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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular System Overview

A
  • Heart, blood vessels, blood
  • Transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat
  • Projection: disease, fluid loss (clotting)
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2
Q

Heart Overview

A
  • In a cavity called the mediastinum (=space between lungs within thoracic cavity)
  • Structure:
    1) Coverings
    2) Heart Wall
    3) Chambers and associated blood vessels
    4) Septa
    5) Fibrous Skeleton
    6) Valves
    7) Cardio Muscle Cells
    8) Conduction System
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3
Q

Coverings

A
  • = pericardium
  • double-walled sac surrounding heart
  • 3 layers:
    1) Fibrous Pericardium
    2) Serous Pericardium (2 parts)
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4
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A
  • Outermost layer = dense irregular CT

- Anchors to surrounding structures (e.g. diaphragm, great vessels

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5
Q

Serous Pericardium (2 parts)

A
  • Between pericardial layers = pericardial cavity with serous fluid (lubricates)
    1) Parietal Pericardium:
  • Fused to fibrous pericardium (made of CT and Epithelial tissue)(Fibrous pericardium and parietal pericardium = pericardial sac)
    2) Visceral Pericardium (=epicardium)
  • fused to heart surface, so is part of heart wall
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6
Q

Heart Wall

A
  • 3 parts:
    1) Epicardium - stratified squamous epithelium and CT
    2) Myocardium
  • = Cardias muscle
  • arranged in spiral/ circular pattern, reinforced with CT
    3) Endocardium
  • Simple squamous epithelium and CT
  • Epithelium named endothelium - lines inner surface of heart and ALL blood vessels
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7
Q

Chambers and associated blood vessels

A

1) Right Atrium
- inferior and superior vena cava
- coronary sinus (posterior)
2) Left Atrium
- 4 pulmonary veins
3) Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary trunk - divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries
4) Left Ventricle
- Aorta

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8
Q

Septa (Separate chambers)

A

1) Interatrial Septum
- Separates atria
2) Interventricular Septum
- Separates ventricules
- Deep to interventricular Sulcus (external)

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9
Q

Fibrous Skeleton

A
  • CT fibers around the muscle fibres + CT rings between atria + ventricles at the coronary sulcus
  • Allows openings to remain open at all times
  • Provides electrical insulation - prevents simultaneous contraction of chambers
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10
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

A

Chordae Tendineae (connective tissue) attach AV valve cusps to papillary muscles (projections of myocardium) - prevents eversion of cusps

1) Bicuspid (mitral) valve:
- Left side - 2 cusps
2) Tricuspid Valve
- Right side - 3 cusps

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11
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • Each have 3 cusps
    1) Aortic
  • Separates left ventricle + aorta
    2) Pulmonary
  • Separates right ventricle + pulmonary trunk
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12
Q

Cardiac Muscle Cells

A

Form both contractile myocardium + conduction system

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13
Q

Similarities from muscle cells to skeletal cells

A

1) Striated (myofibrils with sarcomeres)

2) Has sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules

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14
Q

Differences from muscle cells to skeletal cells

A

1) Branched (Myofibrils with sarcomeres)
2) Uninucleated
3) Intercalated discs = region where two fibers meet
- Contain anchoring and gap junctions

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15
Q

Conduction System

A
  • Cardiac muscle cells modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses -DO NOT CONTRACT
  • Parts:
    1) Sinoatrial (SA) node
    2) Atrioventricular (AV) node
    3) Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
    4) Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle Branches
    5) Purkinje Fibers
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16
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A
  • In right atrium at base of superior vena cava

- Generates impulses the fastest - sets pace

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17
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A

Base of Right Atrium

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18
Q

Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)

A
  • Superior part of inter ventricular septum

- Electrically connects atria to ventricles

19
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle Branches

A

Go to each ventricle

20
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

Terminal fibers in ventricles only

21
Q

Circulatory Routes

A

-Closed, double circulation
Closed= blood confined to heart + blood vessels
Double = 2 routes (pulmonary + Systemic)

22
Q

Adult Pulmonary Circulation

A

1) Right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood)
2) Pick up oxygen in lungs via capillaries
3) Lungs to left atria via pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)

