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LQB187 > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Are there non-roaming macrophages in connective tissue?

A

Yse, these are fixed macrophages and are permanent residents of their tissues

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2
Q

Where is trabecular bone found?

A

In the interior of some bones and at the end of long bones

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3
Q

How are blood and lymph fluid connective tissues?

A

Cells circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix containing nutrients, salts, and wastes

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4
Q

Give two examples of dense connective tissue

A

Regular elastic and irregular elastic

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5
Q

What do ‘free’ macrophages do in connective tissue?

A

Move rapidly through the matrix engulfing infectious agents and cellular debris

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6
Q

Which has a greater resistance to stretching, loose or dense connective tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue

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7
Q

What would bones be like without the inorganic phase (mineral crystals)?

A

Able to flex, provide little support

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8
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm

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9
Q

Fibroblasts and adipocytes are ____ cells

A

Fixed

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10
Q

Which fibres are the most numerous?

A

Collagenous

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11
Q

Specialised connective tissues include which two tissue types?

A

Supportive and fluid connective tissues

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12
Q

What does ‘fixed cells’ mean?

A

The cells remain within the connective tissue

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13
Q

What is the effect of bone having organic and inorganic phases?

A

The combination makes bone hard and flexible at the same time

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14
Q

The function of a particular connective tissue correlates with the amount of what things in that tissue?

A

Cells, ground substance, and fibres

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15
Q

____ stem cells are commonly found in connective tissues

A

Mesenchymal

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16
Q

Give three examples of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

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17
Q

How do adipocytes apprear in stained sections?

A

Large white circular cells

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18
Q

What type of stain readily blackens reticular fibres?

A

Silver stains

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19
Q

Name a type of wandering cell that enters connective tissues (aside from macrophages)

A

Lymphocytes

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20
Q

Bone contains a relatively small number of ____ entrenched in a matrix of ____ fibres

A

Cells; collagenous

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21
Q

A few distinct ____ types and ____ packed fibres in a matrix characterise supportive connective tissue

A

Cell; densely

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22
Q

What makes fibrocartilage tough?

A

Thick bundles of collagenous fibres dispersed through its matrix

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23
Q

Elastic fibres contain which protein?

A

Elastin

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24
Q

What are the subcategories of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue and dense onnective tissue

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25
Q

How many main types of fibres are secreted by fibroblasts?

A

Three

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26
Q

What are the major categories of dense connective tissue?

A

Regular and irregular connective tissue

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27
Q

Which is heavier, trabecular or cortical bone?

A

Trabecular

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28
Q

What is the name of the process of bone formation with the cartilage template of the embryonic skeleton?

A

Endochondral ossification

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29
Q

Reticular tissue is a mesh-like supportive framework for soft organs such as ____ tissue, ____, and ____

A

Lymphatic; spleen; liver

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30
Q

Describe fluid connective tissue

A

Various specialised cells circulating in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

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31
Q

How do reticular fibres appear in a haemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain?

A

Reticular fibres are poorly visualised by H&E stains

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32
Q

Why might cortical bone be so dense?

A

So it can withstand compressive forces

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33
Q

Name two major forms of supportive connective tissue that allow the body to maintain its posture and protect internal organs

A

Cartilage and bone

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34
Q

What gives cartilagenous tissue its distinctive appearance?

A

A large component of solid ground substance

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35
Q

Collagenous fibres appear wavy under photomicrograph - what can straighten this out?

A

Tension on the tissue

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36
Q

____ fibres hold connective tissues together, even during body movement

A

Collagenous

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37
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

Carbohydrates and proteins

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38
Q

Ground substance is secreted by ____

A

Fibroblasts

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39
Q

What forms can ground substance be found in?

A

Fluid or mineralised and solid (as in bones)

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40
Q

What type of tissue is the most widely distributed primary tissue in the body?

A

Connective tissue

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41
Q

Which subtype of bone is more solid and has greater structural strength?

A

Cortical bone

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42
Q

Areolar tissue shows little ____

A

Specialisation

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43
Q

When do salt crystals form in bone?

A

When calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine to create hydroxyapatite

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44
Q

What are migratory or wandering cells?

