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LQB187 > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between thin and thick skin?

A

Thin skin has four layers while thick skin has five

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2
Q

What is left as the nuclei and organelles disintegrate as the keratinocytes die in the stratum granulosum?

A

Keratin and the cell membranes that will form the stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, and accessory structures of hair and nails

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3
Q

What do sebaceous glands excrete?

A

Sebum

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4
Q

Name the layer deep to the dermal papillary layer

A

Reticular layer

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5
Q

Name the functions of the stratum corneum

A

Dry, dead layer helps:

  • prevent the penetration of microbes
  • prevent the dehydration of underlying tissues
  • provides mechanical protection against abrasion for the more delicate underlying layers
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6
Q

What cells/structures are found in the dermal papillary layer? There are seven possible answers

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • A small number of adipocytes
  • An abundance of small blood vessels
  • Lymphatic capillaries
  • Nerve fibres
  • Touch receptors
  • Immune cells
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7
Q

Of the epidermis, dermis, and superficial fascia, which is considered the ‘core’ of the integumentary system?

A

Dermis

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8
Q

What are sudoiferous glands in lay terms?

A

Sweat glands

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9
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is exposed to the external environment?

A

Stratum corneum

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10
Q

Are there blood vessels in the epidermis?

A

No, the epidermis is avascular

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11
Q

The greater the folding of the superficial portion of the dermis, the ____ the connections between epidermis and dermis

A

Stronger

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12
Q

What is the name for a finger-like projection/fold in the superficial portion of the dermis?

A

Dermal papilla

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13
Q

Are the superficial layers of the epidermis comprised of squamous, cuboidal, or columnar cells?

A

Squamous keratinised

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14
Q

What type of tissue comprises the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue

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15
Q

What type of cells produce the interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibres in the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts

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16
Q

What layer is deep to the dermis?

A

Superficial fascia

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17
Q

What is provided by the collagenous fibres in the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Structure and tensile strength

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18
Q

Describe what changes occur in the keratinocytes as they are pushed from the stratum spinosum and through the stratum granulosum

A

The cells become flatter, their membranes thicken, and they generate large amounts of the fibrous protein keratin. The nuclei and other organelles disintegrate as the cells die

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19
Q

Name the pigments that influence the colour of skin

A

Melanin, carotene, and haemoglobin

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20
Q

What comprises the superficial fascia?

A

Mainly loose connective and fatty tissues

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21
Q

What forms during foetal development where the cells of the stratum basale meet the dermal papillary layer?

A

The ridges on the fingers known as fingerprints

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22
Q

What comprises the dermis?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures

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23
Q

How many layers of connective tissue comprise the dermis?

A

Two

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24
Q

Do the cells of the stratum corneum remain attached?

A

No, the cells are shed periodically

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25
Q

Cells in the stratum basale binding to the dermis via intertwining collagen fibres is known as what?

A

Basement membrane

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26
Q

What type of cell produces melanin?

A

Melanocytes

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27
Q

Describe the components of the superficial fascia

A

Well vascularised loose areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue

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28
Q

Describe the appearance of the dermal reticular layer

A

Reticulated (net-like) due to a tight meshwork of fibres

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29
Q

Name the two main layers of the skin

A

Epidermis and dermis

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30
Q

Melanocytes transfer the melanin pigment to the ____ (cell type) to protect the cell nucleus from UV-associated DNA damage

A

Keratinocytes

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31
Q

Give two other names for the superficial fascia

A

Hypodermis, subcutaneous layer

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32
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A

The second layer of epithelium in the epidermis (thick skin only)

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33
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

The third deepest layer of epithelium in the epidermis

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34
Q

Is the deeper layer of skin vascular?

A

Yes, the deeper layer of skin is well vascularised

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35
Q

What does the stratum basale attach the epidermis to?

A

The basal lamina which is between the epidermis and dermis

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36
Q

What is a keratinocyte?

A

A cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin

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37
Q

Name a type of cell aside from the basal cells that is found in the stratum basale

A

Melanocyte

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38
Q

Name the second/third (thin/thick) deepest layer of epithelium in the epidermis

A

Stratum granulosum

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the superficial fascia?

A

Connects the skin to the underlying fascia of the muscles and bones

40
Q

What is produced by melanocytes?

A

Melanin, a pigment that protects living cells of the epidermis from UV radiation damage as well as giving hair and skin their colour

41
Q

What is the stratum basale (AKA stratum germinativum)?

A

The fourth deepest layer of epithelium in the epidermis

42
Q

The cells in the stratum basale bond to the dermis via what structures?

A

Intertwining collagen fibres

43
Q

An interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibres are composed by two layers of connective tissue that form the ____

A

Dermis

44
Q

Where is the superficial fascia?

A

Deep to the dermis

45
Q

Name the third deepest layer of epithelium in the epidermis

A

Stratum spinosum

46
Q

What comprises the epidermis?

A

Closely packed keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium

47
Q

The deeper layer of skin has what kinds of nerve fibres?

A

Sensory, autonomic, and sympathetic

48
Q

Where does the keratin and the cell membranes that form the stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, and accessory structures of hair and nails come from?

