Intro: cells, tissues, and terminology Flashcards
What are the two basic components of cytoplasm?
Organelles and cytosol
What is an anatomical plane?
An imagined 2D surface that passes through the body
The endocrine system organs include all organs within the body that produce ____ .
Hormones
What term describes the front or direction toward the front of the body?
Anterior (or ventral)
The mucous membrane is a composite of ____ and ____ tissues.
Connective; epithelial
Cutaneous membrane is in which category of tissue membrane?
Epithelial
In what forms/locations is epithelial tissue (AKA epithelium) found?
Sheets of cells that cover the exterior body surfaces, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands
Identify the three serous membranes lining the thoracic cavity
Two pleura that cover the lungs, and the pericardium that covers the heart
All living cells in multicellular organisms have a ____ ____.
Cell/plasma membrane
Mucous membranes are in which category of tissue membrane?
Epithelial
What primarily comprises the cell membrane?
Phospholipids back-to-back; a phospholipid bilayer.
True or false: the cell membrane is a rigid structure that protects the nucleus.
False: the cell membrane is extremely pliable, and protects the entire cell
The word ‘anatomy’ is from a Greek root meaning ‘____ ____ ____’.
‘to cut apart’
The study of body structures observable through a microscope and other magnification devices is known as ____ anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy
What is the function of serous fluid?
Lubricates the membrane and reduces abrasion and friction between organs
Which two types of tissue are excitable?
Muscle and nervous
The arteries and veins form a network throughout the body to provide ____ blood.
Oxygenated
How many distinct organ systems are in the human body?
Eleven
How many serous membranes line the thoracic cavity?
Three
Anatomy is the science of morphology, meaning:
The structure of an organism and its various parts
Where can mucous membrane be found?
Lining body cavities and hollow passages open to the external environment, including digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts.
The cutaneous membrane is a ____ ____ epithelial membrane.
Stratified squamous
An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types is called an ____.
Organ
What term describes a position farther from the surface of the body?
Deep
What term describes a position closer to the surface of the body?
Superficial
Cells in a tissue share ____ features.
Morphological
What separates the thoracic cavity from the inferior abdominopelvic cavity?
The diaphragm
The connective tissue layer underlying the epithelial layer of mucous membrane is called the ____ ____ (double points for root word meaning).
Lamina propria (‘own layer’)
Each of the four categories of tissue is characterised by specific ____.
Functions
The heart is located in the ____ cavity.
Thoracic
What term describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body?
Distal
List the levels of organisation of structures in the body, in order of increasing complexity
Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, biosphere.
The ____ is the cell’s central organelle.
Nucleus
What are the four categories of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Synovial membranes are in which category of tissue membrane?
Connective
Serous membranes are in which category of tissue membrane?
Epithelial
A disruption of tissue structure is a sign of ____ or ____.
Injury, disease
The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the ____.
Ribcage
What term describes the side or direction toward the side of the body?
Lateral
Histology and cytology are both examples of ____ anatomy.
Microscopic
____ is a water-based cellular fluid containing a variety of functioning units called organelles.
Cytoplasm
Histology is the study of ____.
Tissues
What is the sagittal plane?
The plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides
Name the three planes commonly used in anatomy
Sagittal, frontal, transverse
What is the purpose of using anatomical terminology?
To increase precision and reduce medical errors
Name the three major types of muscle tissue
Skeletal (voluntary), smooth, and cardiac
A human cell typically consists of flexible ____ that enclose ____.
Membranes; cytoplasm
Cells within a tissue share a common ____ ____.
Embryonic origin
The serous membrane in the abdominal cavity that covers abdominal organs is called the ____.
Peritoneum
Name the two largest body compartments
Dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior)
What is the sagittal plane called when it runs directly down the middle of the body?
The midsagittal or median plane
Of what is the study of regional anatomy?
Interrelationships of all structures in a specific body region.
The skin is an epithelial membrane called the ____ membrane.
Cutaneous
Name the organ that has an important role in immune defense within the lymphatic system
Spleen
What are the two general approaches to anatomy study?
Regional and systemic
As different organs work to perform a human’s functions, different ____ work together to keep cells healthy and functional.
Organelles
In all living things, ____ is closely related to function.
Form
The lymphatic system helps protect the body from ____ and spread of ____.
Infections; disease
What are the two cavities within the abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
List the eleven organ systems of the body
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, lymphatic, respiratory, reproductive
Where is serous membrane found?
Lining the fluid-filled cavities of the body, essentially acting as membranous bags with mesothelium on the inside and connective tissue on the outside
Connective tissue membranes ____ organs and line our ____ joints.
Encapsulate; moveable
Can synovial fluid exchange with blood?
Yes, synovial fluid readily exhanges water and nutrients with blood.
What is the difference between prone and supine?
Both are orientations of the body - prone is face down, while supine is face up.
What term describes a position above or higher than another part of the body?
Superior (or cranial)
____ [type of blood vessel] provide a route for blood to return to the heart.
Veins
The study of the larger body structures, visible without magnification, is known as ____ anatomy.