A

Cells that move in and out of connective tissue in response to chemical signals

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45
Q

What are the categories of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

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46
Q

Name some functions of lymphocytes in connective tissue proper

A

Phagocytosis, allergic or inflammatory reactions, and immune defence

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47
Q

Name the three main types of fibres secreted by fibroblasts

A

Collagenous fibres, reticular fibres, and elastic fibres

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48
Q

What identifies an adipocyte?

A

The large lipid droplet that occupies the majority of the cell and pushes the nucleus to the periphery of the cell in an accentric and flattened position

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49
Q

What is the term for blood cell production?

A

Haematopoesis

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50
Q

In typical histological preparations, amorphous ground substance appears as what?

A

Clear spaces between the fibres and cells as it usually dissolves out of the tissue section during preparation

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51
Q

How is areolar tissue distributed?

A

In a random, web-like fashion

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52
Q

Dense regular connective tissue fibres are ____ to each other

A

Parallel

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53
Q

Is bone vascular?

A

Yes, highly vascular

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54
Q

Describe the arrangement of fibres in loose connective tissue

A

Loosely organised, leaving large spaces in between

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55
Q

What allows continued bone growth until adulthood?

A

A plate of hyaline cartilage at the ends of bone

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56
Q

What are some features of collagenous fibres?

A

Flexible, has great tensile strength, and resist stretching

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57
Q

Which has more collagenous fibres, loose or dense connective tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue

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58
Q

What the term for cells that move in and out of connective tissue in response to chemical signals?

A

Migratory or wandering cells

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59
Q

Ground substance is usually a ____

A

Fluid

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60
Q

Why does fibrocartilage have such a high fibrillar content?

A

This allows it to resist high compressive forces while still retaining its firm support

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61
Q

What is a macrophage derived from?

A

A monocyte

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62
Q

Most bones contain a combination of ____ and ____ bone tissue

A

Cortical; trabecular

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63
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers bones were they articulate to form moveable joints

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64
Q

What are the main types of cartilagenous tissue?

A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

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65
Q

What characterises connective tissues?

A

Their abundance of intercellular material and relatively few cells

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66
Q

Collagenous fibres in bone are embedded in what?

A

Mineralised ground substance

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67
Q

What is the function of reticular fibres in the reticular tissues of soft organs?

A

They anchor and provide structural support to the parenchyma

68
Q

Describe inactive/resting fibroblasts

A

Reduced cytoplasm and small, flattened, and elongated nuclei

69
Q

What is the ‘parachyma’?

A

The functional cells, vessels, and nerves of an organ as separate from the surrounding and supporting connective tissues

70
Q

In ligaments, not all fibres are ____

A

Parallel

71
Q

Elastic cartilagenous tissue contains ____ fibres, ____ fibres, and ground substance

A

Elastic; ground

72
Q

Do elastic fibres branch?

A

Yes

73
Q

What is the major function of connective tissue?

A

To support and connect tissues and organs

74
Q

How can lymphocytes be recognised in connective tissue proper?

A

Lymphocytes have a large round nucleus that occupies almost all the cytoplasm of the cell

75
Q

Which cell is predominant in adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes

76
Q

How does trabecular bone appear under the microscope?

A

As a sponge, with empty spaces between trabeculae or ‘little beams’ of bone tissue

77
Q

What kind of areas is fibrocartilage found?

A

Areas of high loading and stress

78
Q

Hyaline cartilagenous tissue consists of ____ and ____ collagenous fibres and ground substance

A

Short; dispersed

79
Q

List some locations areolar tissue can be found. There are four possible answers.

A

Superficial fascia (hypodermis of the skin, fills the spaces between muscle fibres, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, and supports organs in the abdominal cavity

80
Q

Name three fixed cells in connective tissue proper

A

Fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells

81
Q

What is involved in the organic phase of bone tissue?

A

Fibres, amorphous ground substance, cells

82
Q

Ligaments and tendons are made of which type of connective tissue?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

83
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilagenous tissue

84
Q

What can mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into?

A

Mature cells such as adipocytes, fibroblasts, and specialised connective tissue cells including bone and cartilagenous cells

85
Q

The matrix of connective tissue usually includes a large amount of ____ ____

A

Extracellular material

86
Q

What is a feature of dense connective tissue?

A

It is reinforced by bundles of fibres that provide tensile strength, elasticity, and protection

87
Q

Is cartilagenous tissue vascular?

