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Body Systems > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system is a network composed of?

A
  • Heart as the pump.
  • Blood vessels that distribute blood throughout the body.
  • Blood itself.
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2
Q

Main function of the circulatory system?

A

To deliver oxygen to body tissues whilst removing carbon dioxide.

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3
Q

Blood is?

A
  • A liquid tissue.
  • Cellular component suspended in a liquid called plasma.
  • 5-6litres average male.
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4
Q

Plasma is?

A

55% blood.
90% water.
Consists of dissolved electrolytes like sodium, potassium and calcium.

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5
Q

Plasma proteins?

A
  • Clotting factors (mainly prothrombin).
  • Immunoglobulin.
  • Polypeptides.
  • Hormones.
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6
Q

Red blood cells etc come from?

A

A hematopoetic stem cell.

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7
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Types of lymphocytes.

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8
Q

Myeloid stem cells become?

A

Red, white blood cells.

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9
Q

Blood platelets?

A
  • Role in blood clotting.
  • Irregular shaped.
  • Produced in bone marrow.
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10
Q

White blood cells?

A
  • Attach foreign particles.
  • Formed in bone marrow, spleen and lymphatic system.
  • Colourless.
    Classification based on lack or presence of granules.
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11
Q

Monocytes?

A

Can differentiate into macrophages.

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12
Q

3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells.
T cells.
Natural killer (NK).

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13
Q

B cells?

A

Develop into plasma cells.
Produce antibodies.

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14
Q

T cells?

A

Attack viruses, fungi and cancer cells.

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15
Q

Natural killed?

A

A wide variety of infectious microbes and tumour cells.

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16
Q

Red blood cells?

A
  • Contain haemoglobin.
  • Round and biconcave.
  • Produced in bone marrow.
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17
Q

Haemoglobin has how many subunits?

A

4 subunits.

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18
Q

Haemostasis is?

A

Body’s natural response to an injury that’s stops bleeding and repairs the damage.

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19
Q

3 mecahnisms reduce blood loss from vessels?

A
  • Vascular spasm.
  • Platelet plug formation.
  • Blood clotting-
    Formation of prothrombinase, then prothrombin to thrombin and then fibrinogen to fibrin.
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20
Q

Blood clots?

A
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21
Q

Anticoagulants?

A

Prevent clotting.

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22
Q

Blood plasma contains?

A

Anti A bodies.
Anti B bodies.

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23
Q

Two special blood types?

A
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24
Q

Rh factor?

A

Is a red blood cell antigen.
Depends on presence or absence of Rh antigen.

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25
Q

Rh+ have

A

Rh antigen on it.

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26
Q

Rh-?

A

Do not have Rh antigen on it.

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27
Q

5 main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries.
Arterioles.
Veins.
Venules.
Capillaries.

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28
Q

Arteries?

A

Carry blood away to body tissues from heart at high pressure.
Their walls consist of 3 layers:
Endothelium.
Smooth muscle (middle layer).
Outer layer.
2 major properties= elasticity and contractility.

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29
Q

Arterioles?

A

Are smaller arteries.
Deliver blood to capillaries.

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30
Q

Veins?

A

Return blood back to heart.
Transport blood under low pressure.
Valves ensure blood is flowing in right direction.

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31
Q

Venules?

A

Smaller veins.
Lack valves.
From capillary beds to veins.

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32
Q

Capillaries?

A

Small blood vessels that link arteries and veins together.
Are a site for gas and nutrient exchange.

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33
Q

3 layers of blood vessels?

A

(Tunica)
Intima.
Media.
Adventitia.

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34
Q

Vasoconstriction?

A

Decrease in diameter of lumen.

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35
Q

Vasodilation?

A

Is an increase in the diameter of the lumen.

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36
Q

Capillaries have very small thin walls that consist of a single layer of?

A

Endothelium.

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37
Q

Fenestrations?

A

Gaps in endothelium allows substances dissolved in blood plasma to move in and out.

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38
Q

Fluid movement between capillaries and tissues is controlled by 4 forces?

A
  • Blood hydrostatic pressure.
  • Blood colloid osmotic pressure (water potential).
  • Interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
  • Interstitial colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure.
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39
Q

Net filtration occurs near?

A

Arterial end of capillary.
Since capillary pressure is greater than blood pressure.

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40
Q

Blood pressure?

A

Force that blood exerts on blood vessels.

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41
Q

Blood pressure rises when?

A

Ventricles contract.
High pressure is called systolic pressure.

42
Q

Blood pressure drops when?

A

Ventricles relax.
Lowest pressure is called diastolic pressure.

43
Q

During each heart beat?

A

A surge of blood flows from left ventricle into the aorta.

44
Q

The surge of blood that can be felt in arteries close to the surface of the body is called?

A

A pulse.

45
Q

Cardiovascular center in medulla oblongta?

A

Helps regulate heart rate and stroke volume.
Also controls neural and hormonal feedback systems.

46
Q

Proprioceptors?

A

Cause a rapid increase in heart rate.

47
Q

Baroreceptors?

A

Regulate blood pressure.

48
Q

Chemoreceptors?

A

Monitor levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.

49
Q

Several hormones help regulate blood pressure and flow. These are?

