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A&P 1 FAU > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

seven functions of the skeletal system

A

support, protection, assist body movements, mineral homeostasis, hormone secretion

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2
Q

osteocalcin

A

a hormone secreted in the skeletal system that regulates bone formation and protects against obesity, glucose intolerance, and diabetes mellitus

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3
Q

where are blood cells produced

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process in which blood cells are formed
RBS, WBS, platelets

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5
Q

Red marrow

A

develops RBC, WBC, fibroblasts and adipocytes

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6
Q

where is red bone marrow present

A

all marrow of newborns, adult hip bones, breast bone, vertebrae, skull, and ends of arm and thigh bones

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7
Q

Yellow marrow

A

primary function is storage of energy
yellow marrow percentage increases in with age
some can be converted back to red marrow if necessary

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8
Q

what cells primarily make up yellow marrow

A

adipose cells for the storage of triglycerides

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9
Q

tendons connect what

A

muscle to bone

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10
Q

ligaments connect what

A

bone to bone

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11
Q

tissue types found in the skeletal system

A

nervous, osseous, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle, and epithelial

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12
Q

two main skeletal tissues

A

cartilage, bone tissue (osseous)

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13
Q

skeletal cartilage

A

chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix, chondrocytes maintain the matrix
holds water which lends resiliency,
no nerves or blood vessels

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14
Q

perichondrium

A

dense connective tissue girdle that contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery and waste removal
resists outward expansion

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15
Q

where is perichondrium not found

A

on cartilaginous articular surfaces and fibrocartilage

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16
Q

why do injuries to the cartilage take longer to heal

A

there is no direct blood supply

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17
Q

what makes up cartilage

A

chondroitin sulfate and various fibers

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18
Q

what do the fibers in cartilage do

A

distinguish the types of cartilage

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19
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

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20
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

support, flexibility, resilience
predominantly collagen fibers and chondroitin sulfate

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21
Q

which type of cartilage is the most abundant

A

hyaline cartilage

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22
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilage
covers the tip of bones

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23
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers

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24
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

external ear and epiglottis

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25
Q

fibrocartilage

A

dense matrix of fibrous bundles of collagen
great tensile strength and shock absorption
usually sandwiched between hyaline cartilage

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26
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

menisci of knee, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

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27
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis of long bones and joint surfaces of other bones

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28
Q

where is articular cartilage found

A

where the bone forms an articular joint surface
-bone moves against another bone

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29
Q

where is articular cartilage not found

A

in immovable joints

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30
Q

bone tissue

A

highly vascularized
hard, mineralized, extracellular matrix

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31
Q

two arrangements of bone tissue

A

compact bone, spongy bone

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32
Q

compact bone

A

strongest form of bone tissue

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33
Q

function of compact bone

A

protection and support

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34
Q

where is compact bone located

A

diaphysis of long bones, external layer of all bones

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35
Q

where is compact bone located

A

diaphysis of long bones, external layer of all bones

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36
Q

spongy bone

A

spongy appearance, less organized tissue

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37
Q

function of spongy bone

A

lightweight, provides tissue support

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38
Q

where is spongy bone located

A

epiphysis and internal cavity of long bones

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39
Q

trabeculae

A

honeycomb structure of bones, webbing of spongy bones
support and protect the red bone marrow

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40
Q

how are trabeculae oriented

A

along lines of stress to avoid breaking

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41
Q

what process occurs in the red marrow of spongy bone

A

hematopoiesis

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42
Q

what chemically makes up bone tissue

A

water, organic proteins (collagen main one), mineral salts

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43
Q

what organic chemical constituent is the most abundant in bone tissue

A

collagen fibers for flexibility and tensile strength

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44
Q

inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals

A

mineral salts, provide hardness

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45
Q

types of mineral salts

A

calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium, fluoride, sulfate

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46
Q

two major groups of the skeletal system

A

axial and appendicular
based on location

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47
Q

axial skeleton

A

long axis of body, skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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48
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of upper and lower limbs
girdles attach limbs to axial skeleton

