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LQB187 > Epithelial tissue > Flashcards

Epithelial tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The basement membrane separates the epithelium from the ____ ____

A

Underlying tissue

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2
Q

Adjoining epithelial cells form specialised intercellular connections between their cell membranes called a ____ ____

A

Cell junction

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3
Q

Describe the typical appearance and location of the nucleus of simple columnar epithelium

A

Elongated, located in the basal end of the cells

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4
Q

Keratinised epithelia are always ____

A

Stratified

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5
Q

True or false: all cells of pseudostratified epithelium are in contact with the basal lamina

A

True

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6
Q

What is the most common type of stratified epithelium in the body?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

What are the two classifications of gland?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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8
Q

All epithelial tissue is highly ____

A

Cellular

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9
Q

The secretions of endocrine glands are called ____

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Most glands consist of groups of ____ cells

A

Epithelial

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11
Q

What is ‘transitional’ epithelium?

A

A form of specialised stratified epithelium in which the shape of cells can vary

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12
Q

Endocrine hormones are released into the ____ ____

A

Interstitial fluid

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13
Q

Epithelial tissues can be grouped into how many major types?

A

Two

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14
Q

The mesothelium forms the surface layer of the serous membrane that lines ____ ____ and ____ ____

A

Body cavities; internal organs

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15
Q

The endothelium is a single layer of ____ cells

A

Squamous

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16
Q

Exocrine glands release their contents through what structures?

A

Ducts that lead to the epithelial surface

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17
Q

Describe the location/appearance of the nuclei of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

The nuclei of neighboring cells appear at different levels rather than clustered at the basal end

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18
Q

Simple and pseudostratified columnar epithelia are both ____

A

Heterogeneous

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19
Q

What are the possible shapes of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous (flattened and thin)
Cuboidal (boxy, as wide as it is tall)
Columnar (rectanglar, taller than it is wide)

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20
Q

What is the function of the cilia in the fallopian tubes and respiratory system?

A

The beating of the cilia helps remove particulate matter

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21
Q

The nucleus of simple cuboidal epithelium appears ____ and is generally located near the ____ of the cell

A

Round; centre

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22
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oesophagus, vagina, most of the oral cavity, pharynx, and anal canal?

A

Non-keratinised, stratified squamous epithlium

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23
Q

A stratified squamous epithelium with a top layer covered with dead cells filled with keratin and appearing non-nucleated is known by what name?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

What is a gland?

A

A structure made up of one or more cells modified to synthesise and secrete chemical substances

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25
Q

The mesothelium forms the surface layer of the ____ ____ that lines body cavities and internal organs

A

Serous membrane

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26
Q

The mesothelium is what kind of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

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27
Q

What is the purpose of stratified epithelium?

A

To protect against physical and chemical wear and tear

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28
Q

Name two locations where simple columnar epithelia are found

A

Lining of of some sections of the digestive system and parts of the female reproductive tract

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29
Q

The endocrine system coordinates the ____ and ____ of body responses

A

Regulation; integration

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30
Q

The basal region of each epithelium attaches to a non-cellular layer called the ____ ____

A

Basement membrane

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31
Q

Mesothelial cells are squamous epithelial cells that perform what function?

A

Secrete a fluid that lubricates the mesothelium

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32
Q

Simple columnar epithelia are active in the ____ and ____ of molecules

A

Secretion; absorption

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33
Q

What is meant by ‘stratified’ epithelium?

A

More than one layer, only the basal layer of cells resting on the basal lamina

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34
Q

Describe three characteristics typical of squamous cell nuclei

A

Flat, horizontal, and elliptical (oval), mirroring the form of the cell

35
Q

Simple squamous epithelium are generally present where what is occurring?

A

Rapid passage of chemical compounds

36
Q

Non-keratinised, stratified squamous epithlium lines which five locations of the body?

A

Oesophagus, vagina, most of the oral cavity, pharynx, and anal cavity

37
Q

By what is stratified epithelium named?

A

The shape of the most apical layer of cells (closest to the free space)

38
Q

Name four areas/systems of the body that are exposed to the external environment, not including the skin

A

Airways, digestive tract, urinary system, reproductive system

39
Q

True or false: all cells of pseudostratified epithelium are in contact with the apical surface of the tissue

A

False - some do not reach the apical surface

40
Q

What is the primary function of the mesothelium?

A

To provide a smooth and protective surface

41
Q

What is the reasoning behind the name ‘transitional’ epithelium?