A

Cortisol.
Aldrestrone.
Adrenaline.

50
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA)?

A

Kidneys secrete enzyme Renin to increase blood pressure.

51
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output.

52
Q

ADH?

A

Hypothalamus and post pituitary gland causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

53
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A

Atria of heart causes vasodilation and lowers blood pressure.

54
Q

Two major loops in human circulatory system?

A
  • Systemic: Delivers oxygen to organs and collects carbon dioxide waste.
    Controlled by left side of heart
  • Pulmonary: Releases carbon dioxide and picks up new oxygen.
    Controlled by right side of heart.
55
Q

T

A
56
Q

T

A
57
Q

Right coronary artery passes to right.

A
58
Q

Left coronary artery passes to left.

A
59
Q

Left coronary artery passes to left.

A
60
Q

All systemic arteries branch from the?

A

Aorta.

61
Q

Parts of aorta include?

A

Ascending aorta.
Arch of aorta.
Thoracic aorta.
Abdominal aorta.
Common iliac arteries.

62
Q

All veins of systemic arteries empty out into?

A

Superior vena cava.
Inferior vena cava.
Common illiac vein.
Jugular veins.

63
Q

Apex?

A

Formed by the the top of left ventricle. Bottom of heart.

64
Q

Base of heart is?

A

Opposite the apex and the top.

65
Q

Membrane that surrounds heart and protects it and holds it in place is called the?

A

Pericardium.

66
Q

Pericardium consists of 2 parts.

A
  • Fibrous pericardium.
    Outer layer.
    Dense irregular tissue, tough.
  • Serous pericardium.
    Posterior to fibrous,
    Thinner, delicate membrane that forms a double layer.
    Parietal layer fused to fibrous.
67
Q

Order of layers?

A

Fart Police Smell Villains.
F- Fibrous layer.
A- Parietal layer of serous.
C- Serous fluid.
E- Visceral layer of serous.

68
Q

Wall of heart has 3 layers?

A

Epicardium- External layer.
Myocardium- middle layer, muscle.
Endocardium- inner layer of simple squamous epithelium. It is continuous with epithelial lining of large blood vessels.

69
Q

Myometrium in left ventricle thicker than right.

A

Y

70
Q

2 upper chambers of heart?

A

Atria.

71
Q

2 lower chambers of heart?

A

Ventricles.

72
Q

Between right atrium and left atrium=

A

Thin partition called interatrial septum,

73
Q

What separates right ventricle from left ventricle?

A

Interventricular septum.

74
Q

Largest part of your heart is?

A

Left ventricle.

75
Q

Right atrium receives?

A

Deoxygenated blood.
Delivers to right ventricle.
Through 3 veins:
Superior vena cava.
Inferior vena cava.
Coronary sinus. (Coronary vein).

76
Q

Oxygenated blood?

A

Enters left atrium. Via 4 pulmonary veins.
To left ventricle.
To ascending aorta.
To body.

77
Q

Four valves of the heart are composed of?

A

Dense connective tissue covered by endothelium.
Valves open and close to pressure changes.

78
Q

Atrioventricular valves?

A

Lie between atria and ventricles.

79
Q

Tendon like cords called chordae tendinae connect to?

A

Papillary muscles located on the inner surface of the ventricles.

80
Q

Near aorta is?

A

Semilunar valves.

81
Q

Aortic valve?

A

Between left atrium and left ventricle,

82
Q

Semilunar valves allow?

A

Blood to flow in one direction.

83
Q

Blood flows from area of?

A

High blood pressure to low blood pressure.

84
Q

Movement of blood controlled by?

A

Opening and closing of valves.
Contraction and relaxation of myocardium.

85
Q

Most deoxygenated blood is collected by?

A

Coronary sinus.

86
Q

Conduction?

A
  1. SAN begins cardiac excitation.
  2. At the AV, action potential slows, action potential then heads to AV bundle (Bundle of His).
  3. AV bundle is only site where action potentials can conduct from atria to ventricles.
  4. Goes to left and right bundle branches toward apex.
  5. Purkinje fibres conduct potential to apex and then upward.
87
Q

Single cardiac cycle is all the events in just one heart beat.

A
88
Q

Normally cardiac cycle?

A

2 atria contract.
2 ventricles relax. Vice versa.

89
Q

Systole means?

A

Contraction period.

90
Q

Diastole means?

A

Relaxation period.

91
Q

Cardiac cycle has three phases?

A
  • Relaxation period: End of cardiac cycle when ventricles relax and chambers are in diastole.
  • Atrial systole: Contraction of atria.
  • Ventricular systole: Contraction of ventricles.
92
Q

Hearts sounds come from closure of valves.

A
93
Q

First sound, lung after AV close.

A
94
Q

Second sound, semilunar valves closing.

A
95
Q

3-5 session a week are recommended.

A
96
Q

Cardiovascular system?

A

Maintains body temperature.
Supplies CNS with oxygen and glucose.

97
Q

Coronary artery disease?

A

Major cause of heart disease and death.

98
Q

Congestive heart failure and atherosclerosis increases with age.

A
99
Q

Hypertension- Persistently high blood pressure.

A
100
Q

Aneurysm?

A

Thin weaker section of a wall of an artery or vein that bulges outward.

Body Systems (9 decks)

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