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49
Q

how many bones are in the human skeleton

A

206

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50
Q

five classifications of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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51
Q

long bones

A

longer than they are wide

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52
Q

examples of long bones

A

femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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53
Q

short bones

A

cube shaped bones, vary in size and number in different individuals

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54
Q

examples of short bones

A

carpals and tarsals

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55
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flat, slightly curved

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56
Q

examples of flat bones

A

sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull bones

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57
Q

irregular bones

A

complicated shapes

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58
Q

examples of flat bones

A

vertebrae, coxal bones

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59
Q

sesamoid bones

A

within tendons, help change the angle of pull of a muscle

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60
Q

examples of sesamoid bones

A

patella, pisiform

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61
Q

sixth type of bone

A

sutural bones, wormian bones
located within the sutures of cranial bones

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62
Q

periosteum

A

tough sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue on the OUTSIDE of the bones
many nerve fibers and blood vessels
double layer membrane
assists with fracture repair and is an attachment point for tendons and ligaments

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63
Q

double layer of periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer- dense irregular connective tissue
osteogenic (inner) layer

64
Q

osteogenic layer

A

contains primitive stem cells - osteogenic cells

65
Q

what can osteogenic cells differentiate into

A

osteoblasts in the periosteum

66
Q

osteoblasts in the osteogenic region help with what

A

can grow in thickness but not length (build bones)

67
Q

where is periosteum found

A

covers external surfaces of bones except at joints

68
Q

medullary cavity

A

space between the diaphysis of long bones that contain fatty yellow bone marrow in adults

69
Q

endosteum

A

covers internal bone surface, covers trabeculae of spongy bone, lines canals that pass through compact bone
contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

70
Q

cells in osseous tissue

A

osteogenic cells –> osteoblasts –> osteocyte
osteoclast (different origin not from osteogenic cell)

71
Q

osteogenic cells

A

also called osteoprogenitor cells
mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
can remain as ostegenic cells

72
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone building cells, synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components

73
Q

osteocytes

A

mature form of osteoblast
monitor and maintain bone matrix
act as stress or strain sensors
communicate with osteoblasts and osteoclasts so bone remodeling can occur

74
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down cells
concentrated in endosteum
derived from the fusion of monocytes (WBC)
secrete acid and collagenase that dissolve bone

75
Q

structure of long bone

A

diaphysis - shaft/ body
epiphysis - proximal/distal ends of long bone
metaphyses - area where epiphysis and diaphysis joint

76
Q

where is the epiphyseal plate found in long bones

A

within the metaphyses

77
Q

during childhood the epiphyseal growth plate is primarily composed of what cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

78
Q

in adults the epiphyseal growth plate becomes what

A

the epiphyseal line
cartilage becomes calcified

79
Q

structure of short, irregular, sesamoid, and flat bones

A

thin plates of spongy bone covers sandwiched between compact bone
periosteum and endosteum
no shaft or epiphyses
bone marrow distributed throughout spongy bone (no marrow cavity)
hyaline cartilage covers movable articular surfaces

80
Q

compact bone contains units called what

A

osteons

81
Q

osteons also called what

A

Haversian systems

82
Q

what are osteons formed from

A

concentric llamelae (rings of calcified matrix)

83
Q

interstitial llamelae

A

between osteons, left over fragments of older osteons

84
Q

outer circumferential llamelae

A

encircle the bone beneath periosteum

85
Q

inner circumferential llamelae

A

encircle the medullary cavity

86
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces between the lamellae
house osteocytes

87
Q

canaliculi

A

small channels filled with extracellular fluid and osteocyte plasma membrane extensions that connect the lacunae

88
Q

central canal

A

central space in osteon that houses blood, nerve, and lymphatic vessels (vertical)

89
Q

perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

A

allow transit of these vessels and nerves to inner regions of the bone (across)

90
Q

spongy bone lacks what

A

osteons
instead lamellae are arrange in thin columns called trabeculae

91
Q

trabeculae of spongy bone contain what

A

lacunae which contains osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood

92
Q

interior of ends of long bones contain what type of bone

A

spongy bone, to contribute to strength but lessen overall weight

93
Q

blood and nerve supply of bone

A

bone is richly supplied with blood
nerves accompany blood vessels
periosteum rich in sensory nerves sensitive to tearing or tension