A

No, which is why all nutrients need to diffuse through the matrix to reach the chondrocytes

88
Q

Which type of fibre is formed from the same protein subunits as collagen?

A

Reticular fibres

89
Q

How do elastic fibres appear in H&E sections?

A

Most elastic fibres are too thin to be seen in H&E sections

90
Q

What are the common three components of connective tissues?

A

Cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substance, and fibres

91
Q

Areolar tissue underlies most ____

A

Epithelia

92
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Secrete polysaccharides and proteins which combine with extraellular fluids to produce a viscous ground substance that with embedded fibrous proteins forms the extracellular matrix

93
Q

What are the two types of intercellular substances?

A

Amorphous ground substances and fibres

94
Q

Both ____ and ____ connective tissue have a variety of cell types and protein fibres suspended in a viscous ground substance

A

Loose; dense

95
Q

Name three examples of fibrocartilage

A

Menisci in the knee, pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs

96
Q

Describe the difference in arrangement of cells between epithelial and connective tissue

A

Epithelial tissue is usually composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in-between; connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix

97
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells are commonly found in what kind of tissue?

A

Connective tissues

98
Q

Give two examples of bone supportive connective tissue

A

Compant bone, cancellous bone

99
Q

Give some examples of dense irregular connective tissue that’s rich in collagenous fibres. There are four possible answers

A

The dermis of the skin, fibrous capsules of some organs, periosteum, endosteum, and deep fascia

100
Q

Give three examples of cartilage supportive connective tissue

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic

101
Q

Why is the matrix of bone described as ‘calcified’?

A

Calcium salt deposits

102
Q

What would bones be like without the organic phase?

A

Brittle and easily shattered

103
Q

List the locations hyaline cartilage can be found. There six possible answers

A

In the ribcage as the costal cartilages
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Most laryngeal cartilages (thyroid and cricoid)
In the nose
Covers bones where they articulate to form moveable joints (articular cartilage)

104
Q

What does hydroxyapatite incorporate as it crystallises on the collagenous fibres?

A

Other inorganic salts like magnesium hydroxide, fluoride, and sulphate

105
Q

What is the appearance of collagenous fibres in photomicrographs?

A

Wavy, ‘crimped’

106
Q

How do collagenous fibres appear in haemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections?

A

Pink unbranching fibres, 1-12μm in diameter

107
Q

What is the direction of the fibres in dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Random

108
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue located between organs?

A

It acts to absorb shock and bind tissues together

109
Q

Which fibres generally occur in bundles?

A

Collagenous

110
Q

What is the most common form of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar tissue

111
Q

What is the basic function of bone?

A

To provide protection to internal organs and support the body, as well as functions in Ca homeostasis and haematopoesis within bone marrow

112
Q

Supportive and fluid connective tissues are collectively referred to as what?

A

Specialised connective tissues

113
Q

Which types of cells are found in areolar tissue?

A

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages

114
Q

Which are thinner, elastic or collagen fibres?

A

Elastic

115
Q

Give two examples of fluid connective tissue

A

Lymph and blood

116
Q

How do hyaline cartilage samples appear under the microscope?

A

Clear due to the cartilagenous fibres being so thin (‘hyalos’ means ‘glass-like’)

117
Q

Silver stains make fibres appear ____

A

Black

118
Q

Is bone fast or slow to heal?

A

Fast

119
Q

Describe the structure of fibroblasts

A

Spindle-shaped cells with moderate amounts of cytoplasm and a large oval nucleus when active

120
Q

What is involved in the inorganic phase of bone tissue?

A

Minerals

121
Q

What is the most abundant cell in connective issue proper?

A

Fibroblast

122
Q

Where are reticular fibres most abundant?

A

In the reticular tissue of soft organs such as the liver or spleen

123
Q

What is the approximate diameter of elastic fibres?

A

0.2 - 1 μm

124
Q

How are connective tissue cells arranged?

A

In a matrix

125
Q

Cartilage and bone are what type of connective tissue?

A

Supportive connective tissue

126
Q

The matrix of bone is described as ____ due to the deposited calcium salts

A

Calcified

127
Q

Name three locations where elastic fibres are prominent

A

Skin, arteries, elastic ligaments of the vertebral column

128
Q

What is the effect of dense regular connective tissue fibres being parallel to each other?

