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LQB187 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscles attach to ____

A

Bones

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2
Q

Where does the flexor carpi ulnaris insert?

A

Onto medial carpus

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3
Q

What makes cardiomyocytes highly resistant to fatigue? Note - not required for LQB187 content

A

Cardiomyocytes have a high density of mitochondria that allows them to quickly produce ATP

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4
Q

What is the name of the quadriceps tendon when it continues inferior to the patella?

A

Patella ligament

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5
Q

Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated?

A

The fusion of many myocytes that forms each muscle fibre results in multinucleated cells

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6
Q

Name some (general) regions of the body where tendons are common

A

Upper and lower limbs

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7
Q

How many nuclei do smooth muscle cells have?

A

A single nucleus

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8
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A
  • Involuntary movement
  • Moves food
  • Respiration control
  • Moves secretions
  • Regulated blood flow in arteries by contraction
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9
Q

How much of body mass is made up of skeletal muscle?

A

40%

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10
Q

What does contractility allow for muscles?

A

Allows muscles to pull on their attachment points and shorten with force

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11
Q

Skeletal muscles perform voluntary movement and maintenance of ____

A

Posture

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12
Q

What is the movement faciliated by muscles in the posterior compartment of the brachium?

A

Extension of the elbow joint

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13
Q

What is the meaning of muscle tissue being ‘contractile’?

A

The tissue can shorten and generate a pulling force

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14
Q

What prevents separation of cardiomyocytes during cardiac contraction?

A

Intercalated discs (the specialised junctions between cardiomyocytes)

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15
Q

Are cardiomyocytes multinucleate?

A

Yes, they usually have one or two centrally located, oval shaped nuclei

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16
Q

Describe the histology of smooth muscle (fibres, striations, and nuclei)

A
  • Short and spindle-shaped
  • No evident striation
  • Single nucleus in each fibre
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17
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibres comprised of?

A

Myofibrils bundled together by three layers of connective tissue

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18
Q

What are tendinous intersections?

A

The three transverse bands of collagenous fibres that segment the rectus abdominis muscles

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19
Q

Describe cardiomyocytes as they are typically found

A

Single cells, typically with a single centrally located nucleus

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20
Q

What structures of a skeletal muscle contain dense regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons and/or aponeuroses (tendon-like variation of deep fascia that attaches sheet-like muscles that need a wide attachment area)

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21
Q

The cardiac muscle pumps blood through the body and is under ____ control

A

Involuntary

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22
Q

What segments the rectus abdominis muscles?

A

Three transverse bands of collagenous fibres called tendinous intersections

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23
Q

What muscle feature is used to name the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii?

A

The number of muscle heads (AKA muscle bellies); ‘bi’ meaning two, ‘tri’ meaning three

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24
Q

What is formed by the convex surface of the thoracic diaphragm?

A

The elevated floor of the thoracic cavity

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25
Q

What muscle structures are in the posterior compartment of the brachium?

A

The three heads of the triceps brachii

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26
Q

Name the muscle that crosses the glenohumeral and elbow joints to flex both joints

A

Biceps brachii

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27
Q

What the head flexes or extends, are the neck muscles acting unilaterally or bilaterally?

A

Bilaterally

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28
Q

For what are the involuntary contractions of cardiomyocytes responsible for?

A

Contraction of the heart, and therefore the distribution of blood around the body

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29
Q

Which type of muscles attach to bones?

A

Skeletal muscles

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30
Q

Where can smooth muscle be found?

A

Walls of major organs and passageways

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31
Q

Are cardiomyocytes typically found as single cells or fused together?

A

Single cells

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32
Q

Name three structures that have passage through openings in the thoracic diaphragm

A
  • Descending aorta
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Oesophagus
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33
Q

Cardiomyocytes form long, ____ cardiac muscle fibres that are connected through ____ discs

A

Branching; intercalated

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34
Q

What does it mean to say that muscle tissue is excitable?

A

Muscle tissue responds to a stimulus

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35
Q

What is made possible by contraction of skeletal muscle?

