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LQB187 > Lymphatic system > Flashcards

Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

A small bean-shaped organ located in the lymphatic system is called a ____ ____.

A

Lymph node

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2
Q

Deep lymphatic vessels of the viscera generally follow the same routes as what structures?

A

Arteries

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3
Q

B-lymphocytes mature in the ____

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

What are tonsils important for?

A

Developing immunity to oral pathogens

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5
Q

Briefly describe the purpose of the spleen

A

To filter the blood

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6
Q

Briefly describe the structure of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph vessels begin as open-ended capillaries, which feed into increasingly larger lymphatic vessels, which eventually empty into the bloodstream by a series of ducts

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7
Q

Blood pressure causes leakage of fluid from the ____.

A

Capillaries

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8
Q

What prompts endothelial cell flaps in lymphatic capillaries to close?

A

Low interstitial pressure

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9
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from the lower limbs?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

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10
Q

Yellow bone marrow is a site for what?

A

Energy storage, consisting largely of adipocytes

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11
Q

The right sides of the head, thorax, and upper right limb drain lymph fluid into what location?

A

The confluence of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins

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12
Q

A major function of the lymphatic system is the drain body fluids from the ____ space and return them to the ____.

A

Interstitial; bloodstream

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13
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Against the thoracic diaphragm in the left upper abdominal quadrant

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14
Q

Which lymphocytes mature in bone marrow?

A

B-lymphocytes

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15
Q

Childen who suffer recurring throat infections may have their ____ tonsils removed

A

Palatine

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16
Q

What is the result of fluid leakage from capillaries?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

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17
Q

Approximately how many lymph nodes are in the human body?

A

500 - 600

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18
Q

The lymphatic system is closely tied to the ____ system.

A

Immune

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19
Q

Briefly describe what occurs in the primary lymphoid organs

A

Lymphocytes mature, proliferate, and are selected

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20
Q

What prevents lymph flowing backward or pooling at the lowest point of gravity?

A

One-way semi-lunar valves in lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

What are lymphoid follicles?

A

Germinal centres comprised of lymphocytes; a mass of lymphocytes “ready to go”

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22
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Mesenteric lymph nodes

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23
Q

In which tracts are lymphoid nodules found?

A

Respiratory and digestive tracts

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24
Q

Do lymphocytes inititate immune responses from primary lymphoid organs?

A

No - lymphocytes develop and mature in primary lymphoid organs, but they mount immune responses from secondary lymphoid organs

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25
Q

Where are the axillary lymph nodes located?

A

The axillary region (armpit)

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26
Q

What separates lymph nodes into compartments?

A

Trabeculae, extensions of the connective tissue capsule

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27
Q

The lymphatic system is the complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralises ____.

A

Pathogens

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28
Q

Where does lymph re-enter the circulatory system?

A

Through ducts at the confluence of the internal jugular and subclavian veins in the neck

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29
Q

What is in the cortex of lymph nodes?

A

Lymphoid follicles

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30
Q

All ____ are produced in the red bone marrow in adults

A

Lymphocytes

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31
Q

Name the tonsils located in the oropharynx

A

Palatine tonsils

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32
Q

Lymphatic capillaries empty into ____ lymphatic vessels

A

Afferent

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33
Q

Where are the inguinal lymph nodes located?

A

In the inguinal region (groin)

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34
Q

What occurs in red bone marrow?

A

Haematopoiesis

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35
Q

Why do lymphatic vessels have a beaded appearance?

A

They have one-way valves that are fairly close to one another, each causing a bulge in the vessel

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36
Q

The spleen is approximately ____cm long

A

12cm

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37
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

A sac-like chamber that receives lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs

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38
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from the head and neck?

A

Cervical lymph nodes

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39
Q

What is the role of collagen fibres in enabling lymph flow?

A

As interstitial pressure increases the filaments pull open the endothelial cell flaps to allow easy entry of fluid (as well as anchoring the lymphatic capillaries to tissues)

40
Q

What happens to lymph nodes when foreign material is encountered during filtration of lymph?

A

The lymph node swells

41
Q

How is lymph moved through the body?

A

Lymph is forced through vessels by body movements, skeletal muscle contraction, and breathing

42
Q

Which type of vessel are lymphatic vessels most similar to, arteries or veins?

A

Veins - they have similar three-tunic structures and valves are present

43
Q

Affterent lymphatic vessels carry lymph to ____ ____

A

Lymph nodes

44
Q

The name of fluid changes as it moves into the lymphatic system - what is the name before and after the move?

A

Interstitial fluid, then lymph fluid

45
Q

If looking at a diagram of a lymph node, how would you differentiate between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

A

The ends of open valves of afferent vessels would point towards the node, while those of efferent vessels would point away

46
Q

What happens to the thymus after it has completely developed in adolescence?

A

Progresssive atrophy as thymus tissue is slowly replaced with adipose and connective tissue over time

47
Q

What is chyle?

