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Body Systems > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Six functions of bone and skeletal system?

A
  • Support.
  • Protection.
  • Assistance in movement.
  • Mineral homeostasis.
  • Blood cell production.
  • Triglyceride storage.
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2
Q

Types of bones? Long.

A

Greater length than width.
Curved for strength.
Leg: Femur, tibia, fibula.
Arm: Humerus, ulna and radius.
Finger and toes: Phalanges.

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3
Q

Short bones?

A

Cuboid.
Most wrist and ankle bones.

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4
Q

Irregular bones?

A

Complex shapes.
Vertebrae and some facial bones.

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5
Q

Flat bones?

A

Thin.
Provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment.
Sesamoid bone- Patella (knee cap).

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6
Q

Seven parts of a long bone?
Diaphysis

A

The main bone shaft the middle bit.

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7
Q

Epiphyses?

A

Top and bottom ends of the bone.
To connect adjacent bones to form joints.

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8
Q

Metaphyses?

A

Region where diaphyses joins epiphyses.

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9
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate?

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage.
Allows diaphyses of the bone to grow in length.

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10
Q

Epiphyseal line?

A

When growth in length stops, cartilage in plate replaced by bony structure.

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11
Q

Articular cartilage?

A
  • Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis.
  • Lacks perichondrium (which covers cartilages).
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12
Q

Periosteum?

A

Tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue.
Surrounds bones surface when it’s not covered by articular cartilage.
Allows bone to grow in diameter.
Protects bone, fracture repair etc.

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13
Q

Medullary cavity?

A

Hollow cylindrical space within diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults.

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14
Q

Endosteum?

A

Thin membrane than lines medullary cavity.

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15
Q

Extracellular matrix contains?

A

25% water.
25% collagen fibres.
50% crystallised mineral salts.

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16
Q

Tissue hardening where mineral salts are deposited is called?

A

Calcification.

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17
Q

Calcification is initiated by?

A

Osteoblasts (bone building cells).

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18
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts.

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19
Q

Osteoblasts?

A

Synthesise and initiates calcification.
Bone forming cells.

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20
Q

Osteocytes?

A

Most numerous cells and they maintain bone tissues.
Mature bone cells.

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21
Q

Osteoclasts?

A

Break down extracellular matrix to release nutrients, help bones grow and heal.
Activate to reduce blood calcium concentrations.

22
Q

Compact bone?

A

Denser and arranged in osteons.
Each osteon has osteonic canal for blood supply and concentric lamellae.
Within lamellae is lacunae where osteocytes live.

23
Q

Spongy bone?

A

No osteons.
Arranged irregularly in trabeculae.
Cavities filled with red bone marrow.

24
Q

80% of the skeleton is?

A

Compact bone (strength and protection).

25
Q

20% of skeleton is?

A

Spongy bone (for lightness).

26
Q

Ossification is?

A

Bone formation.

27
Q

How does ossification occur? 4 steps.

A
  1. Initial formation of bones in embryo.
  2. Growth of bones until adult sizes reached.
  3. Remodelling of bone (replacement of old bone with new).
  4. Repair of fractures.
28
Q

Initial formation of the skeleton begins in embryo with 2 different patterns?

A

Either:
- Intramembranous ossification- Bone forms directly within mesenchyme. Look like membranes.

  • Endochondral ossification-
    Bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme.
29
Q

Intramembrous ossification has 4 steps?

A
  • Ossification centres where osteoblasts differentiate by secreting bone matrix.
  • Calcification as osteocytes extend into osteons canliculi and deposit minerals that harden.
  • Trabeculae formation creates spongy bone with red bone marrow.
  • Periosteum development around spongy bone creates compact bone.
30
Q

What is a canaliculi?

A

Small channel.

31
Q

Endochondral ossification?

A

Long bones make up appendages of a human body initially formed by endochondral ossification.
- Cartilage development- form cartilage model.
- Cartilage model grows as matrix calcifies. Death of chondrocytes creates lacunae.
- Primary ossification centre develops as blood vessel stimulates cells to become osteoblasts.

32
Q

As osteoclasts digest spongy bone?

A

Medullary cavity develops.

33
Q

Blood vessels enter epiphyses?

A

Secondary ossification centre form.

34
Q

Articular cartilage forms from?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

35
Q

Bone resorption is?

A

Removal of minerals and collagen by osteoCLASTS.

36
Q

Bone deposition is?

A

Addition of minerals and collagen by osteoBLASTS.

37
Q

Calcium levels are controlled by?

A

Parathyroid hormone.
This stimulates resorption.

38
Q

Calcitonin?

A

Stops bone resorption.
Secreted by thyroid glands.

39
Q

Facial bone? Zygomatic?

A

Cheek bones.

40
Q

Nasal?

A

Bridge of nose.

41
Q

Inferior nasal conchae?

A

Located within the nasal cavity, increases surface area of the nasal cavity.

42
Q

Palatine?

A

Forms part of the hard palate.

43
Q

Maxilla?

A

Upper jaw and palate (around nose).

44
Q

Vomer?

A

Middle part of nose.
Posterior.

45
Q

Mandible?

A

Jaw.

46
Q

Lacrimal?

A

Sunglasses resting area.

47
Q

Ribs 1-7?

A

Attach independently to the sternum.

48
Q

Ribs 8-10?

A

Attach to costal cartilages superior to them.

49
Q

Ribs 11 and 12?

A

Do not have anterior attachment. Because of this they are sometimes called floating ribs.

50
Q

Women have?

A

Smaller frontal bone.
Smaller temporal bones.
Smaller mandible.
Pelvis tipped forward larger llium.

51
Q

Women lose bone mass rapidly than men.

A

Body Systems (9 decks)

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