A

Locomotion, facial expressions, posture, and voluntary movements

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36
Q

Describe the histology of skeletal muscle (fibres, striations, and nuclei)

A
  • Long cylindrical fibres
  • Striated
  • Many peripherally located nuclei
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37
Q

Describe the structure formed by attached cardiomyocytes

A

Long, branching cardiac muscle fibres

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38
Q

Where do the muscular domes of the thoracic diaphragm insert?

A

Into the central tendon

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39
Q

Give two examples of a muscle named according to its relative size and length compared to others in its region

A
  • Pectoralis major (larger)

- Gluteus maximus (largest)

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40
Q

What are the three primary types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

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41
Q

How many heads does the pectoralis major have?

A

Two

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42
Q

What type of contraction is enabled by smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary

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43
Q

Give an example of a muscle named for its anatomical region or particular bone

A

Gluteus maximus (located in the gluteal region)

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44
Q

The muscles of mastication assist in the movement of what joint?

A

Temporomandibular joint

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45
Q

What do the inferior surfaces of the pericardial sac and pleural membranes fuse to?

A

The central tendon of the diaphragm

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46
Q

Where can skeletal muscle be found?

A

Attached to bones and around entrance points to the body (e.g. mouth, anus)

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47
Q

What does the deltoid allow?

A

Abduction, flexion, extension, and medial and lateral rotation of the glenohumeral joint

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48
Q

What is the large triangle-shaped muscle in the posterior neck and back?

A

The trapezius

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49
Q

What is facilitated by the thoracic diaphragm changing the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

Breathing

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50
Q

Cardiomyocytes are adapted to contract without what?

A

Cardiomyocytes are adapted to contract without any stimulation

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51
Q

The direction of a muscle’s fibres and fascicles describes the muscles in relation to what?

A

The midline

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52
Q

What movement does the head make when the neck muscles act bilaterally?

A

The head flexes or extends

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53
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Voluntary movement
  • Produces heat
  • Protects organs
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54
Q

Is the superior surface of the thoracic diaphragm convex or concave?

A

Convex

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55
Q

Name the major abductor of the glenohumeral joint

A

Deltoid

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56
Q

What joint is flexed and adducted by the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

The radiocarpal joint

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57
Q

The walls of hollow organs are often what kind of muscle?

A

Smooth muscle

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58
Q

How do skeletal muscle cells appear under a light microscope?

A

Striated with many nuclei squeezed along the membranes

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59
Q

The location of muscle heads is also the location of the muscle’s ____

A

Origins/insertions

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60
Q

What type of muscle forms the contractile walls of the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle

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61
Q

Name the large muscle on the posterior neck and back

A

Trapezius

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62
Q

Describe the histology of cardiac muscle (fibres, striations, and nuclei)

A
  • Short and branched fibres
  • Striated
  • One or two centrally located nuclei
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63
Q

Where are the nuclei generally located in skeletal muscle fibres?

A

At the periphery of each cell

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64
Q

Which type of muscle is made of non-striated muscle fibres?

A

Smooth muscle fibres

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65
Q

A muscle can return to its original length when ____

A

Relaxed

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66
Q

Why do skeletal muscle cells appear striated under a light microscope?

A

The regular alternation of the contractile proteins actin and myosin, along with the structural proteins that couple the contractile proteins to connective tissues

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67
Q

What are tendons?

A

Cord-like attachments composed of dense regular connective tissue that attach a skeletal muscle’s fibres to relatively small areas on bone or cartilage

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68
Q

Where do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the antebrachium insert?

A

Onto different parts of the hand

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69
Q

What is used to describe muscles relative to the midline?

A

The direction of the muscle fibres and fascicles

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70
Q

Of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle, which are excitable?

A

All three - their plasma membranes can change their electrical states from polarised to depolarised and send an electrical wave called an action potential along the length of the membrane

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71
Q

For which phase of breathing does the chest cavity expand?

A

Inhalation

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72
Q

How far do the rectus abdominis muscles extend?

A

Originate from the pubic symphysis and extend the length of the abdomen

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73
Q

What allows muscle tissue to pull on its attachment points and shorten with force?

