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Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position and Directional Terms

A
  • Anatomical position = feet, face and palms forward
  • Directional Terms:
    1) Anterior (ventral) = looking at front of body
    2) Posterior (Dorsal) = looking at back
    3) Proximal
    4) Distal
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2
Q

Skeletal System Overview

A
  • Has 2 divisions:
    1) Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
    2) Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
  • Connections between bones = articulations (same thing as a joint)
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3
Q

Skull Groupings

A

1) Cranium- 8 bones (next to brain)
2) Facial bones - 14 bones
3) Auditory ossicles - 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle ears)

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4
Q

Cranium (Skull)

A

1) 1 frontal (forehead
2) 2 Parietal
3) 2 Temporal
4) 2 Sphenoid
5) 1 Ethmoid - forms superior and middle nasal chonchae
6) 1 Occipital

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5
Q

Facial Bones (Skull)

A

1) 2 Nasal
2) 2 Maxillae
3) 2 Zygomatic
4) 2 Lacrimal
5) Palatine (2 palatine + 2 maxillae = hard palate (top of mouth)
6) 2 inferior nasal chonchae
7) 1 Vomer
8) 1 Mandible

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6
Q

Auditory Ossicles (Skull)

A

1) Incus
2) Malleus
3) Stapes

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7
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • NO articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

- Attaches muscles of torque and neck, assists in swallowing

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8
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • 26 vertebrae

- Separated into 5 regions

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9
Q

Body (Vertebrae Structure)

A

Thick anterior portion

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10
Q

Spinous Process (Vertebrae Structure)

A

(1) Median posterior projection

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11
Q

Transverse Process (Vertebrae Structure)

A

2- Lateral bony projections for muscle attachment

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12
Q

Lamina (Vertebrae Structure)

A

2- Connects the two processes

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13
Q

Pedicle (Vertebrae Structure)

A

2- Connects body to transverse process

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14
Q

Vertebral Foramen (Vertebrae Structure)

A

Hole for spinal cord

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15
Q

Superior + Inferior Articulate Facets (Vertebrae Structure)

A

Articulate with vertebrae above and below

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16
Q

Intervertebral Foramina (Vertebrae Structure)

A

Exit for spinal nerves

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17
Q

Cervical Vertebrae overview

A
  • First section containing C1-C7
  • C1, C2 = atypical
  • C3- C7 = typical
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18
Q

C1 (cervical)

A
  • C1 = atlas
  • No body, no spinous process
  • Articulates with occipital condyle of skull– allows nodding (‘yes”) motion
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19
Q

C2

A
  • C2 = axis
  • Dens (= odontoid process)
  • Pivot joint around which atlas swivels – allows shaking (“no”) motion
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20
Q

C1-C7

A

-All have transverse foramina

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21
Q

Thoracic

A
  • T1-T12
  • Second section
  • ALL articulate with ribs via costal facets
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22
Q

Lumbar

A
  • L1-L5
  • Third section
  • Support upper body weight
  • ALL have large bodies and rectangular spinous processes
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23
Q

Sacrum

A
  • Located under Lumbar
  • = 5 fused vertebrae
  • Articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)
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24
Q

Coccyx

A
  • Located under Sacrum
  • = 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4
  • = tailbone
25
Q

Cervical and Lumbar Curvature

A

Curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly

26
Q

Thoracic and Sacrum Curvature

A

Curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly

27
Q

Scoliosis

A
  • Abnormal curvature

- Spinal column curves laterally

28
Q

Kyphosis

A
  • Abnormal curvature

- Exaggerated thoracic curve (Hunchback)

29
Q

Lordosis

A
  • Abnormal curvature

- Exaggerated lumbar curve (Swayback)

30
Q

Thoracic Cage

A
  • Sternum (breast bone)

- Ribs

31
Q

Sternum (Thoracic Cage)

A
  • 3 Parts:
    1) Manubrium - superior
    2) Body - middle
    3) Xiphoid Process - inferior
32
Q

Ribs (Thoracic Cage)

A
  • 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12)
    -7 pairs = true ribs
    Attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
  • 5 pairs = false ribs
    Attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) or not all = floating ribs (11,12 - embedded in muscle
33
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • Contains:
    1) Skull
    2) Hyoid Bone
    3) Vertebral Column
    4) Thoracic Cage
34
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  • Contains:
    1) Pectoral Girdle
    2) Pelvic Girdle
    3) Upper Limb
    4) Lower Limb
35
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

1) Clavicle (collarbone)
- Articulates with sternum (manubrium) + Scapula (acromion process)
- Connects axial + appendicular skeletons
2) Scapula
- Spine (on posterior)
- Acromion process - Articulates with clavicle
- Glenoid Fossa/cavity - Articulates head of humerus
- Coracoid process - attaches muscles for arm and chest

