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LQB187 > Intro: cells, tissues, and terminology > Flashcards

Intro: cells, tissues, and terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two basic components of cytoplasm?

A

Organelles and cytosol

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2
Q

What is an anatomical plane?

A

An imagined 2D surface that passes through the body

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3
Q

The endocrine system organs include all organs within the body that produce ____ .

A

Hormones

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4
Q

What term describes the front or direction toward the front of the body?

A

Anterior (or ventral)

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5
Q

The mucous membrane is a composite of ____ and ____ tissues.

A

Connective; epithelial

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6
Q

Cutaneous membrane is in which category of tissue membrane?

A

Epithelial

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7
Q

In what forms/locations is epithelial tissue (AKA epithelium) found?

A

Sheets of cells that cover the exterior body surfaces, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands

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8
Q

Identify the three serous membranes lining the thoracic cavity

A

Two pleura that cover the lungs, and the pericardium that covers the heart

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9
Q

All living cells in multicellular organisms have a ____ ____.

A

Cell/plasma membrane

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10
Q

Mucous membranes are in which category of tissue membrane?

A

Epithelial

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11
Q

What primarily comprises the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids back-to-back; a phospholipid bilayer.

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12
Q

True or false: the cell membrane is a rigid structure that protects the nucleus.

A

False: the cell membrane is extremely pliable, and protects the entire cell

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13
Q

The word ‘anatomy’ is from a Greek root meaning ‘____ ____ ____’.

A

‘to cut apart’

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14
Q

The study of body structures observable through a microscope and other magnification devices is known as ____ anatomy.

A

Microscopic anatomy

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15
Q

What is the function of serous fluid?

A

Lubricates the membrane and reduces abrasion and friction between organs

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16
Q

Which two types of tissue are excitable?

A

Muscle and nervous

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17
Q

The arteries and veins form a network throughout the body to provide ____ blood.

A

Oxygenated

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18
Q

How many distinct organ systems are in the human body?

A

Eleven

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19
Q

How many serous membranes line the thoracic cavity?

A

Three

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20
Q

Anatomy is the science of morphology, meaning:

A

The structure of an organism and its various parts

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21
Q

Where can mucous membrane be found?

A

Lining body cavities and hollow passages open to the external environment, including digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts.

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22
Q

The cutaneous membrane is a ____ ____ epithelial membrane.

A

Stratified squamous

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23
Q

An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types is called an ____.

A

Organ

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24
Q

What term describes a position farther from the surface of the body?

A

Deep

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25
Q

What term describes a position closer to the surface of the body?

A

Superficial

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26
Q

Cells in a tissue share ____ features.

A

Morphological

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27
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity from the inferior abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The diaphragm

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28
Q

The connective tissue layer underlying the epithelial layer of mucous membrane is called the ____ ____ (double points for root word meaning).

A

Lamina propria (‘own layer’)

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29
Q

Each of the four categories of tissue is characterised by specific ____.

A

Functions

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30
Q

The heart is located in the ____ cavity.

A

Thoracic

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31
Q

What term describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body?

A

Distal

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32
Q

List the levels of organisation of structures in the body, in order of increasing complexity

A

Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, biosphere.

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33
Q

The ____ is the cell’s central organelle.

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

What are the four categories of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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35
Q

Synovial membranes are in which category of tissue membrane?

A

Connective

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36
Q

Serous membranes are in which category of tissue membrane?

A

Epithelial

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37
Q

A disruption of tissue structure is a sign of ____ or ____.

A

Injury, disease

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38
Q

The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the ____.

A

Ribcage

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39
Q

What term describes the side or direction toward the side of the body?

A

Lateral

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40
Q

Histology and cytology are both examples of ____ anatomy.

A

Microscopic

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41
Q

____ is a water-based cellular fluid containing a variety of functioning units called organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

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42
Q

Histology is the study of ____.

A

Tissues

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43
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

The plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides

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44
Q

Name the three planes commonly used in anatomy

A

Sagittal, frontal, transverse

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45
Q

What is the purpose of using anatomical terminology?