94
Q

another name for ossification

A

osteogenesis

95
Q

ossification

A

process of forming new bone
occurs in four situations

96
Q

four situations of ossification

A
  1. formation of bone in late state embryo
  2. growth of bones until adulthood
  3. remodeling of bone
  4. repair of fractures
97
Q

two methods of ossification

A

intra-membranous ossification
endochondral ossification

98
Q

when does ossification star

A

about the 8th week of embryonic development

99
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

produces spongy bone (may remodel into compact bone)
simpler method
MANY ossification centers
no cartilaginous stage
woven bone and periosteum are formed
lamellar bone replaced woven bone and red marrow appears

100
Q

intramembranous ossification forms what types of bones

A

flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle

101
Q

intramembranous ossification forms bones from what type of cell

A

mesenchymal cells the develop into osteoblasts within the fibrous membrane

102
Q

endochondral ossification

A

process where bone replaces cartilage
forms both spongy and compact bone
used in most bones, especially long bones

103
Q

process of endochondral ossification

A

replacement of hyaline cartilage model by bone
begins at primary ossification center in the center of the shaft
bone collar forms around the diaphysis of cartilage model
central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies creating cavities
periosteal bud invades cavities (formation of spongy bone)
diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms
secondary ossification center form in the epiphyses
epiphyses ossify

104
Q

blood vessel infiltration of the perichondrium converts it to what

A

periosteum. the underlying cells are replaced by osteoblasts

105
Q

postnatal bone growth methods

A

interstitial (longitudinal) growth - length
appositional growth - thickness

106
Q

interstitial (longitudinal) growth

A

requires presence of epiphyseal cartilage (maintains a constant thickness)
concurrent modeling of epiphyseal ends to maintain proportion

107
Q

five zones within cartilage for interstitial growth

A
  1. resting (quiescent) zone
  2. proliferation (growth) zone
  3. hypertrophic zone
  4. calcification zone
  5. ossification (osteogenic) zone
108
Q

resting (quiescent) zone

A

cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate
relatively inactive

109
Q

proliferation (growth) zone

A

cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate
rapidly divide pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis
lengthening

110
Q

hypertrophic zone

A

older chondrocytes, closer to diaphysis, enlarge with their lacunae
lacunae erode - interconnecting spaces

111
Q

calcification zones

A

surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies
chondrocytes die and deteriorate

112
Q

ossification zones

A

chondrocyte deterioration leaves long spicules of calcified cartilage at epiphyses - diaphyses junction
spicules eroded by oseoclasts
covered with new bone by osteoblasts
replaced ultimately with spongy bone

113
Q

near the end of adolescence

A

chondroblasts divide less often
osteoblast activity > chondroblast activity
bone lengthening ceases
epiphyseal plate closure - replaced by bone (18 in females, 21 in males)
bone of diaphysis and epiphyses fuse

114
Q

fractures to epiphyseal growth plate affect what

A

can cause it to close sooner
may inhibit growth of bone length

115
Q

appositional growth

A

allows for lengthening bone to widen
occurs throughout life

116
Q

osteoblast contribution of appositional growth occurs where

A

periosteum
secretes bone matrix on external bone

117
Q

osteoclast contribution of appositional growth occurs where

A

endosteum
removes bone on endosteal surface

118
Q

is there more building or breaking of bones typically

A

building up - to make bones thicker and stronger but not too heavy

119
Q

when there is too much osseous tissue formation

A

bones become abnormally thick
acromegaly

120
Q

when there is not enough new bone formation

A

bones can become too weak and thin
osteoporosis - excessive loss of calcium
rickets/ osteomalacia - bones are too soft

121
Q

factors affecting normal bone growth

A

minerals
calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, fluoride, manganese

122
Q

what vitamins are essential for bone growth

A

Vit A - osteoblast acitivity
Vit C - synthesis of collagen
Vit D - promotes absorption of calcium in the gut
Vit K and B12 for synthesiss of bone protein

123
Q

Vitamin D and Ca deficiency can happen where

A

low sun exposure or low calcium content in diet

124
Q

Rickets

A

caused by a calcium and vitamin D deficiency
common in children

125
Q

what hormone is most important for bone growth during childhood

A

Human growth hormone (hGH)
Growth factors (IGF) - produced by liver
-both stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate, and enhance protein synthesis
Thyroid hormone - modulation of activity of growth hormone
Sex hormone (estrogen and testosterone)