A

Contractility

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74
Q

What shape is the thoracic diaphragm at rest?

A

Dome-shaped

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75
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

Contracts to pump blood

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76
Q

The pectoralis major is associated with the movement of what joint?

A

Glenohumeral

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77
Q

How are the back muscles grouped?

A

According to the lengths and direction of the fascicles

78
Q

What is produced asa by-product of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Heat

79
Q

Both sternocleidomastoid muscles working together are the ____ of the head

A

Flexors

80
Q

Does the number of muscle cells vary widely over short times or remain relatively constant?

A

The number of muscle cells stays relatively constant throughout life

81
Q

Name some of the origins of the muscular domes of the thoracic diaphragm

A
  • The sternum (anteriorly)
  • The inferior six ribs and their cartilages (laterally)
  • The lumbar vertebrae and 12th ribs (posteriorly)
82
Q

The appendicular muscles of the interior part of the body stabilise which structure?

A

The pelvic girdle

83
Q

What is contraction of smooth muscle tissue responsible for?

A

Involuntary movements in internal organs

84
Q

In what kind of locations (not specific) can smooth muscle be found?

A

The walls of hollow organs

85
Q

Do individual skeletal muscle fibres lie parallel or perpendicular to each other?

A

Parallel

86
Q

What enables a muscle to return to its original length when relaxed?

A

A quality of muscle tissue called elasticity that allows the muscle to recoil back to its original length

87
Q

Where can cardiac muscle be found?

A

Heart

88
Q

How many openings for the passage of structures between thorax and abdomen are there in the thoracic diaphragm?

A

Three

89
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Specialised cell junctions between cardiomyocytes

90
Q

Which muscle cells can respond to stimuli other than the nervous system, like hormones and local stimuli?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

91
Q

Give an example of a muscle in the anterior compartment of the antebrachium

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

92
Q

Are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the antibrachium flexors or extensors?

A

Flexors

93
Q

How many segmenting bands do the rectus abdominis muscles have?

A

Three each

94
Q

Which cavities are separated by the thoracic diaphragm?

A

Thoracic and abdominal

95
Q

What occurrence is a result of the facial expression muscles inserting in the skin rather than on bone?

A

When the muscle contract, the skin moves to create facial expression

96
Q

What is the meaning of ‘excitable’ cells?

A

Their plasma membranes can change electrical states from polarised to depolarised and send an electrical wave called an action potential along the length of the membrane

97
Q

Which muscle extends the radiocarpal and interphalangeal joints?

A

Extensor digitorum

98
Q

What are the two categories of muscles?

A

Axial and appendicular (same as the skeletal system)

99
Q

Is the inferior surface of the thoracic diaphragm convex or concave?

A

Concave

100
Q

What is a principle characteristic of cardiomyocytes?

A

They contract on their own intrinsic rhythms without any external stimulation; they are capable of self-excitation

101
Q

What is the major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates the head?

A

The sternocleidomastoid muscle

102
Q

What muscles circle the anterior surface of the eye orbits?

A

Orbicularis oculi

103
Q

What muscle changes the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

Thoracic diaphragm

104
Q

How are muscles named? There are six possible answers

A

By their shape, location, size compared to other nearby muscles, number of origins, action, or attachments to the skeleton

105
Q

What is the proper term for a muscle cell?

A

Myocyte

106
Q

When a muscle is named based on its attachments, what is named first?

A

The origin

107
Q

What is shivering?

A

Involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles in response to perceived lower than normal body temperature

108
Q

What is the major component of skeletal muscles?

A

Skeletal muscle fibres contained within the muscle belly

109
Q

How many muscles are in the quadriceps femoris group?

A

Four

110
Q

Movement of the temporomandibular joint is assisted by muscles of what action?

A

Mastication

111
Q

What is the meaning of elasticity?

A

It can recoil back to its original length due to the presence of elastic fibres

112
Q

What is the group of muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris group

113
Q

Which type of muscles perform voluntary movement and maintain posture?