A

To increase precision and reduce medical errors

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46
Q

Name the three major types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal (voluntary), smooth, and cardiac

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47
Q

A human cell typically consists of flexible ____ that enclose ____.

A

Membranes; cytoplasm

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48
Q

Cells within a tissue share a common ____ ____.

A

Embryonic origin

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49
Q

The serous membrane in the abdominal cavity that covers abdominal organs is called the ____.

A

Peritoneum

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50
Q

Name the two largest body compartments

A

Dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior)

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51
Q

What is the sagittal plane called when it runs directly down the middle of the body?

A

The midsagittal or median plane

52
Q

Of what is the study of regional anatomy?

A

Interrelationships of all structures in a specific body region.

53
Q

The skin is an epithelial membrane called the ____ membrane.

A

Cutaneous

54
Q

Name the organ that has an important role in immune defense within the lymphatic system

A

Spleen

55
Q

What are the two general approaches to anatomy study?

A

Regional and systemic

56
Q

As different organs work to perform a human’s functions, different ____ work together to keep cells healthy and functional.

A

Organelles

57
Q

In all living things, ____ is closely related to function.

A

Form

58
Q

The lymphatic system helps protect the body from ____ and spread of ____.

A

Infections; disease

59
Q

What are the two cavities within the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

60
Q

List the eleven organ systems of the body

A

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, lymphatic, respiratory, reproductive

61
Q

Where is serous membrane found?

A

Lining the fluid-filled cavities of the body, essentially acting as membranous bags with mesothelium on the inside and connective tissue on the outside

62
Q

Connective tissue membranes ____ organs and line our ____ joints.

A

Encapsulate; moveable

63
Q

Can synovial fluid exchange with blood?

A

Yes, synovial fluid readily exhanges water and nutrients with blood.

64
Q

What is the difference between prone and supine?

A

Both are orientations of the body - prone is face down, while supine is face up.

65
Q

What term describes a position above or higher than another part of the body?

A

Superior (or cranial)

66
Q

____ [type of blood vessel] provide a route for blood to return to the heart.

A

Veins

67
Q

The study of the larger body structures, visible without magnification, is known as ____ anatomy.

A

Gross and/or macroscopic anatomy

68
Q

The ____ surface of the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the external environment

A

Apical

69
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

The plane that divides the body or organ into an anterior portion and a posterior portion

70
Q

Human anatomy was designed to look at the ______ [number] organ systems of the body.

A

Eleven

71
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

The plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions

72
Q

Name the epithelial membrane composed of mesothelium supported by connective tissue.

A

Serous membrane

73
Q

The root of an anatomical term often refers to an ____, ____, or ____.

A

Organ; tissue; condition

74
Q

A group of organs that work together to perform major physiological functions is known as as ____ ____.

A

Organ system

75
Q

Select the true statement:
Different types of cells are randomly distributed throughout the body.
OR
Different types of cells occur in organised layers.

A

Different types of cells occur in organised layers, known as tissue.

76
Q

What is a tissue membrane?

A

A thin layer/sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, internal passageways that lead outside the body, and the lining of moveable joint cavities.

77
Q

What is the function of cytosol?

A

To provide the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions

78
Q

What is the purpose of dissection?

A

To cut apart structures in order to observe physical attributes and their relationships to one another

79
Q

Mucous, produced by the epithelial ____ glands, covers the epithelial layer.

A

Exocrine

80
Q

What is the function of the lamina propria?

A

Helps support the fragile epithelial layer of mucous membrane.

81
Q

Anatomy is a mechanism of biological ____, and is a ____ used to communicate accurately in a health forum.

A

Description; language

82
Q

The chemistry and physics of body structures and the way they work together to support life functions is the study of ____.

A

Physiology

83
Q

Serous fluid is secreted by the cells of the ____ ____ ____.

A

Thin squamous mesothelium

84
Q

With what is the apical surface of the cutaneous membrane covered and what is its function?