126
Q

why is thyroid hormone important

A

ensures proper bone proportions

127
Q

sex hormones affect on bone growth

A

cause a dramatic effect on bone growth (growth spurt)
in females - widening of the pelvis
responsible for closing epiphyseal plate at end of puberty
important in bone density maintenance during adulthood

128
Q

methods of bone remodeling control

A
  1. negative feedback hormonal loop for Ca homeostasis
  2. response to mechanical and gravitational forces
129
Q

negative feedback hormonal loop for Ca homeostasis

A

maintaining a normal serum calcium levels > mineralizing bone
Parathyroid hormone - removes calcium from the bone regardless of bone integrity
Calcitonin - tones down calcium level in the blood temporarily

130
Q

PTH function

A

stimulates osteoclastic activity and raises blood serum calcium level
stimulates reabsorption of calcium ions in the kidneys

131
Q

calcitonin

A

stimulates osteoblastic activity and lowers the serum calcium level

132
Q

production of vitamin D with regards to Ca

A

for absorption of Ca and posphate

133
Q

Response to mechanical and gravitational forces

A

bones are stressed when bearing weight or pulled by muscle
bones reflect stresses they encounter (thickest where there is most tension)

134
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

bones grow and remodel in response to the demands place on it

135
Q

examples of Wolff’s Law

A

right hand dominant - thicker bones in right arm
curved bones are thickest where most likely to buckle
trabeculae of spongy bones form trusses along lines of stress
large bony projections where heavy active muscles attach
bones of fetus and bedridden are featurless

136
Q

hormonal control determines what

A

if and when remodeling is necessary

137
Q

mechanical/ gravitional stress determines what

A

where remodeling occurs

138
Q

fractures

A

breaks in the bone tissue

139
Q

fractures in youth primarily caused by

A

trauma

140
Q

fractures in old age primarily caused by

A

bone weakness/ thinning

141
Q

position of bone after fracture (fracture)

A

non-displaced: ends retain normal position
displaced: ends out of normal alignment

142
Q

completeness of break (fracture)

A

complete - all the way through
incomplete- not broken all the way

143
Q

penetration of skin (fracture)

A

open (compound) - penetrated
closed (simple) - not penetrated

144
Q

fractures can be classified by

A

location, external, appearance, nature, Eponym (someones name)

145
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone fragments into three or more pieces
common for elderly

146
Q

spiral fracture

A

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
common sports fracture

147
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone portion is pressed inward
typical of skull fracture

148
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed
common in porous bones (osteoporotic bones) subject to extreme trauma (falling)
-vertebrae

149
Q

Epiphyseal fracture

A

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

150
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

bone breaks incompletely, only one side of shaft breaks - other side bends
common in children whose bonds have relatively more organic matrix and more flexible than those of adults

151
Q

fracture treatment - reduction

A

realignment of broken bone ends
-open reduction
-closed reduction (does not require opening)

152
Q

fracture treatment - immobilizationt

A

by cast or traction for healing
depends on break severity, bone broken, and age

153
Q

fracture repair pattern

A
  1. fracture hematoma (clot) forms as a result of blood vessels breaking in the periosteum and osteons
    site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
  2. formation of a callus
  3. mass of repair tissue - fibrocartilaginous callus
  4. within a week new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callous
  5. approx 2 months later firm union forms
  6. remodeling - takes several months
154
Q

formation of callus during bone fracture

A

capillaries grow in hematoma, phagocytes clear debris, fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends
fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
create cartilage matrix of repair tissue
osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone within matrix

155
Q

remodeling process during bone fracture repair

A

spongy bone is replaced with compact bone on superficial areas
fracture line disappears- little to no evidence remains once complete

156
Q

exercise and bone tissue

A

mechanical stress makes bone tissue stronger through production of collagen fibers by osteoblasts and deposition of mineral salts

157
Q

loss of bone mass (aging)

A

loss of calcium from bones (osteoporosis)

A&P 1 FAU (15 decks)

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