23
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

-Left ventricle to organs via aorta (oxygenated)
-Organs remove oxygen via capillaries
-Organs to right atrium via superior + inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
-Overall route: left ventricle to right atrium = systemic circulation
-Subdivisions/ sub routes:
cerebral = Brian
Hepatic = Liver
Coronary = Heart

24
Q

Coronary Circulation (Visible Externally)

A

Look at diagram*

25
Q

Fetal Circulation

A
  • Fetus gets 02, nutrients from + expels wastes to mother’s blood
  • Exchange site in the placenta
  • Blood supplies in close together, but DO NOT mix
  • Major difference compared to adult (diagram)
26
Q

General Structure of blood vessels (Except Capillaries)

A

1) Tunica Externa - CT
2) Tunica Media
- Smooth muscle
- Elastic Fibers (CT)
3) Tunica Intima/ Interna
- Endothelium - simple squamous Epithelium
4) Lumen
- Contains blood (not a layer)

27
Q

Arteries

A
  • Carry Blood away from heart (does NOT refer to oxygen or deoxy)
  • 2 Types
    1) Elastic Arteries
  • Elastic CT in all 3 layers
  • Largest arteries (near heart)
  • E.g. Aorta
    2) Muscular Arteries
  • A LOT of smooth muscle
  • Most arteries
  • E.g. Coronary artery
28
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Little Arteries

- Regulate blood flow + blood pressure

29
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Only tunica intimate - endothelium (one cell layer) + basement membrane
  • Allow exchange of gases + nutrients
  • Gaps allow limited fluid + solutes to leak out = interstitial fluid (ISF)
  • Capillaries unite to form venules
30
Q

Venules

A

Intima, thin media, thin externa

31
Q

Veins

A
  • Large lumen
  • Valves prevent back flow of blood
  • Thin media - less smooth muscle (Can collapse)
32
Q

Blood Characteristics

A
  • CT
  • Higher viscosity than H2O
  • 37 degree Celsius
  • pH 7.35 - 7.45
  • 4-6 L in an adult
33
Q

Plasma (Matrix)

A
  • = blood minus formed elements
  • Composed of:
    1) Water- 90%
    2) Proteins - 8%
  • Albumin - control tissue water balance
  • Fibrinogen - Clot formation
  • Globulin - antibodies
    3) Other solutes - 2%
  • Nutrients, hormones, wastes, electrolytes, gases
34
Q

RBC - Erythrocytes

A
  • Hematocrit = % of blood volume that is RBA (around 45%)
  • Biconcave disc shape
  • Anucleate when mature
  • Life span 120 days
  • Destroyed in the liver and spleen
  • Contains Hemoglobin
35
Q

Hemoglobin (Pigment Protein)

A

1) Heme = red pigment - contains iron (Fe)
- Attaches and transports 02
2) Globin = protein - Attaches and transports CO2
- Hemoglobin is broken down to heme and globin
- Heme is further broken down to bilirubin
- Fe2+ - recycled or stored (toxic, so always bound to protein)
- Globin to amino acids

36
Q

WBC - Leukocytes

A
  • Nucleated
  • Life span varies - days to years
  • Defend against disease
  • 2 Types:
    1) Granulocytes
    2) Agranulocytes
37
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Granulocyte
  • Around 60%
  • All. phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders)
  • Kill bacteria
38
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Granulocyte
  • Around 3%
  • Attacks parasites (E.g. Worms)
39
Q

Basophils

A
  • Granulocyte
  • Around 1%
  • Release: histamine (increases inflammation) and heparin (decrease local clotting)
40
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Agranulocytes
  • Around 35% - immunity
  • 2 Types:
    1) T Lymphocytes
  • Kill infected/ diseased cells directly
    2) B Lymphocytes
  • Become plasma cells - produce antibodies (=y globulin)
41
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Arganulocytes
  • Around 5%
  • Enter tissue + enlarge to become macrophages (phagocytic = “big eaters”)
42
Q

Platelets

A
  • Fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
  • Involved in clotting
  • Life span = around 10 days if not used for clotting
43
Q

Hemopoiesis/ Hematopoiesis

A
  • = Formation of blood cells
  • All blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast (=stem cells) cells in red bone marrow
  • Red bone marrow in adult:
    1) Axial Skeleton
    2) Pelvic + Pectoral girdles
    3) Proximal ends of humerus + femur

Anatomy (16 decks)

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