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Anatomy > Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Structures Overview

A

1) Gonads (Testes/ Ovaries)
- Produce gametes + hormones
2) Ducts
- Transport + store hormones
3) Accessory Glands
- Produce secretions the support gametes

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2
Q

Gonads = Testes

A
  • Located within the scrotum (skin + CT)
  • Surrounded by 2 tunics:
    1) Tunica Vaginalis
  • Outer serous membrane
  • Derived from peritoneum
    2) Tunica Albuginea
  • Inner fibrous capsule of CT
  • Extends inward to divide testis into lobules
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3
Q

Seminiferous Tubules (In each Lobule)

A
  • Produce sperm by spermatogenesis
  • Tubules unite to form rete testis (rete = network)
  • Walls contain:
    1) Germ cells in various stages of development
    2) Sertoli Cells (sustentocytes)
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4
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Surround developing gametes

  • Extend from basement membrane to lumen
  • Support and nourish germ cells
  • Have tight junctions - form blood- testis barrier - protects sperm from immune system, toxins, drugs etc.
  • Produce testicular fluid - for transport of sperm in lumen
  • Respond to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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5
Q

Lydia Cells (Interstital cells) (In each Lobule)

A
  • In CT between seminiferous tubules

- Secrete testosterone (hormone)

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6
Q

Ducts (Male Structure)

A
  • Sperm from seminiferous tubules into rite testis
  • Then into duct system:
    1) Epididymis
    2) Vas (ductus) deferens
    3) Ejaculatory Duct
    4) Urethra
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7
Q

Epididymis

A
  • Posterior border of testis
  • Stores sperm
  • Sperm mature (develop ability to swim)
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8
Q

Vas (ductus) Deferens

A
  • Enters pelvic cavity
  • Loops over posterior bladder
  • Vasectomy = vas deferent cut and tied off
  • Spermatic Cord - contains vas deferens, nerves (ANS) veins, artery, lymph vessels, muscle (skeletal)
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9
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

Formed by union of vas deferent and duct from seminal vesicle

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10
Q

Urethra

A
  • 3 Regions:
    1) Prostatic - through prostate
    2) Membranous - through urogenital diaphragm
    3) Penile (spongy) - through corpus spongiosum of penis
  • Open on the glans penis
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11
Q

Penis

A
  • Parts:
    1) Root
    2) Body (shaft)
    3) Glans penis (enlarged tip)
  • 3 Bodies of erectile tissue - contains blood sinuses, bound by CT
    1) 2 copra cavernosa (dorsal portion of root and shaft)
    2) 1 corpus spongiosum (the glans and the mid ventral portion of the root and shaft, surrounding the urethra)
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12
Q

Accessory Glands

A

~95% of semen

1) Seminal Vesicles (2)
2) Prostate Gland (1)
3) Bulbourethral Glands (2)

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13
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A
  • Posterior to bladder
  • Secrete alkaline fluid that contains fructose to nourish the sperm
  • ~60% of volume of semen
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14
Q

Prostate Gland

A
  • Inferior to bladder and encircles prostatic urethra
  • Secrets milky, alkaline fluid - nourishes sperm
  • ~30% of volume of semen
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15
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Sperm production (within seminiferous tubules)
  • Differentiation of a spermatid = spermatogenesis:
  • Develop acrosome + flagellum
  • Lose most cytoplasm
  • LOOK UP DIAGRAM
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16
Q

Spermatozoon Structure

A

1) Head
- Nucleus (23 chromosomes (n))
- At tip of nucleus = acrosome - contains digestive enzymes (to penetrate oocyte)
2) Body (mid-piece)
- Large # mitochondria which produce ATP for movement
3) Tail = flagellum
- Propel sperm
- Made of microtubules

17
Q

Semen

A
  • Sperm, testicular fluid + accessory gland secretions
  • 2-5 mL released at ejaculation - contains 20-150 million sperm/mL
  • pH 7.2-7.6
  • Provides sperm with transportation medium, nutrients + protection
18
Q

Gonads = Ovaries

A
  • Located in pelvic cavity on lateral sides of uterus
  • Histology:
    4 layers:
    1) Superficial/ germinal epithelium
    2) Tunica albuginea - CT
    3) Ovarian Cortex
  • Contains ovarian follicles + CT
  • Follicles = layers of cells surrounding immature egg (support +protect)
    4) Ovarian Medulla
  • Blood + lymph vessels, nerves, CT
19
Q

Ovaries are held in place by:

