Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
Nucleus
- Contains Protons and Neutrons
- Electrons orbit around
- Atoms are electrically neutral (# of protons and electrons is equal)
Ions
- Atom gains or loses electron, it is no longer neutral
- Atom gains– becomes negative (anion)
- Atom loses – becomes positive (cation)
Important Ions
Calcium Sodium Potassium Hydrogen Chloride
Ioni Bond
- Ions formed
- Atom to atom transfer of electrons
- Must be opposite charges
Covalent Bond
- Sharing of electrons
- These bonds allow formation of chemical compounds which can be organic or inorganic
Organic Substances
Covalently bonded Carbon atoms
-Examples are Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Inorganic Substances
Usually lack Carbon atoms
Example Water
Water
- Most abundant substance in cells
- Polar molecules
- Universal solvent ( many reactions take plane in H2O)
- Transports chemicals and nutrients
- Maintain body temp
Base
Substances that bind free Hydrogen ions in water
-Lower Hydrogen = Higher pH
Acids
Dissociate in water releasing hydrogen ions
-Higher hydrogen = lower pH
Carbohydrates
- Is organic
- Consist of C, H, O
- Functions:
1) Source of energy for cells
2) Cellular Structures
Naming Carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
- Basic building blocks of other carbohydrates
- Examples glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
2) Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
3) Polysaccharides- Many monosaccharides
Lipids
- Consist C, H, O
- Insoluble (non polar)
- Functions:
a) protect organs (padding)
b) build cell membranes
c) source of stored energy
Glycrides
-Most common lipid
-Composed of 2 building blocks:
1) Glycerol (backbone)
2) Fatty acids
Naming:
Monoglyceride
Diglyceride
Triglyceride
Phospholipids
- A lipid
- Has 3 blocks:
1) Phosphate head (like water)
2) Glycerol backbone
3) 2 FA tails (no water)