A

Dead, keratinised cells; to help protect the body from dying and infectious agents

85
Q

Describe the process of how a synovial membrane assists the function of freely moveable joints

A

Cells in the inner layer of the membrane release proteins and carbohydrates into the joint cavity, trapping water to form synovial fluid as a natural lubricant.

86
Q

What is a section?

A

A 2D surface of a 3D structure that has been cut

87
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

To provide a protective barrier around the cell and regulate which materials pass in and out

88
Q

Cytology is the study of ____.

A

Cells

89
Q

What term describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body?

A

Medial

90
Q

A group of many similar cells is called a ____.

A

Tissue

91
Q

Why is the nucleus considered the control centre of a cell?

A

It stores all genetic instructions for protein manufacture

92
Q

The ____ ____ is to a cell what the outer layer of skin is to a human.

A

Cell/plasma membrane

93
Q

The vertebral column is ____ [direction] to the heart.

A

Posterior

94
Q

Living cells in multicellular organisms contain an internal cytoplasmic compartment with a ____ within the cytoplasm.

A

Nucleus

95
Q

The prefix or suffix often ____ the root of anatomical terms.

A

Describes

96
Q

Serous membranes are identified according to ____.

A

Location

97
Q

Muscle tissue responds to stimulation to ____ and so generate ____.

A

Contract; movement

98
Q

The abdominal cavity contains ____ organs

A

Digestive

99
Q

Which cavity is the superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, thoracic or abdominopelvic?

A

Thoracic

100
Q

The epithelial membrane is composed of epithelium attached to a layer of ____ ____.

A

Connective tissue

101
Q

The frontal plane is also known as the ____ plane.

A

Coronal

102
Q

The peritoneum covers abdominal organs and forms double sheets of mesenteries that perform what function?

A

Suspend many of the digestive organs

103
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living organisms

104
Q

What are the two basic types of tissue membrane?

A

Epithelial and connective

105
Q

Name two subdivisions of the posterior cavity

A

Cranial cavity and vertebral (or spinal) cavity

106
Q

What term describes the back or direction toward the back of the body?

A

Posterior (or dorsal)

107
Q

Systemic anatomy is the study of what?

A

Structures that comprise a discrete body system; a group of structures that work together to perform a unique function.

108
Q

What is the root meaning of the word ‘organelle’?

A

‘Little organ’

109
Q

What term describes a position below or lower than another part of the body, near or toward the coccyx?

A

Inferior (or caudal)

110
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A

Receive oxygen and exchange it with carbon dioxide

111
Q

The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism is the ____.

A

Cell

112
Q

Which major blood vessel carries blood from the digestive organs to the heart?

A

Inferior vena cava

113
Q

Transverse planes produce images referred to as ____ ____.

A

Cross sections

114
Q

Name the two main subdivisions of the anterior cavity

A

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

115
Q

The anterior of the heart is protected by the ____ and ____.

A

Ribs; sternum

116
Q

Disruption to tissue structure can be detected through ____.

A

Histology

117
Q

The stratified squamous epithelium of the cutaneous membrane rests ____ to the connective tissue

A

Superficially

118
Q

The floor of the thoracic cavity is the ____.

A

Diaphragm

119
Q

Nervous tissue responds to stimulation to propagate ____ signals in the form of nerve impulses that ____ between different regions of the body.

A

Electrochemical; communicate

120
Q

A living being with a cellular structure that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life are called ____.

A

Organisms

121
Q

The pelvic cavity contains ____ organs

A

Reproductive

122
Q

What is the sagittal plane called when it divides the body into unequal right and left sides?

A

The parasagittal plane or longitudinal section

123
Q

What term describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body?

A

Proximal

124
Q

What is the purpose and general locations of connective tissue?

A

Binding cells and organs together, and contributes to protection, support, and integration in all areas of the body.

125
Q

It is useful to consider the two subdivisions within the abdominopelvic cavity, though there are no ____ separating them

A

Membranes

126
Q

What is the location and function of a synovial membrane?

A

Lines the cavity of a freely moveable joint; provide synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

LQB187 (11 decks)

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