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A&P 1 FAU > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the integumentary system

A

skin, accessory structures (hair, nails, blood vessels, and nerves)

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2
Q

what tissue types are found in the integumentary system

A

epithelium - hair, nails
CT - dermis
muscle - attached to hair follicles, arteries and veins
Nervous - nerves for sensation

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3
Q

what membrane describes the integument

A

cutaneous

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4
Q

functions of the integument

A

protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory perception, synthesis of vitamin D, emotional, expression, reservoir of blood

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5
Q

three major layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous (hypodermis)

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6
Q

epidermis

A

outer, thinner layer, consists of epithelial tissue

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7
Q

dermis

A

inner, thicker layer, primarily CT

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8
Q

subcutaneous

A

also called hypodermis, located underneath the dermis, not necessarily part of the skin but shares some functions, mostly loose areola/ adipose CT that anchors skin to underlying structures (mostly muscle), insulates/ absorbs shock

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9
Q

what type of tissue primarily makes up the epidermis

A

keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

cell types of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, merkel cells

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11
Q

keratinocytes

A

make up most epidermal cells, produce keratin

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12
Q

keratin

A

tough, insoluble, fibrous protein that provides protection and helps contribute to the the strength and water resistance displayed by epidermis, skin, and nails

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13
Q

melanocytes

A

produce pigment melanin that protects against UV radiation

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14
Q

Langerhans cells

A

dendritic cells, macrophages that originated in the bone marrow. Involved in immune responses

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15
Q

Merkel Cells

A

function in the sensation of touch along with the other adjacent tactile discs (receptors)

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16
Q

types of epidermis

A

thin (hairy) skin - covers everywhere but the palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles
thick (hairless) skin - covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles

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17
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

thin skin - four layers
thick skin - five layers

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18
Q

stratum basale (germinativum)

A

always the deepest epidermal layer, produces all other layer, most metabolically active, one row of actively mitotic cells.mitotic division of keratinocyte stem cells occurs here. MELANOCYTES found here, occasional dendritic cells

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19
Q

mitotic division of keratinocyte stem cell

A

produces two daughter cells
one goes from basal layer to the surface- takes 25-45 days, dies as it moves toward the surface
one cell remains in the stratum basale as stem cell

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20
Q

stratum spinosum

A

layer of keratinocytes 8-10 cells deep. unified by desmosomes. Thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin. Abundant in dendritic (immune) cells and melanosome containing keratinocytes

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21
Q

stratum granulosum

A

typically give layers of flattened cells. keratinocyte cell appearance changes as cells flatten. Nuclei and organelles disintegrate, keratinization begins, helps form keratin in upper layers. cytoplasm full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules

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22
Q

why do cells die in layers above stratum granulosum

A

too far from dermal cappilaries

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23
Q

stratum lucidium

A

4th layer in thick skin ONLY.
skin of fingertips, palms, and soles
thin, translucent band superficial to stratum granulosum

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24
Q

stratum corneum

A

alway the outermost layer, approx 20 layers of flat cell remnants. they continuously shed and are replaced by cells from deeper strata. essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. glycolipids in extracellular space

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25
Q

keratinization (cornification)

A

specialized form of apoptosis, is process of differentiation from viable cells in the stratum basale to keratinocytes in the more superficial layers.

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26
Q

keratinization in the stratum granulosum

A

cells begin to flatten and their organelles disintegrate. they begin to accumulate a high keratin content

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27
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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28
Q

how are nutrients absorbed in the epidermis

A

diffusion since it is largely avascular

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29
Q

where are the most nutrients accesible

A

deepest layers

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30
Q

lack of accessibility to nutrients moving superficially through
the stratum granulosum contributes to what process

A

keratinization

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31
Q

Lamellar granules within dying/ dead keratinocytes

A

produce a glycolipid into extra-ceullar space. this coats the external surface of the cells

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32
Q

trans epideral water loss

A

free water from the dermis continually crosses the epidermis by capillary action and evaporates from the surface of the skin

