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Body Systems > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrinology is?

A

The study of this system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders.

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2
Q

Functions of hormones?

A
  • Control.
  • Regulation.
  • Balance systems.
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3
Q

Hormones are?

A
  • Lipid soluble or water soluble.
  • Lipid soluble hormones circulate bound to transport proteins.
  • Water soluble hormones circulate freely in the plasma.
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4
Q

Lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors?

A

Within target cells.

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5
Q

Water soluble hormones bind to receptors?

A

Outside (exterior) surface of the target cell.

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6
Q

Synergistic effect?

A

Is when some hormones work more effectively when a second hormone is present to assist them.

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7
Q

Antagonistic effect?

A

Is when some hormones oppose the action of the others.

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8
Q

Negative feedback?

A
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9
Q

Positive feedback?

A
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10
Q

Secretion is regulated by?

A

Signals from the nervous system.
Chemical changes in the blood.
Other hormones.

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11
Q

Hypothalamus helps?

A

Stimulate or stop many key processes like heart rate, blood pressure, sleep cycles, body temperature and body weight.

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12
Q

Pituitary gland?

A

Suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk called INFUNDIBULUM.
Housed in sella turcica.

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13
Q

Growth hormone (GH) produced in pituitary gland?

A

Stimulates liver muscle etc to secrete insulin like growth factors which promote growth of body of cells.

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14
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? (Produced in pituitary gland).

A

Stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.

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15
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (produced in pituitary gland)?

A
  • In females- initiated development of oocytes and induces secretion of oestrogen by ovaries.
  • In males- stimulates testes to produce sperm.
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16
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) (produced in pituitary gland)?

A
  • Females- Secretion of oestrogen and progesterone, ovulation, forms corpus loteum.
  • Males- Stimulates testes to produce testosterone.
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17
Q

Prolactin (PRL) (produced in pituitary gland)?

A
  • Females- stimulates milk production by mammary glands.
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18
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (produced in pituitary gland)?

A

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex.

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19
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) (produced in pituitary gland)?

A

May cause darkening of skin or influence brain activity, exact role not known.

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20
Q

Oxytocin (produced in pituitary gland)?

A

Stimulates smooth muscle cells of uterus and milk ejection.

21
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (produced in pituitary gland)?

A

Decreases water loss, conserves body water by decreasing urine output.

22
Q

With age growth hormone (GH) levels?

A

Decrease.

23
Q

Pineal gland?

A

Attached to roof of third ventricle.
Melatonin is released.

24
Q

Thymus located between?

A

Lungs. Site of T cells maturing.

25
Q

Thyroid gland is?

A

Ductless alveolar gland in neck.
Contains 2 lobes which are connected in the middle by an isthmus.
Main regulator of metabolism.
E.g. gluconeogenesis.
Epithelium may be simple cuboidal or columnar.
Epithelia form follicles the spaces between follicles is called parafollecular cells which secrete calcitonin.

26
Q

Parathyroid glands?

A
  • Secrete parathyroid hormones (PTH).
  • Increases blood calcium.
  • Promotes synthesis of calcitriol. (Vitamin D).
27
Q

Adrenal gland?

A
  • Small gland that sits on top of each kidney.
  • Adrenal medulla lies in the center and contains chromaffin cells which secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.
    Also secrete enkephalins which function in pain control.
28
Q

Insulin is secreted by?

A

Beta cells.

29
Q

Glucagon is secreted by?

A

Alpha cells.
Released when blood glucose concentration is falling.

30
Q

Somatostatin?

A
  • Secreted by cells.
    Stops secretion of glucagon and insulin partially.
31
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide?

A

Secreted by PP cells or F cells.
Stops gallbladder contraction and secretion.

32
Q

Gastrin?

A

Secreted by G cells.
Stimulated stomach acid production.

33
Q

Hyperglycemic hormones?

A

Raise blood glucose concentration.

34
Q

Hypoglycemic hormones?

A

Lower blood glucose.

35
Q

Gonad= Produces ovaries or testes.

A

Ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine.

36
Q

Theca cells synthesise?

A

Androstenedione.

37
Q

Ovary secretes?

A

Progesterone for 12 days after ovulation.
After ovulation the remains of the follicle becomes the corpus luteum.

38
Q

Follicle and corpus loteum secrete?

A

Inhibin.

39
Q

Testosterone?

A
  • Stimulates development of male reproductive system.
  • Inhibin limits FSH secretion to regulate sperm production.
40
Q

Any stimulus that produces a stress response is called a?

A

Stressor.

41
Q

If stress is extreme, or long lasting results in 3 stages?

A
  • Initial fight or flight response.
  • A slower resistance reaction.
  • Exhaustion.
42
Q

Fight or flight response?

A

Initiated by nerve impulses from hypothalamus.
Brings huge amounts of glucose and oxygen.

43
Q

Resistance reaction?

A

Helps body fight stressor after fight or flight response.
Exhaustion.

44
Q

Human growth hormone, oestrogen, thyroid etc decrease with age.

A
45
Q

PTH, TSH, LH and FSH rise.

A
46
Q

Pancreas releases insulin more slowly with age.

A
47
Q

Thymus decreases in size after puberty.

A
48
Q

Hyposecretion?

A

Not enough hormone release.

49
Q

Hypersecretion?

A

Too much hormone released.

Body Systems (9 decks)

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