A

Skeletal muscles

114
Q

Which type of muscle cell completely depends on signalling from the nervous system?

A

Skeletal muscle cells

115
Q

Do cardiomyocytes fatigue?

A

Cardiomyocytes are highly resistant to fatigue

116
Q

Give an example of a muscle named after its attachment to the skeleton

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle (has origins on the sternum and clavicle, and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone)

117
Q

How do skeletal muscles participate in thermal homeostasis?

A

Skeletal muscles generate heat as a by-product of contraction

118
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is made of non-striated muscle fibres that are thickest in the centre before tapering at the ends?

A

Smooth muscle fibres

119
Q

Is skeletal muscle anucleated, nucleated, or multinucleated?

A

Multinucleated

120
Q

What muscle is the largest of the gluteal group?

A

Gluteus maximum

121
Q

Why is smooth muscle named ‘smooth’?

A

The cells do not have striations

122
Q

Where is the insertion of the patellar ligament?

A

Tibia

123
Q

Where do most muscles that insert on the femur and move it originate?

A

On the pelvic girdle

124
Q

Name the most anterior and superficial muscle of the quadriceps femoris group

A

Rectus femoris

125
Q

What is the anatomical term for chewing?

A

Mastication

126
Q

When the head rotates, are the neck muscles acting unilaterally or bilaterally?

A

Unilaterally

127
Q

What is the effect of hypertrophy of the tendinous intersections of the rectus abdominis muscles?

A

‘Six-pack ab’ appearance

128
Q

Are the muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of the antibrachium flexors or extensors?

A

Extensors

129
Q

What muscle originates in the sternum and clavicle and inserts into the mastoid process?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

130
Q

What is the group of muscles that are some of the largest and most powerful in the body?

A

Gluteal group

131
Q

Give an example of a muscle in the superficial posterior compartment of the antebrachium

A

Extensor digitorum

132
Q

Where do the tendons of the extensor digitorum insert?

A

Digits 2 to 5

133
Q

Name a muscle of facial expression

A

Orbicularis oculi (a circular muscle that encloses the eye)

134
Q

What joins cardiomyocytes?

A

Intercalcated discs (specialised cell junctions)

135
Q

List some of the minor structures in skeletal muscles

A

Areolar connective tissue, blood vessels and their epithelial lining, nerves, nerve receptors, and nerve endings

136
Q

Skeletal muscle is attached to ____

A

Bones

137
Q

What do cardiomyocytes do that allow the cells to synchronise their actions?

A

The cells form long, branching cardiac muscle fibres connected through intercalated discs

138
Q

What muscle flexes and adducts the radiocarpal joint?

A

The flexor carpi ulnaris

139
Q

Are cardiac muscle cells striated under a microscope?

A

Yes, cardiomyocytes are striated

140
Q

What structure is common to all four muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

The quadriceps tendon

141
Q

Give an example of a muscle named according to the direction of its muscle fibres and fascicles

A

The rectus (straight) abdominis muscle

142
Q

Give two examples of muscles named for the movement they produce

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris (flexes the radiocarpal joint)

- Extensor digitorum (extends the interphalangeal joints of the fingers)

143
Q

How do cardiomyocytes attach to each another?

A

Specialised cell junctions called intercalated discs

144
Q

How does the temporalis muscle assist with eating?

A

It retracts the mandible

145
Q

Describe the nucleus of a smooth muscle myocyte

A

Centrally located, cigar-shaped nucleus

146
Q

In what region is the pectoralis major located?

A

Thorax

147
Q

Where are the muscular domes of the thoracic diaphragm?

A

To the sides of the central tendon

148
Q

In which compartment are the muscles that flex the hip and extend the knee, anterior or posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh

149
Q

For which phase of breathing does the chest cavity volume decrease?

A

Exhalation

150
Q

What surrounds each skeletal muscle?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue, known as the deep fascia

151
Q

What is prevented by intercalated discs during cardiac contraction?

A

Separation

152
Q

Can the origin of a muscle move?