36
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • Composed of 2 os coxae (hipbones) each with 3 bones
  • Joints:
    1) Pubic symphysis
    2) Sacroiliac joint - sacrum + ilium
    3) Acetabulum - articulates with head of femur (ALL 3 bones of os coxae join here
37
Q

Ilium (Os coxae bone)

A

Articulates with sacrum

38
Q

Ischium (Os coxae bone)

A

Most inferior part = ischial tuberosity

39
Q

Pubis (OS coxae bone)

A

Left and right joined by pubic symphysis

40
Q

Upper Limb (in anatomical position)

A

1) Humerus
2) Radius (lateral) / Ulna (medial)
3) Carpals (8) = wrist
4) Metacarpals (5) = palm
5) Phalanges (14) = fingers and thumb
NOTE: All are LONG bones (except carpals)

41
Q

Lower Limb (in anatomical position)

A

1) Femur
2) Patella (Knee Cap)
3) Tibia (medial)/ Fibula (lateral)
4) Tarsals (7)
- Talus - articulates with tibia
-Calcaneus = heal bone
5) Metatarsals (5) = sole
6) Phalanges (14) = digits (toes)
NOTE: All are Long bones (except patella and tarsals)

42
Q

Bone overview

A 
-In general consists of:
Cells + Matrix
- 2 Types of bone:
Compact Bone 
Spongy Bone
43
Q

Bone cells

A

Consists of:

1) Osteoblasts
2) Osteocytes
3) Osteoclasts

44
Q

Bone Matrix (intercellular substance)

A

Consists of:

1) Ground Substances (Hydroxyapatite= insoluble Ca2+ phosphate salts (Strength)
2) Collagen Fibres (flexibility)
3) Water

45
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • Covers external surfaces of ALL bones
  • Composed of Osteons
  • Each Osteon contains:
    1) Lamellae
    2) Lacunae
    3) Canaliculi
    4) Central Canal
    5) Perforating Canal
46
Q

Lamellae (Osteon)

A

Concentric circles of matrix

47
Q

Lacunae (Osteon)

A
  • with osteocytes

- Between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live)

48
Q

Canaliculi (Osteon)

A
  • Small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other
49
Q

Central Canal (Osteon)

A
  • Contains blood vessels and nerves

- Lined with endosteum

50
Q

Perforating Canal (Osteon)

A
  • Perpendicular to central canal

- Carry blood supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity (which makes bones highly vascular)

51
Q

Spongy Bone

A

-NO osteons
-Have trabecular (irregularly arranged lamellae)
- Canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae
-Found in:
Flat + irregular bone ( Skull, ribs, vertebrae)
Long bones (epiphyses + lining medullary cavity)
- Spaces contain bone marrow (red marrow produces blood cells)

52
Q

Cartilage (CT)

A
  • Organ level of organization
  • Hyaline Cartilage contains:
    1) Chondrocytes in lacunae
    2) Matrix ( Shiny ground substance chondroitin sulphate + hyaluronic acid, Collagen Fibres and Water)
    3) Non-vascular
53
Q

Structural Classification on Articulations/ joints

A 
-Based on:
Presence/absence of joint cavity
Type of CT
- 3 Types of structural joints:
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
54
Q

Fibrous (Joint)

A
  • No joint cavity
  • Fibrous CT
  • E.g. structures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)
55
Q

Catilaginous (Joint)

A
  • No joint cavity
  • Cartilage attaches bones
  • E.g. public symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs
56
Q

Synovial (Joint)

A

-E.g. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
-Structure:
1) Articular cartilage (hyaline)
2) Joint Cavity (contains synovial fluid)
3) Articular/ joint capsule
Outer layer = fibrous capsule
-Attaches to periosteum
-Ligaments within (Capsule = thickened) or separate
Inner layer = synovial membrane (CT only)
-Secretes synovial fluid

57
Q

Types of Synovial Joint

A
  • Grouped according to shape of articulating bones
    1) Plane/Gliding
  • Flat surfaces (E.g. sacroiliac)
    2) Hinge
  • Concave/ Convex surfaces( E.g. Elbow, knee)
    3) Pivot
  • Projection in ring (e.g. dens (on axis) in atlas
    4) Ball + Socket
  • Great freedom of movement (e.g. humerus in glenoid fossa. e.g. femur in acetabulum (hip))
58
Q

Functional Classification of articulations/ joints

A 
-Based on:
Degree of movement
-Types of functional joints:
1) Synarthotic
-Immovable (Skull structure)
2) Amphiarthrotic
-Slightly moveable (Pubic symphysis
3) Diarthrotic
-Freely moveable (hip, shoulder)

Anatomy (16 decks)

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