Skeletal System Flashcards by Skye Goodall

What is the Function of the skeletal system

Supports the body and provides shape and form
Protects vital organs
Allow movement
Production of blood cells
Stores calcium

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What are the classification of bone (4 types)

Long bone
Short bone
Irregular bone
Flat bone

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Long bones

Articulate at each end
Involved in joint movement
Internal cavities produce blood cells
Scaffold for muscles
Provide strength and flexibility

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What are Osteoblasts

Blast = build bone formation
Immature bone cells which synthesise new bone matrix

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What are osteocytes

Mature bone cells

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What are osteoclasts

Break down bone and resorb old osteocytes and release minerals
=bone resorption

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Structure of the long bone (8)

Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Cortex
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plate - epiphseal line

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Epiphysis

End of the bone

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Diaphysis

Long shaft

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Cortex

Hard dense compact bone - gives strength

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Periosteum

Thin fibrous outer surface of the bone
Has lots of nerves and blood vessels
Essential for growth repair and nutrient

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Endosteum

Fibrous membrane lining inside the medullary cavity

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Medullary cavity

Contains bone marrow

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Articular cartilage

Covers the end of the bones bluey grey colour

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What are growth plates

The gap between the diaphysis snd epiphysis
Band of Cartilage in young growing animals

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What is nutrient foramen

Small holes in bone where blood vessels enter inside the bone

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What is endochondral ossification

Process of cartilage replaced converted into bone in young animals as they grow

Name a long bone

Femur
Humerus
Metacarpal bones

Name a short bone

Bones in the wrist (carpus) and ankle (tarsus)

Name a irregular bone

Vertebrae
Pelvis
Mandible

Name a flat bone

Scapula
Skull
Sternum
Ribs

What are sesamoid bones

Bones that are situated within tendons eg the patella

Name the parts of the spine and how many vertebrae in each

Cervical c1-7
Thoracic t1-13
Lumber 7 L1-7
Sacrum 3 S1-3
Coccygeal up to 20 depending

What are joints

Joints are where ever two or more bones meet some are highly movable where others aren’t

What are the three types of joints

Fibrous joints immobile Cartilaginous joints slightly movable Synovial joints highly movable

What is cartilage

Cartilage is a dense connective tissue found in joints at the end of bones

What are the three types of cartilage

Hyaline articular cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

What is hyaline cartilage

Is at the ends of articular surface at the end of bones it acts as a shock absorber and prevents bones rubbing on each other

What is fibrocartilage

Cartilage that is very strong due to having more collagen fibre acts as a shock absorber

What is elastic cartilage

Contains lots of elastic fibres it is flexible

Parts of s synovial joint

Articular cartilage Joint capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Ligament

What is synovial fluid and what does it do

A thick fluid that lives in the joints to reduce friction act as a shock absorber and its nutrients for the articular cartilage

What are ligaments

They attach to bone and bind them together, and prevent excessive movement of the bone

Types of synovial joints

Ball and socket joints Hinge joints

Flexion and extension

Flexion is bringing the angel of bones closer Extension is increasing the angel between bones

Abduction and adduction

Abduction is moving the limb away from the midline Adduction moving the limb towards the midline

Difference between bird and mammals

Hollow bones Enongated bones in forelimb to support the wings Extended and enlarged sternum Spinal vertebrae is fused to provided a rigid structure Pelvis is fused to the spine

What does the muscle need for contraction ti occur

ATP (energy) and calcium

What is actin and myosin

They are muscle fibres called myofilaments that slide along each other and form bridges allowing the muscle to contract

What does muscle contraction require

Nerve stimulus ATP Calcium

What are the muscles of the head

Mastication Facial expressions Extra ocular muscle

Two muscles used to give IM injections

Epaxial muscle Trapezius muscle