A

Dietary triglycerides combined with other lipids and proteins

48
Q

What colour is the spleen, and why?

A

Dark red, because it is extensively vascular

49
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Mediastinum of the thorax, anterior to the aorta and superior vena cava, posterior to the sternum

50
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

Oropharynx

51
Q

What is ‘interstitial space’?

A

Spaced between individual cells in the tissues

52
Q

What is the medulla of the lymph node?

A

The innermost portion of the lymph node

53
Q

What happens to any foreign material that is identified in interstitial fluid?

A

It is taken up by lymphatic capillaries and transported to lymph nodes where it is destroyed through phagocytosis

54
Q

Lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs is received in what structure?

A

The cisterna chyli

55
Q

____ lymphatic vessels carry cells and lymph to lymph nodes, and ____ lymphatic vessels carry them away

A

Afferent; efferent

56
Q

How thick is the wall of a lymphatic capillary?

A

One-cell layer of epithelial cells

57
Q

The tonsils are lymphoid nodules located in the ____

A

Pharynx

58
Q

Name four important clusters of lymph nodes

A

Cervical, axillary, mesenteric, and inguinal

59
Q

Name five common locations of lymph nodes

A

Inguinal region, axillary region, neck, thorax, and abdomen

60
Q

Which abdominal organ is the spleen attached to?

A

The stomach

61
Q

What provides the structural support of lymph nodes?

A

The connective tissue capsule and trabeculae, and a series of reticular fibres

62
Q

What is the cortex of the lymph node?

A

The outer portion of the lymph node, located deep to the capsule

63
Q

Where is the majority of red bone marrow found in adults? There are six possible answers

A

Flat bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, os coxae, and proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur

64
Q

Superficial lymphatics generally follow the same routes as what structures?

A

Veins

65
Q

T-lymphocytes mature in the ____

A

Thymus

66
Q

Is the lymphatic drainage of the body symmetrical?

A

No - the right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right upper side of the body only, with the left upper side and everything below the thoracic diaphragm draining into the thoracic duct

67
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessels merge to form what structures?

A

Lymphatic trunks

68
Q

Where are the cervical lymph nodes located?

A

In the neck, adjacent to the internal jugular vein

69
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries found?

A

Interlaced among the arterioles and venules of the circulatory system in the soft connective tissues of the body

70
Q

Which lymphocytes mature in the thymus?

A

T-lymphocytes

71
Q

What is the name of the lymphoid nodules in the pharynx?

A

Tonsils

72
Q

Name five locations which do not contain lymph vessels

A

Central nervous system, bone marrow, bones, teeth, and the cornea

73
Q

What is a lymphoid nodule?

A

A dense cluster of lymphocytes without a fibrous capsule

74
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

To carry excess fluids to the bloodstream and filter pathogens from the blood

75
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph from what locations of the body?

A

All areas of the body except the right side of the head, right arm, and right side of the thorax

76
Q

What is the hilum?

A

The entry point of blood vessels into the lymph node

77
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from the upper limbs and breast?

A

Axillary lymph nodes

78
Q

The thoracic duct drains into what location?

A

The confluence of the let subclavian and left internal jugular veins

79
Q

What is the term used to refer to lymphatic vessels of the subcutaneous tissues of the skin?

A

Superficial lymphatics

80
Q

What does it mean for a lymphocyte to be ‘selected’?

A

It is able to attack pathogens without harming the cells of the body

81
Q

Name the two primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus gland

82
Q

Name the specialised lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine

A

Lacteals

83
Q

Describe how dietary triglycerides are made ready to enter the lymphatic system

A

Dietary triglycerides combine with other lipids and proteins, and enter the lacteals to form a milky fluid called chyle

84
Q

Why might lymphoid nodules be present in respiratory and digestive tracts in particular?

A

They are areas routinely exposed to pathogens

85
Q

Lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from lymph nodes are referred to as ____ lymphatic vessels

A

Efferent

86
Q

What anchors a lymphatic capillary in the tissue?

A

Collagen fibres

87
Q

When does the thymus reach maximum development?

A

Puberty

88
Q

What surrounds lymph nodes?

A

A tough capsule of connective tissue

89
Q

Where are the mesenteric lymph nodes located?

A

In the mesentary of the small intestines

90
Q

The upper right side of the body drains lymph via what structure?

A

The right lymphatic duct

91
Q

Where does the thoracic duct begin?

A

Just inferior to the thoracic diaphragm in the cisterna chyli

92
Q

How many lobes does the thymus have?

A

Two; it is a bi-lobed organ

93
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are also called ____ ____.

A

Terminal lymphatics

94
Q

Lacteals are critical for the transport of what substances?

A

Dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins

95
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

To remove debris and pathogens from lymph

96
Q

____ bone marrow fills the head of the femur with a core of ____ bone marrow at the centre

A

Red; yellow

LQB187 (11 decks)

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