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33
Q

callus

A

caused by constant friction. causing thicker build up of keratinocytes in the stratum corneum. mitosis increase in stratum basale in these areas

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34
Q

dandruff

A

excess of keratinized cells shed from the scalp

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35
Q

types of melanin

A

eumelanin - brown to black
pheomelanin - yellow to red

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36
Q

what causes freckles

A

clusters of concentrated melanin triggered by exposure to sunlight. Having more freckles is genetic

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37
Q

nevi

A

birthmarks/ moles

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38
Q

what causes nevi

A

chronic lesions of the skin containing melanocytes. Benign by definition

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39
Q

malignant melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes

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40
Q

vitiligo

A

chronic disorder causing depigmentation patches in the skin. pathogenesis is not known

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41
Q

albinism

A

congenital disorder characterized by complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes due to a defect in an enzyme involved in production of melanin

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42
Q

Dermis

A

rich in CT, contains nerve fibers, muscle, blood, and lymphatic vessels. Abundant in collagen and elastic fibers in the EC matrix (strength and flexibility)

43
Q

cells found in the dermis

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, occasionally mast cells and WBC

44
Q

two regions of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

45
Q

Papillary region

A

lies just below epidermis. areolar CT with fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers (loose tissue).
rich in small blood vessels
phagocytes patrol for microorganisms
dermal pappilae

46
Q

dermal pappilae

A

superficial peg like projections
in thick skin, epidermis takes shape of undulations of dermal papillae - causes epidermal ridges
collectively called friction ridges

47
Q

Reticular region

A

80% of dermal thickness, dense fibrous CT, elastic fibers provide stretch- recoil properties
collagen fibers -strength and resiliency, bind water
cleavage lines - form in directional orientation of collagen fibers in this layer - externally invisible
tears or excessive stretching in region cause stretch marks (striae)

48
Q

cleavage lines are found in which region of the dermis

A

reticular

49
Q

stretch marks or striae are found in what region

A

reticular

50
Q

friction ridges are found in which region

A

papillary

51
Q

epidermal ridges

A

reflect contour of underlying dermal papillae and from the basis for fingerpritns and footprints

52
Q

function of epidermal ridges

A

increase firmness of grip by increasing friction

53
Q

lines of cleavage

A

tension lines in the skin that indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers

54
Q

why are lines of cleavage important for plastic surgeons

A

they make their incision lines parallel to normal cleavage lines to minimize scarring

55
Q

Subcutaneous layers

A

also called hypo-dermis
attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs
contains blood vessels and nerves in transit to the more superficial dermal layers
contains lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

56
Q

lamelated pacinian corpuscle

A

detect external pressure applied to the skin

57
Q

benefits of multiple layers

A

epidermis -resist damage and offers protection to underlying tissues
dermis - temperature stability and prevents dehydration. limited healing
subcutaneous - insulate, store fat, and anchor to the skin

58
Q

superficial sensory receptors

A

merkel discs, free nerve endings, Meissner corpuscles, and hair root plexuses

59
Q

deep sensory receptors

A

pacinian corpuscles

60
Q

Hair

A

associated with the word pili
present on most surfaces except the palms, nipples, part of genitalia, anterior surfaces of fingers and soles of feet
composed of dead keratinized epidermal cells
helps touch sensation, protects against harmful effects of the sun and against heat loss

61
Q

what covers the hair making it water resistant

A

epicuticle, along with insoluble keratin

62
Q

parts of the hair

A

shaft - above skin surface
follicle - below surface of the skin
root - penetrates into the dermis (includes epithelial root sheath and dermal root sheath)

63
Q

two types of hairs

A

vellus and terminal

64
Q

vellus

A

pale, fine body hair of children and adult females

65
Q

terminal

A

coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp
at puberty appear in axillary and pubic regions of both sexes

66
Q

what determines hair color

A

amount and type of melanin

67
Q

alopecia

A

hair thinning in both sexes
various causes

68
Q

androgenic allopecia

A

male and female pattern baldness
more common in men
caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