A

No

153
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue is arranged in ____ surrounded by connective tissue

A

Bundles

154
Q

What is allowed by the precise attachent of skeletal muscle fibres to bones/cartilage via tendons?

A

Production of fine motor movements

155
Q

What movement is allowed by the attachment of the patellar ligament to the tibia?

A

Extension of the knee joint

156
Q

What movement does the head make when the neck muscles act unilaterally?

A

The head rotates

157
Q

What is the patellar ligament?

A

The inferior continuation of the quadriceps tendon past the patella

158
Q

Where do the rectus abdominis muscles originate?

A

Pubic symphysis

159
Q

What are the fibres of the muscle insertions of the facial expression muscles intertwined with?

A

Connective tissue and the dermis of the skin

160
Q

In which compartment is the rectus femoris?

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh

161
Q

What does ‘extensibility’ mean in regards to muscles?

A

The muscles can stretch or extend

162
Q

Give some examples of involuntary contraction enabled by smooth muscles (there are two possible answers)

A
  • Vasoconstriction (restricts blood flow)

- Peristalsis (aids digestion and elimination of waste from the body

163
Q

What is formed by the concave surface of the thoracic diaphragm?

A

The curved roof of the abdominal cavity

164
Q

What feature of cardiac muscle allows the tissue of the heart to produce synchronised contractions?

A

The cardiomyocytes being branched and tightly joined by intercalated discs that prevent separation during contraction

165
Q

____ muscle cells completely depend on signalling from the nervous system

A

Skeletal

166
Q

Where do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the antebrachium originate?

A

On the humerus

167
Q

What kind of tissue forms the deep fascia?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

168
Q

Name a muscle in the anterior compartment of the brachium

A

Biceps brachii

169
Q

Which muscles lie anteriorly in the abdominal wall?

A

The rectus abdominis, a pair of long, linear muscles

170
Q

Describe the two heads of the pectoralis major

A

Larger sternal head and a smaller, more superior clavicular head

171
Q

Name a vessel located in the thorax but associated with movement of the glenohumeral joint

A

Pectoralis major

172
Q

What structures fuse onto the central tendon of the thoracic diaphragm?

A

The inferior surfaces of the pericardial sac and pleural membranes

173
Q

Of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells, which one/s appear striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

174
Q

Which types of muscle cells can be influenced by the nervous system to some degree?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle cells

175
Q

What is the proper term for cardiac muscle cells?

A

Cardiomyocytes

176
Q

What are cardiomyocytes?

A

Cardiac muscle cells

177
Q

Which muscle covers much of the superior portion of the anterior thorax?

A

Pectoralis major

178
Q

What are the structures to the sides of the central tendon of the thoracic diaphragm?

A

The muscular domes (the skeletal muscle portions of the thoracic diaphragm

179
Q

Where is the insertion of the quadriceps tendon?

A

In the patella

180
Q

Skeletal muscles perform ____ movement and maintence of posture

A

Voluntary

181
Q

Which muscle is the major abductor of the glenohumeral joint, and facilitates flexion, medial rotation, extension, and lateral rotation?

A

Deltoid

182
Q

Where are the origins of the muscles of facial expression?

A

On the surface of the skull

183
Q

What shape are smooth muscle cells?

A

Spindle-shaped

184
Q

In which compartment are the three heads of the triceps brachii?

A

Posterior compartment of the brachium

185
Q

List some organs that have smooth muscle in the walls

A

Hollow organs:

  • Urinary bladder
  • Uterus
  • Stomach
  • Intestines
  • Passageways (arteries and veins)
  • Tracts of the respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems
186
Q

Give two examples of terms that describe a muscle’s shape

A
  • Deltoid (triangle)

- Orbicularis (circular)

187
Q

What muscle is superficial to the temporal bone?

A

Temporalis

188
Q

Muscle tissue is characterised by properties that allow ____

A

Movement

189
Q

Involuntary movements in internal organs are the result of contraction of what kind of muscle?

A

Smooth muscle

190
Q

What joints are extended by the extensor digitorum?

A

Radiocarpal and interphalangeal joints

LQB187 (11 decks)

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