
Q

What happens to the sinuses when a person has a cold/sinus congestion?

A

Swelling of the mucosa and excess mucous production can obstruct the passageways between sinuses and nasal cavity, altering the sound of the voice. The blockage can also allow the sinuses to fill with fluid, and the resulting pressure causes pain and discomfort

118
Q

Where does the blood from the respiratory capillies go once it’s oxygenated?

A

It drains from the alveoli via pulmonary veins

119
Q

Name the fissure that separates the right superior and middle lobes of the lung

A

Horizontal fissure

120
Q

Where is the visceral pleura?

A

Superficial to the lungs, extending into and lining the lung fissues

121
Q

What borders the inferior surface of the lungs?

A

The thoracic diaphragm

122
Q

What is a nasal meatus?

A

A passageway between nasal conchae

123
Q

What supports the primary bronchi?

A

Rings of cartilage, similar to those of the trachea

124
Q

Each lung is composed of smaller units called ____

A

Lobes

125
Q

What is the functions of the moist epithelium in the nose, particularly in cold weather?

A

To warm and humidify incoming air

126
Q

The respiratory system is innervated by both the ____ and ____ nervous systems

A

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

127
Q

What is the function of nasal conchae?

A

They increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and disrupt the flow of air as it enters the nose

128
Q

The nasal septum is formed anteriorly by what structure?

A

Septal cartilage

129
Q

What occurs across the respiratory membrane?

A

Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the membrane with the erythrocytes in the capillaries

130
Q

Approximately how wide is an alveolus?

A

200μm

131
Q

How many stacked pieces of cartilage form the trachea?

A

16 - 20

132
Q

The larynx is a ____ (tissue) structure

A

Cartilagenous

133
Q

The larynx is ____ (direction) to and extends ____ (direction) past the laryngopharynx

A

Anterior; inferiorly

134
Q

Pulmonary veins exit the lungs through the ____

A

Hilum

135
Q

The nasopharynx serves only as an ____

A

Airway

136
Q

Name the three types of cells in the alveolar wall

A

Type I alveolar cell - pneumocyte
Type II alveolar cell - pneumocyte
Alveolar macrophages

137
Q

Trachea cartilage is C-shaped; which surface is not covered by cartilage, anterior or posterior?

A

Posterior

138
Q

The laryngopharynx opens anteriorly to what structure?

A

The larynx

139
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung?

A

Two - the superior and inferior lobes

140
Q

What is the simple squamous epithelium of alveolar type I cells attached to?

A

A thin, elastic basement membrane

141
Q

The primary bronchi enter the lungs at what location?

A

The hilum

142
Q

The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the trachea is continuous with the ____

A

Larynx

143
Q

In swallowing, what does the lifting of the pharynx and larynx allow?

A

It allows the pharynx to expand and the epiglottis of the larynx to swing downward to close the opening to the trachea

144
Q

The epithlium of the nasal passages is essential to what function?

A

Sensing odours

145
Q

What is the effect of cold air slowing the movement of respiratory cilia?

A

Accumulation of mucous that may lead to a running nose in cold weather

146
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

To regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs

147
Q

What structures comprise the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

148
Q

What is the purpose of the muscular wall of bronchioles?

A

To change the size of the tubing to increase or decrease airflow through the tube

149
Q

The alveolar epithelium borders what struture?

A

The endothelial membrane of capillaries

150
Q

What is an anatomical feature of the thyroid cartilage?

A

The anterior laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) which is usually more prominent in males

151
Q

The palatine tonsils are composed of ____ tissue

A

Lymphoid

152
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Hollow, air-filled spaces located within certain bones of the skull

153
Q

Give two characteristics of the vessels of the pulmonary capillary network

A

The vessels have very thin walls that lack smooth muscle fibres

154
Q

What is the pleura?

A

A serous membrane that surrounds the lung

155
Q

Air exits the nasal cavities and moves into the ____

A

Nasopharynx

156
Q

The soft posterior surface of the trachea also allows for expansion of what structure, and why?

A

The oesephagus, for swallowing food

157
Q

The stacked c-shaped cartilage that form the trachea are connected by what kind of tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue

158
Q

What is the epiglottic cartilage?

A

A highly flexible piece of elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea

159
Q

What is the purpose of goblet cells in respiratory epithelium?

A

Production of mucous that traps debris

160
Q

What are the pleurae attached to?

A

The mediastinum

161
Q

The epiglottic cartilage is attached to the ____ cartilage

A

Thyroid

162
Q

Respiratory epithelium - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium - also contains what other type of cells?

A

Goblet cells

163
Q

What structure is the final component of the conducting zone?

A

Terminal bronchioles

164
Q

Pulmonary arteries become the ____ ____ ____ as they near the alveoli

A

Pulmonary capillary network

165
Q

What shape are the pieces of cartilage that stack to form the trachea?

A

C-shaped

166
Q

How much of the alveolar surface area is comprised of type I alveolar cells?

A

97%

167
Q

The secondary bronchi pass deep into lung tissue then divide into ____ (____) bronchi

A

Tertiary/segmental

168
Q

What is the meaning of ‘bronchial tree’?

A

It is the collective term for multi-branched bronchi

169
Q

The respiratory system can be functionally divided into a ____ zone and ____ zone

A

Conducting; respiratory

170
Q

Why must alveoli have elastic walls?

A

It allows them to stretch during air intake, greatly increasing the surface area for gas exchange

171
Q

What is an alveolar sac?

A

A cluster of many individual alveoli that are responsible for gas exchange

172
Q

What is located immediately inferior to the oropharynx?

A

The laryngopharynx

173
Q

Each lung houses structures of both ____ and ____ zones

A

Conducting; respiratory

174
Q

What is located immediately anterior to the oropharynx?

A

The oral cavity

175
Q

Name the two layers of the pleurae

A

Visceral pleura and parietal pleura

176
Q

What is the hilum?

A

A concave region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves also enter the lungs

177
Q

Where do the visceral and parietal pleura connect to each other?

A

At the hilum

178
Q

What is posterior to the trachea?

A

The oesophagus

179
Q

Alveoli have ____ walls

A

Elastic

180
Q

The stratified squamous epithelium of the oropharynx is continuous with the ____

A

Laryngopharynx

181
Q

What separates the lobes from each other?

A

Fissures

182
Q

When describing the nose it is helpful to divide it into two major sections - the ____ nose and the ____ cavity/____nose

A

External; nasal; internal

183
Q

Respiratory mucosa line all of what structures?

A

Paranasal sinuses

184
Q

After the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi, the bronchi continue to branch into a ____ ____

A

Bronchial tree

185
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

A

Lubrication to reduce the friciton between the two layers to prevent trauma during breathing, as well as creating surface tension that helps maintain the position of the lungs against the thoracic wall

186
Q

What comes under the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

The organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange

187
Q

What is the small type of bronchiole?

A

A respiratory bronchiole

188
Q

What is different about the cartilage of secondary and tertiary bronchi compared to that of primary bronchi?

A

The secondary and tertiary bronchi are compoesd of hyaline cartilage plates, rather than cartilage rings

189
Q

What is the name of the structure than branches from the tertiary bronchi?

A

A bronchiole

190
Q

What does the respiratory bronchiole lead to?

A

An alveolar duct

191
Q

Air exits the ____ ____ and moves into the pharynx

A

Nasal cavities

192
Q

The posterior region of the nasal cavity is what structure?

A

The soft palate

193
Q

For what is the oropharynx a passageway?

A

Air and food

LQB187 (11 decks)

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