69
Q

sebaceous (oil) glands

A

connected to hair follicles
secrete sebum
prevents desiccation of hair and skin
inhibits growth of certain bacteria
widely distributed

70
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine

71
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

most numerous
abundant in forehead, palms, and soles
secrete a water solution that helps cool the body the body and eliminate small amounts of waste
Heat and “cold sweats”

72
Q

Apocrine swear glands

A

located mainly in axilla and anogenital region
begin functioning at puberty
secrete a slightly viscous sweat (sweat, fatty substances, proteins)
uses merocrine method of secretion
increased during emotional stress and sexual arousment

73
Q

body odor is exhibited using which sweat glands

A

apocrine

74
Q

modified apocrine sweat glands

A

ceruminous glands - located in ear canal and produce cerumen (earwax)
mammary gland - human breast milk

75
Q

mammary glands use what method of secretion

A

merocrine

76
Q

nails

A

hard, keratinized, dead epidermal cells

77
Q

nail structure includes

A

free edge, transparent nail body (plate), nail root, nail matrix

78
Q

white part of the nail is called what

A

lunula

79
Q

what part of the nail is living

A

nail root

80
Q

types of integumentary wound healing

A

epidermal - superficial wounds affect only epidermis (normal function return)
deep - injury extends to dermis and subQ layer (loss of some function and development of scar tissue)

81
Q

epidermal wound healing

A

common types - abrasions and minor burns
central portion of wound may extend to dermis

82
Q

process of epidermal wound healing

A

basal cells enlarge and detach from basement membrane, move towards center of open wound. stop migrating due to contact inhibition (meet cells on other side of wound)

83
Q

deep wound healing

A

occurs when injury extends into dermis and subQ layers, healing is more complex, some function may be lost

84
Q

phases of deep wound healing

A

inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, maturation

85
Q

inflammatory phase

A

increase blood flow to increase inflammation and formation of blood clot
blood cells become more permeable for repair

86
Q

migratory phase

A

clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells migrate across the wound, fibroblasts increase in number and begin scar tissue synthesis (collagen fibers and glycoproteins)

87
Q

proliferative phase

A

extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab, fibroblasts deposit collagen fibers in RANDOM directions, continued growth and repair of blood vessels to region

88
Q

maturation phase

A

scab comes off, epidermis restored to normal thickness, collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease In number, blood vessels restored to normal

89
Q

scar tissue formation (fibrosis)

A

dense arrangement of collagen fibers
decreased elasticity
fewer blood vessels
lighter appearance due to less blood flow and dense collagen

90
Q

what causes a burn

A

excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, corrosive chemicals

91
Q

what functions of the skin do burns affects

A

thermoregulation, protection

92
Q

first degree burn

A

only affects the epidermis
characterized by mild pain and redness (erythema)
no blisters
skin function remains intact

93
Q

second degree burn

A

destroys epidermis and part of the dermis, some function is lost
characterized by redness, blister formation, edema, and pain

94
Q

third degree burn

A

full thickness burn, (all three layers)
most skin function is lost, numbness due to nerve ending destruction

95
Q

skin cancer forms

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

96
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

about 78% of all skin cancers, tumors arise from stratum basale
rarely metastasize (spread to different areas)

97
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

20% of skin cancer
arise of squamous cell of epidermis
variability in metastasis

98
Q

malignant melanoma

A

arise from melanocytes
2% of skin cancers
metastasize rapidly
most dangerous

99
Q

nonmelanoma skin cancer

A

basal and squamous cell carcinomas
highly curable

100
Q

ABCD of skin cancer

A

asymmetry, border, color, diameter

101
Q

effect of aging on integumentary system

A

subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease - thin skin
sebaceous glands produce less oil - dehydration and cracking
melanocytes decreases
blood vessels of dermis become more fragile - bruising, bleeding under the skin
risk of cancer increases due to lack of melanocytes and dendritic cells
nails and hair become more brittle

102
Q

greatest factor of skin changes with age

A

sun exposure

103
Q

decubitus ulcer

A

bed sore, increased susceptibility with age

A&P 1 FAU (15 decks)

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