Gross and/or macroscopic anatomy
The ____ surface of the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the external environment
Apical
What is the frontal plane?
The plane that divides the body or organ into an anterior portion and a posterior portion
Human anatomy was designed to look at the ______ [number] organ systems of the body.
Eleven
What is the transverse plane?
The plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions
Name the epithelial membrane composed of mesothelium supported by connective tissue.
Serous membrane
The root of an anatomical term often refers to an ____, ____, or ____.
Organ; tissue; condition
A group of organs that work together to perform major physiological functions is known as as ____ ____.
Organ system
Select the true statement:
Different types of cells are randomly distributed throughout the body.
OR
Different types of cells occur in organised layers.
Different types of cells occur in organised layers, known as tissue.
What is a tissue membrane?
A thin layer/sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, internal passageways that lead outside the body, and the lining of moveable joint cavities.
What is the function of cytosol?
To provide the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions
What is the purpose of dissection?
To cut apart structures in order to observe physical attributes and their relationships to one another
Mucous, produced by the epithelial ____ glands, covers the epithelial layer.
Exocrine
What is the function of the lamina propria?
Helps support the fragile epithelial layer of mucous membrane.
Anatomy is a mechanism of biological ____, and is a ____ used to communicate accurately in a health forum.
Description; language
The chemistry and physics of body structures and the way they work together to support life functions is the study of ____.
Physiology
Serous fluid is secreted by the cells of the ____ ____ ____.
Thin squamous mesothelium
With what is the apical surface of the cutaneous membrane covered and what is its function?
Dead, keratinised cells; to help protect the body from dying and infectious agents
Describe the process of how a synovial membrane assists the function of freely moveable joints
Cells in the inner layer of the membrane release proteins and carbohydrates into the joint cavity, trapping water to form synovial fluid as a natural lubricant.
What is a section?
A 2D surface of a 3D structure that has been cut
What is the purpose of the cell membrane?
To provide a protective barrier around the cell and regulate which materials pass in and out
Cytology is the study of ____.
Cells
What term describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body?
Medial
A group of many similar cells is called a ____.
Tissue
Why is the nucleus considered the control centre of a cell?
It stores all genetic instructions for protein manufacture
The ____ ____ is to a cell what the outer layer of skin is to a human.
Cell/plasma membrane
The vertebral column is ____ [direction] to the heart.
Posterior
Living cells in multicellular organisms contain an internal cytoplasmic compartment with a ____ within the cytoplasm.
Nucleus
The prefix or suffix often ____ the root of anatomical terms.
Describes
Serous membranes are identified according to ____.
Location
Muscle tissue responds to stimulation to ____ and so generate ____.
Contract; movement
The abdominal cavity contains ____ organs
Digestive
Which cavity is the superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, thoracic or abdominopelvic?
Thoracic
The epithelial membrane is composed of epithelium attached to a layer of ____ ____.
Connective tissue
The frontal plane is also known as the ____ plane.
Coronal
The peritoneum covers abdominal organs and forms double sheets of mesenteries that perform what function?
Suspend many of the digestive organs
What is homeostasis?
The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living organisms
What are the two basic types of tissue membrane?
Epithelial and connective
Name two subdivisions of the posterior cavity
Cranial cavity and vertebral (or spinal) cavity
What term describes the back or direction toward the back of the body?
Posterior (or dorsal)
Systemic anatomy is the study of what?
Structures that comprise a discrete body system; a group of structures that work together to perform a unique function.
What is the root meaning of the word ‘organelle’?
‘Little organ’
What term describes a position below or lower than another part of the body, near or toward the coccyx?
Inferior (or caudal)
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
Receive oxygen and exchange it with carbon dioxide
The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism is the ____.
Cell
Which major blood vessel carries blood from the digestive organs to the heart?
Inferior vena cava
Transverse planes produce images referred to as ____ ____.
Cross sections
Name the two main subdivisions of the anterior cavity
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
The anterior of the heart is protected by the ____ and ____.
Ribs; sternum
Disruption to tissue structure can be detected through ____.
Histology
The stratified squamous epithelium of the cutaneous membrane rests ____ to the connective tissue
Superficially
The floor of the thoracic cavity is the ____.
Diaphragm
Nervous tissue responds to stimulation to propagate ____ signals in the form of nerve impulses that ____ between different regions of the body.
Electrochemical; communicate
A living being with a cellular structure that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life are called ____.
Organisms
The pelvic cavity contains ____ organs
Reproductive
What is the sagittal plane called when it divides the body into unequal right and left sides?
The parasagittal plane or longitudinal section
What term describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body?
Proximal
What is the purpose and general locations of connective tissue?
Binding cells and organs together, and contributes to protection, support, and integration in all areas of the body.
It is useful to consider the two subdivisions within the abdominopelvic cavity, though there are no ____ separating them
Membranes
What is the location and function of a synovial membrane?
Lines the cavity of a freely moveable joint; provide synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