A

1) Ovarian Ligament
- To uterus
2) Suspensory Ligament
- To pelvic wall
3) Mesovarium
- Superior membrane
NOTE: Suspensory ligament + mesovarium = parts of broad ligament = parietal peritoneum

20
Q

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

A
  • 3 Sections:
    1) Infundibulum
  • Suspended over ovary
  • Has finger-like projections = fimbriae
    2) Ampulla = middle
  • Fertilization occurs here
    3) Isthmus
  • Connects to uterus
21
Q

Uterine Tubes Histology

A

1) Mucosa
- Simple columnar epithelium with cilia or microvilli
- Moves oocyte or cell mass along tube
- Secrets nutrient fluid
2) Muscularis Externa
- Smooth muscle - helps movement
3) Serosa
- Visceral peritoneum

22
Q

Uterus

A
  • Hollow organ
  • 3 parts:
    1) Fundus
  • above level of uterine tubes
    2) Body
  • Main portion
  • Space within = uterine cavity
    3) Cervix
  • Inferior, narrow portion - opens into vagina
23
Q

Uterus held in place by:

A
  • Supportive membranes (attach uterus to abdominal wall)
    1) Broad ligaments - peritoneum
    2) Round ligaments
  • Fibrous CT - attach uterus to anterior body wall
    3) Uterosacral Ligaments
  • Peritoneum - attach to sacrum
24
Q

Uterus Histology

A

1) Peritmetrum
- Outer layer
- Visceral peritoneum
2) Myometrium
- 3 layers of smooth muscle (muscularis externa)
3) Endometrium
- Mucous membrane
- Contains endometrial glands - secrete a nutritive fluid
- 2 layers:
a) Stratum Functionalis
- Faces uterine cavity
- Shed monthly (menstruation)
b) Stratum Basalis
- Permanent
- Undergoes mitosis to replace funtionalis

25
Q

Vagina

A
  • Birth canal, passageway for sperm + menstrual flow
    1) Mucosa
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Rugae
    2) Muscularis Externa
  • 2 layers of smooth muscle
    3) Adventitia
  • Fibroelastic CT
  • No serosa
26
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • Gamete production (within ovarian follicles)
  • 1 Primary oocyte forms 1 ovum and 2 or 4 polar bodies
  • Polar bodies = discarded nuclear material
  • Oogonia: ~5 million present in 6 months fetus
  • Primary oocytes (2n): ~ 1. million in ovaries at birth (no oogonia)
  • Enter meiosis I before birth, but arrest in prophase I
  • At puberty (~400,00 oocytes remain), LH (luteinizing hormone) stimulates completion of meiosis I
  • Secondary oocyte (n):
  • Begins meiosis II and arrest s in metaphase II
  • This is ovulated (usually 1/ month)
    • ~ 500 ovulated from puberty to menopause
27
Q

Primordial Follicle

A
  • In ovary at birth
  • Primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat cells
    IMAGE
28
Q

Primary Follicle

A
  • Single layer become cuboidal - cells now called granulose cells
    IMAGE
  • Granulosa cells proliferate (become stratified) - secrete zone pellucid around oocyte
  • Theca cells (endocrine) form from surrounding tissue
    IMAGE
  • Can reach this stage any time from before birth to menopause
29
Q

Secondary Follicle

A
  • At puberty, ovarian cycles begin
  • Under influence of rising FSH:
    Granulosa cells proliferate more and start to secrete fluid (accumulates between cells)
    IMAGE
  • Estrogen secretion begins
30
Q

Vesicular Follicle

A
  • On surface of ovary
  • Fluid filled spaces unite into single large antrum
  • Granulosa cells that still surround oocyte = corona radiate
    IMAGE
  • Continues secreting estrogen
  • Estrogen triggers release of luteinizing hormone (LH) causing:
    a) completion of meiosis I
  • enters meiosis II and arrests in metaphase II
    b) Ovulation - release of secondary oocyte from follicle into peritoneal cavity
31
Q

Corpus Luteum

A
  • Follicle that remains after ovulation
  • Produces high levels of estrogen and progesterone to support fetal development
  • If no pregnancy, degenerates into… Corpus Albicans
32
Q

Corpus Albicans

A
  • Scar tissue

- No more hormones released

33
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • 1 per breast
  • Modified sweat gland - produces milk
  • Small compartments = lobules
    contain glands = alveoli
    open via duct at nipple
  • Surround by fat
  • Attached to deep fascia (epimysium of muscle) by suspensory ligaments

Anatomy (16 decks)

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