Skeletal System Flashcards
What is the Function of the skeletal system
Supports the body and provides shape and form
Protects vital organs
Allow movement
Production of blood cells
Stores calcium
What are the classification of bone (4 types)
Long bone
Short bone
Irregular bone
Flat bone
Long bones
Articulate at each end
Involved in joint movement
Internal cavities produce blood cells
Scaffold for muscles
Provide strength and flexibility
What are Osteoblasts
Blast = build bone formation
Immature bone cells which synthesise new bone matrix
What are osteocytes
Mature bone cells
What are osteoclasts
Break down bone and resorb old osteocytes and release minerals
=bone resorption
Structure of the long bone (8)
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Cortex
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plate - epiphseal line
Epiphysis
End of the bone
Diaphysis
Long shaft
Cortex
Hard dense compact bone - gives strength
Periosteum
Thin fibrous outer surface of the bone
Has lots of nerves and blood vessels
Essential for growth repair and nutrient
Endosteum
Fibrous membrane lining inside the medullary cavity
Medullary cavity
Contains bone marrow
Articular cartilage
Covers the end of the bones bluey grey colour
What are growth plates
The gap between the diaphysis snd epiphysis
Band of Cartilage in young growing animals
What is nutrient foramen
Small holes in bone where blood vessels enter inside the bone
What is endochondral ossification
Process of cartilage replaced converted into bone in young animals as they grow
Name a long bone
Femur
Humerus
Metacarpal bones
Name a short bone
Bones in the wrist (carpus) and ankle (tarsus)
Name a irregular bone
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Mandible
Name a flat bone
Scapula
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
What are sesamoid bones
Bones that are situated within tendons eg the patella
Name the parts of the spine and how many vertebrae in each
Cervical c1-7
Thoracic t1-13
Lumber 7 L1-7
Sacrum 3 S1-3
Coccygeal up to 20 depending
What are joints
Joints are where ever two or more bones meet some are highly movable where others aren’t
What are the three types of joints
Fibrous joints immobile
Cartilaginous joints slightly movable
Synovial joints highly movable
What is cartilage
Cartilage is a dense connective tissue found in joints at the end of bones
What are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline articular cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
What is hyaline cartilage
Is at the ends of articular surface at the end of bones it acts as a shock absorber and prevents bones rubbing on each other
What is fibrocartilage
Cartilage that is very strong due to having more collagen fibre acts as a shock absorber
What is elastic cartilage
Contains lots of elastic fibres it is flexible
Parts of s synovial joint
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Ligament
What is synovial fluid and what does it do
A thick fluid that lives in the joints to reduce friction
act as a shock absorber
and its nutrients for the articular cartilage
What are ligaments
They attach to bone and bind them together, and prevent excessive movement of the bone
Types of synovial joints
Ball and socket joints
Hinge joints
Flexion and extension
Flexion is bringing the angel of bones closer
Extension is increasing the angel between bones
Abduction and adduction
Abduction is moving the limb away from the midline
Adduction moving the limb towards the midline
Difference between bird and mammals
Hollow bones
Enongated bones in forelimb to support the wings
Extended and enlarged sternum
Spinal vertebrae is fused to provided a rigid structure
Pelvis is fused to the spine
What does the muscle need for contraction ti occur
ATP (energy) and calcium
What is actin and myosin
They are muscle fibres called myofilaments that slide along each other and form bridges allowing the muscle to contract
What does muscle contraction require
Nerve stimulus
ATP
Calcium
What are the muscles of the head
Mastication
Facial expressions
Extra ocular muscle
Two muscles used to give IM injections
Epaxial muscle
Trapezius muscle
