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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System Overview

A
  • Ductless glands and endocrine tissues within other organs
  • Secrete chemicals = hormones into blood
    ~Transported via circulation and act on target cells
    ~ Target cell = cell with receptor specific for that hormone
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2
Q

Hormone Classes

A

1) Steroids
2) Hormones derived from amino acids
3) Peptides and Proteins Hormone

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3
Q

Steroids

A
  • Synthesized from cholesterol (lipid soluble)

- E.g. tester one, estrogen, vitamin D

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4
Q

Hormones derived from amino acids

A
  • e.g. derived from tyrosine
    a) Thyroxine/ T4
  • a thyroid hormone
  • lipid soluble
  • controls cellular metabolism, growth, development
    b) Epinephrine + Norepinephrine (catecholamines)
  • adrenal medulla hormones
  • water soluble
  • short term stress - part of fight-or-flight response
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5
Q

Peptides and Proteins Hormones

A
  • Chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
  • Water soluble
  • E.g. oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormone (GH), insulin
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6
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • Glands with NO OTHER FUNCTION
    1) Pituitary Gland
    2) Thyroid Gland
    3) Parathyroid Glands
    4) Adrenal Glands
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7
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Suspended from hypothalamus
  • Lies in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
  • 2 lobes:
    1) Anterior Pituitary
    2) Posterior Pituitary
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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Epithelial tissue

- Anterior pituitary hormone secretion regulated by hormones released from the hypothalamus

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9
Q

Metabolism Hormones (Anterior Pituitary)

A

1) Growth Hormone - promotes growth + metabolism
2) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Stimulates activity of thyroid gland
3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Stimulates secretion of adrenal steroids (adrenal cortex)

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10
Q

Reproductive Hormones (Anterior Pituitary)

A

1) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
2) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
3) Prolactin (PRL)
- Stimulates milk formation

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11
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Nervous tissue
  • Extension of hypothalamus, stored and secreted from post pituitary:
    1) Oxytocin
  • Stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection
    2) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  • Water reabsorption in the kidney
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12
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • On anterior surface of superior part of trachea
  • Butterfly shaped
    1) Follicles
  • Walls = epithelial (follicular) cells
  • Produce mainly T4 - activated in other tissues to T3
    2) Parafollicular Cells
  • Between follicles
  • Secrete calcitonin - increases Ca++ uptake into bone (bone formation), which lowers blood Ca++
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13
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • 4 (usually) glands embedded in posterior thyroid
  • Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    Which increases blood Ca++ by:
    a) increases Ca++ release from bone (=bone resorption) - activates osteoclasts
    b) Decreases Ca++ loss in urine (kidney)
    c) Increases vitamin D activation (kidney)
  • Vitamin D then more Ca++ absorption at the small intestine
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14
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • Superior surface of each kidney
  • 2 parts:
    1) Adrenal Cortex (outer)
    2) Adrenal Medulla (inner)
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15
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • Epithelial steroids only
  • 3 layers:
    1) Zona glomerulosa
  • Secretes mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
  • Salt balance
    2) Zona Fasciculata
  • Secretes glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
  • Long-term stress hormone
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
    3) Zona Reticularis
  • Secretes androgens (a small amount of testosterone)
  • Women - sex drive
  • Some converted in other tissues (e.g. fat) to estrogens
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16
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • Nervous tissue
  • 2 hormones:
    1) Epinephrine (80%)
    2) Norepinephrine (20%)
17
Q

Endocrine Tissues

A
  • Endocrine function in organs that have other functions as well:
    1) Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans
    2) Hypothalamus
    3) Gonads
    4) Others
18
Q

Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans

A
  • 4 cell types (we will cover 2):
    a) _ cells
  • Produce glucagon
    which increases blood glucose
    b) B-Cells
  • Produce insulin
    which decreases blood glucose
19
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Regulates anterior pituitary via e.g.:
    a) GHRH = growth hormone releasing hormone
    b) GHIH = growth hormone release -inhibiting hormone
    c) GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hormone (for LH, FSH)
  • Synthesizes posterior pituitary hormones
20
Q

Gonads

A

Testes
- Lydia cells = testosterone

Ovaries

  • Cells of secondary and vesicular follicle (estrogen)
  • Corpus lute = estrogen + progesterone
21
Q

Others

A 
Duodenum = secretion
Kidney = Renin
Skin = Vitamin D
Heart =Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
-ETC..

Anatomy (16 decks)

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