A

The shape of the apical cells gradually changes as the urinary bladder fills with urine

42
Q

Name two locations where simple cuboidal epithelia are found

A

Lining of the kidney tubules and in the ducts of glands

43
Q

Mucous, sweat, saliva, and breast milk are all secreted through ____ ducts

A

Tubular

44
Q

Muous, sweat, saliva, and breast milk are all secreted through tubular ____

A

Ducts

45
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia are active in the ____ and ____ of molecules

A

Secretion; absorption

46
Q

What is ‘pseudostratified’ epithelium?

A

One layer of irregularly shaped cells that give the false appearance of more than one layer

47
Q

Hollow organs and cavities that do not connect to the exterior of the body are lined by ____

A

Endothelium

48
Q

Name two locations where keratinised stratified squamous epithelium can be found

A

The skin and the hard palate

49
Q

The endotheium is the epithelial tissue that lines vessels of the ____ and ____ systems

A

Lymphatic; cardiovascular

50
Q

What are the two major types of epithelial tissues?

A

Surface epithelia and glandular epithelia

51
Q

What is a cell junction?

A

The connection between the membranes of adjacent epithelial cells

52
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

A gland whose secretions leave through a duct that opens directly or indirectly to the external environment

53
Q

What happens to endocrine hormones after they are released into the interstitial fluid?

A

They diffuse into the bloodstream and are delivered to target cells that have receptors to bind the hormones

54
Q

How does the transitional epithelium appear when the urinary bladder is empty compared to when it is full?

A

Thicker and more multi-layered when empty; stretched and less stratified when full and distended

55
Q

The segments of kidney tubules are made of what kind of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

56
Q

Cilia are found on the ____ surface of epithelial cells

A

Apical

57
Q

The alveoli of lungs are made of what kind of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

58
Q

True or false: epithelial tissues are almost entirely avascular

A

True

59
Q

Surface epithelial tissues are classified according to what two factors?

A

The shape of the cells and the number of cell layers formed

60
Q

Give four examples of endocrine glands

A

Anterior pituitary, thymus, adrenal cortex, and gonads

61
Q

Describe the form of the transitional epithelium when the urinary bladder is empty

A

The epithelium is convoluted and has cuboidal apical cells with convex, umbrella-shaped aprical surfaces

62
Q

What is meant by ‘simple’ epithelium?

A

One layer, every cell resting on the basal lamina

63
Q

Give an example of a type of cell that might be interspersed among simple or pseudostratified epithelia

A

Goblet cell

64
Q

What are ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells with cilia on their apical surfaces

65
Q

Name a location where pseudostratified epithelia can be found

A

In the respiratory tract (some of these cells have cilia)

66
Q

What makes simple and pseudostratified columnar epithelia heterogeneous?

A

They include additional types of cells interspersed among the epithelial cells

67
Q

The lining of capillaries are made of what kind of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

68
Q

Epithelium forms most of the ____ tissue of the body

A

Glandular

69
Q

There are differences in structure and function between the exposed/____ surface of the cell and the ____ surface closest to the underlying body structures

A

Apical; basal

70
Q

Give four examples of secretions from exocrine glands

A

Mucous, sweat, saliva, and breast milk

71
Q

Epithelial cells are typically characterised by the polarised distribution of ____ and ____-____ ____ between their basal and apical surfaces

A

Organelles; membrane-bound proteins

72
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

In the ureters and urinary bladder

73
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

A mucous-secreting unicellular ‘gland’

74
Q

The shape of the cells in simple epithelium reflects their ____

A

Function

75
Q

Epithelial cells are typically characterised by the polarised distribution of organelles and membrane-bound proteins between heir ____ and ____ surfaces

A

Basal; apical

76
Q

Why are keratinised epithelia always stratified?

A

They are located in areas of high physical trauma and are localised only in areas exposed to the external environment

77
Q

What type of epithelium is found excusively in the ureters and urinary bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

78
Q

What is keratin?

A

A protein produced to provide protection against abrasion and drying out

79
Q

A stratified epithelium with squamous apical cells and either columnar or cuboidal basal layer cells is what kind of stratified epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

80
Q

Name two locations where ciliated columnar epithelium can be found

A

Lining of the fallopian tubes and parts of the respiratory system

81
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A ductless gland that releases secretions directly into surrounding tissues and fluids

82
Q

Are secretions into the lumen of the GIT endocrine or exocrine?

A

Exocrine

83
Q

What happens to the transitional epithelium as the urinary bladder fills with urine?

A

The epithelium loses its convolutions and the apical cells transition from cuboidal to squamous

LQB187 (11 decks)

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