A

Disintegration of the nuclei and organelles of the keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum

49
Q

The collagen and elastin fibres of the dermal papillary layer form a ____ mesh

A

Loose

50
Q

The cells in every layer of the epidermis except the ____ ____ are called keratinocytes

A

Stratum basale

51
Q

How long does it take for new cells to completely replace those of the stratum corneum?

A

Approximately four weeks

52
Q

How do keratinocytes move away from the stratum basale?

A

Existing cells are pushed superficially away as new cells are formed

53
Q

What is composed of the two layers of connective tissue in the dermis and produced by fibroblasts?

A

An interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibres

54
Q

Is the stratum basale a single or multi- layer of basal cells?

A

Single layer

55
Q

Describe the keratinocytes in the stratum lucidum

A

Flattened and dead

56
Q

What is a visual characteristic of the stratum granulosum?

A

It has a grainy appearance due to changes in the keratinocytes as they are pushed from the stratum spinosum

57
Q

What is the function of the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum?

A

They begin the synthesis of keratin and release a water-repelling glycolipid

58
Q

Where do the strands of collagen from the dermal reticular layer extend?

A

Superficially into the papillary layer and deep into the superficial fascia

59
Q

The basal layer of the epidermis is composed of cuboidal cells, while the superior layers are keratinised squamous cells. How is the whole epithelium usually described?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

60
Q

What is provided by the elastin fibres in the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Elasticity to the skin

61
Q

How does the stratum basale constantly produce new cells?

A

Constantly going through mitosis

62
Q

Name the second layer of epithelium in the epidermis (thick skin only)

A

Stratum lucidum

63
Q

What is a dermal papilla?

A

A finger-like projection/fold in the superficial portion of the dermis

64
Q

What is the stratum granulosom?

A

The second/third (thin/thick) deepest layer of epithelium in the epidermis

65
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

The most superficial layer of epithelium in the epidermis

66
Q

Is the superficial fascia a layer of skin?

A

It is not a true layer of skin, but the border between the superficial fascia and the dermis can be difficult to distinguish

67
Q

Name the accessory structures of the skin. There are four possible answers

A
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
  • Sebaceous glands
68
Q

What is keratin?

A

An intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties

69
Q

The collagen and elastin fibres of the dermal papillary layer form a loose ____

A

Mesh

70
Q

Is most skin ‘thin skin’ or ‘thick skin’?

A

Thin skin (four layers of epithelium)

71
Q

What is the purpose of the water-repelling glycolipid from the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum?

A

Helps prevent water loss from the body, making the skin relatively waterproof (and preventing us semi-dissolving in water)

72
Q

The cells in every layer of the epidermis except the stratum basale are called ____

A

Keratinocytes

73
Q

What is generated in large amounts by keratinocytes as they are pushed through the stratum granulosum

A

Keratin, a fibrous protein

74
Q

What type of tissue comprises the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

Loose areolar connective tissue

75
Q

What layer of epithelium does thick skin have that thin skin does not?

A

Stratum lucidum, located between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum

76
Q

Where can ‘thick skin’ be found on the body?

A

Palms of the hands, soles of the feet, digits

77
Q

How many layers of cells are in the epidermis?

A

Four or five, depending on location

78
Q

How many layers are in the stratum granulosum?

A

Three to five layers deep

79
Q

What happens to the most superficial keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum as more are produced by the stratum basale?

A

The most superficial keratinocytes are pushed into the stratum granulosum

80
Q

Describe the appearance of the stratum lucidum

A

Smooth, seemingly translucent layer of the epidermis located superficial to the stratum granulosum and deep to the stratum corneum

81
Q

Describe the structure of the stratum spinosum

A

Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes formed by cell division in the stratum basale

82
Q

What is the general term for skin that has four layers of cells?

A

Thin skin

83
Q

Why is the statum basale constantly going through mitosis?

A

Continuous production of keratinocytes

84
Q

What are produced by the basal cells of the stratum basale?

A

Keratinocytes

85
Q

What is between the epidermis and dermis?

A

Basal lamina

86
Q

What is the function of dermal papillae?

A

Increase the strength of the connection between the epidermis and dermis

87
Q

How many layers are usually in the stratum corneum?

A

15 to 30

88
Q

Is the basal layer of the epidermis comprised of squamous, cuboidal, or columnar cells?

A

Cuboidal

89
Q

What is the proper anatomical term for sweat glands?

A

Sudoriferous glands

90
Q

The stratum basale is also known as the stratum ____

A

Germinativum

91
Q

Are the cells in the stratum corneum alive or dead?

A

Dead

92
Q

Which is thicker, the papillary or reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Reticular layer

93
Q

Name the fourth deepest layer of epithelium in the epidermis

A

Stratum basale (AKA stratum germinativum)

94
Q

What shape are sudoiferous glands?

A

Coiled

95
Q

Do people with darker skin have more melanocytes, or do their melanocytes produce more melanin?

A

Their melanocytes produce more melanin

96
Q

Name a difference between thin and thick skin that’s visible to the eye

A

Thick skin is hairless

97
Q

Name the most superficial layer of epithelium in the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum

LQB187 (11 decks)

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