A

It enhances tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fibre orientation

129
Q

What is the most significant property of elastin?

A

It returns to its original shape after being stretched or compressed

130
Q

Why is bone faster to heal than cartilage?

A

Bone is highly vascular

131
Q

What is the name of the plates of hyaline cartilage at the ends of bone that allow bone growth until adulthood?

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

132
Q

Why are cartilagenous tissues slow to heal?

A

They are avascular, so all nutrients must diffuse through the matrix to reach the chondrocytes

133
Q

What are the structural differences between collagenous and reticular fibres?

A

Reticular fibres remain narrow and are arranged in a branching network that has a net-like framework

134
Q

What are the two subtypes of bone?

A

Trabecular and cortical bone

135
Q

What characteristic of bone tissure is unique to only that subtype?

A

It has a biphasic composition - an organic phase comprising 1/3 tissue and inorganic phase comprising 2/3 tissue

136
Q

Does trabecular bone support loading from one or multiple directions?

A

Multiple

137
Q

Macrophages enter the connective tissue matrix from the ____ ____

A

Blood vessels

138
Q

Which type of fibres are readily blackened by silver stains?

A

Reticular fibres

139
Q

What is the advantage of the random direction of fibres in dense irregular connective tissue?

A

The arrangement gives the tissue greater strength in all directions and less strength in one particular direction

140
Q

The rigid extracellular matrix of bone contains mostly ____ fibres embedded in mineralised ground substance

A

Collagenous

141
Q

Which cartilage forms the template of the majority of the embryonic skeleton before bone formation begins?

A

Hyaline cartilage

142
Q

What is the major component of connective tissue matrix?

A

Ground substance, often criss-crossed by fibres

143
Q

Name the three categories of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper (AKA general connective tissue), supportive connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

144
Q

Ligaments have a higher proportion of ____ fibres than tendons

A

Elastic

145
Q

Where does haematopeosis occur?

A

Within the bone marrow compartment

146
Q

Which type of tissue is characterised by a relative abundance of cells and ground substance and a loose arrangement of fibres?

A

Loose connective tissue

147
Q

How do some dense irregular connective tissues achieve stretching in several directions?

A

By alternating layers where fibres run in the same orientation in each layer, and the layers themselves are stacked at an angle

148
Q

What is the purpose of supportive connective tissue?

A

To provide structure and strength to the body and protect soft tissues

149
Q

____ tissue represents the connective tissue component of epithelial membranes

A

Areolar

150
Q

Areolar tissue is the most common form of what category of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue

151
Q

The ground substance in bone is ____

A

Mineralised

152
Q

Which type of tissue is characterised by the close packing of fibres, relatively few cells, and little ground substance?

A

Dense connective tissue

153
Q

What does the matrix of collagenous fibres in bone provide?

A

It provides a surface for inorganic salt crystals to adhere

154
Q

Most ____ fibres are too thin to be seen in H&E sections

A

Elastic

155
Q

Give two examples of supportive connective tissue

A

Bone and cartilage

156
Q

Collagenous fibres give ____ and ____ their characteristic resilience and strength

A

Ligaments and tendons

157
Q

Which fibres are the most widely distributed?

A

Collagenous

158
Q

The amount of cells, ground substance, and fibres in connective tissue correlates with the ____ of that tissue

A

Function

159
Q

Which type of cell produces the reticular fibres that form the network onto which other cells attach?

A

Fibroblasts

160
Q

Name three types of cells found in connective tissue that are part of the immune system

A

Macrophages, leukocytes, and phagocytic cells

161
Q

Where does the extracellular material in a connective tissue matrix coe from?

A

It is produced by the connective tissue cells that are embedded within it

162
Q

What is the best stain to view elastic fibres?

A

Selective silver stains, where fibres appear black

163
Q

What are collagenous fibres made of?

A

Fibrous protein subunits called collagen linked together to form a long and straight fibre

164
Q

The surface of hyaline cartilage is ____

A

Smooth

165
Q

Name three locations where elastic cartilaginous tissue is found

A

The auricle of the ear, the Eustachian tube, and the epiglottis of the larynx

166
Q

What are specialised connective tissues?

A

The overarching term for supportive and fluid connective tissues

LQB187 (11 decks)

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