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A&P 1 FAU > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the integumentary system

A

skin, accessory structures (hair, nails, blood vessels, and nerves)

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2
Q

what tissue types are found in the integumentary system

A

epithelium - hair, nails
CT - dermis
muscle - attached to hair follicles, arteries and veins
Nervous - nerves for sensation

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3
Q

what membrane describes the integument

A

cutaneous

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4
Q

functions of the integument

A

protection, regulation of body temperature, sensory perception, synthesis of vitamin D, emotional, expression, reservoir of blood

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5
Q

three major layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous (hypodermis)

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6
Q

epidermis

A

outer, thinner layer, consists of epithelial tissue

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7
Q

dermis

A

inner, thicker layer, primarily CT

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8
Q

subcutaneous

A

also called hypodermis, located underneath the dermis, not necessarily part of the skin but shares some functions, mostly loose areola/ adipose CT that anchors skin to underlying structures (mostly muscle), insulates/ absorbs shock

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9
Q

what type of tissue primarily makes up the epidermis

A

keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

cell types of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, merkel cells

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11
Q

keratinocytes

A

make up most epidermal cells, produce keratin

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12
Q

keratin

A

tough, insoluble, fibrous protein that provides protection and helps contribute to the the strength and water resistance displayed by epidermis, skin, and nails

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13
Q

melanocytes

A

produce pigment melanin that protects against UV radiation

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14
Q

Langerhans cells

A

dendritic cells, macrophages that originated in the bone marrow. Involved in immune responses

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15
Q

Merkel Cells

A

function in the sensation of touch along with the other adjacent tactile discs (receptors)

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16
Q

types of epidermis

A

thin (hairy) skin - covers everywhere but the palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles
thick (hairless) skin - covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits and soles

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17
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

thin skin - four layers
thick skin - five layers

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18
Q

stratum basale (germinativum)

A

always the deepest epidermal layer, produces all other layer, most metabolically active, one row of actively mitotic cells.mitotic division of keratinocyte stem cells occurs here. MELANOCYTES found here, occasional dendritic cells

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19
Q

mitotic division of keratinocyte stem cell

A

produces two daughter cells
one goes from basal layer to the surface- takes 25-45 days, dies as it moves toward the surface
one cell remains in the stratum basale as stem cell

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20
Q

stratum spinosum

A

layer of keratinocytes 8-10 cells deep. unified by desmosomes. Thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin. Abundant in dendritic (immune) cells and melanosome containing keratinocytes

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21
Q

stratum granulosum

A

typically give layers of flattened cells. keratinocyte cell appearance changes as cells flatten. Nuclei and organelles disintegrate, keratinization begins, helps form keratin in upper layers. cytoplasm full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules

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22
Q

why do cells die in layers above stratum granulosum

A

too far from dermal cappilaries

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23
Q

stratum lucidium

A

4th layer in thick skin ONLY.
skin of fingertips, palms, and soles
thin, translucent band superficial to stratum granulosum

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24
Q

stratum corneum

A

alway the outermost layer, approx 20 layers of flat cell remnants. they continuously shed and are replaced by cells from deeper strata. essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. glycolipids in extracellular space

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25
keratinization (cornification)
specialized form of apoptosis, is process of differentiation from viable cells in the stratum basale to keratinocytes in the more superficial layers.
26
keratinization in the stratum granulosum
cells begin to flatten and their organelles disintegrate. they begin to accumulate a high keratin content
27
apoptosis
programmed cell death
28
how are nutrients absorbed in the epidermis
diffusion since it is largely avascular
29
where are the most nutrients accesible
deepest layers
30
lack of accessibility to nutrients moving superficially through the stratum granulosum contributes to what process
keratinization
31
Lamellar granules within dying/ dead keratinocytes
produce a glycolipid into extra-ceullar space. this coats the external surface of the cells
32
trans epideral water loss
free water from the dermis continually crosses the epidermis by capillary action and evaporates from the surface of the skin
33
callus
caused by constant friction. causing thicker build up of keratinocytes in the stratum corneum. mitosis increase in stratum basale in these areas
34
dandruff
excess of keratinized cells shed from the scalp
35
types of melanin
eumelanin - brown to black pheomelanin - yellow to red
36
what causes freckles
clusters of concentrated melanin triggered by exposure to sunlight. Having more freckles is genetic
37
nevi
birthmarks/ moles
38
what causes nevi
chronic lesions of the skin containing melanocytes. Benign by definition
39
malignant melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
40
vitiligo
chronic disorder causing depigmentation patches in the skin. pathogenesis is not known
41
albinism
congenital disorder characterized by complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes due to a defect in an enzyme involved in production of melanin
42
Dermis
rich in CT, contains nerve fibers, muscle, blood, and lymphatic vessels. Abundant in collagen and elastic fibers in the EC matrix (strength and flexibility)
43
cells found in the dermis
fibroblasts, macrophages, occasionally mast cells and WBC
44
two regions of the dermis
papillary and reticular
45
Papillary region
lies just below epidermis. areolar CT with fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers (loose tissue). rich in small blood vessels phagocytes patrol for microorganisms dermal pappilae
46
dermal pappilae
superficial peg like projections in thick skin, epidermis takes shape of undulations of dermal papillae - causes epidermal ridges collectively called friction ridges
47
Reticular region
80% of dermal thickness, dense fibrous CT, elastic fibers provide stretch- recoil properties collagen fibers -strength and resiliency, bind water cleavage lines - form in directional orientation of collagen fibers in this layer - externally invisible tears or excessive stretching in region cause stretch marks (striae)
48
cleavage lines are found in which region of the dermis
reticular
49
stretch marks or striae are found in what region
reticular
50
friction ridges are found in which region
papillary
51
epidermal ridges
reflect contour of underlying dermal papillae and from the basis for fingerpritns and footprints
52
function of epidermal ridges
increase firmness of grip by increasing friction
53
lines of cleavage
tension lines in the skin that indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers
54
why are lines of cleavage important for plastic surgeons
they make their incision lines parallel to normal cleavage lines to minimize scarring
55
Subcutaneous layers
also called hypo-dermis attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs contains blood vessels and nerves in transit to the more superficial dermal layers contains lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles
56
lamelated pacinian corpuscle
detect external pressure applied to the skin
57
benefits of multiple layers
epidermis -resist damage and offers protection to underlying tissues dermis - temperature stability and prevents dehydration. limited healing subcutaneous - insulate, store fat, and anchor to the skin
58
superficial sensory receptors
merkel discs, free nerve endings, Meissner corpuscles, and hair root plexuses
59
deep sensory receptors
pacinian corpuscles
60
Hair
associated with the word pili present on most surfaces except the palms, nipples, part of genitalia, anterior surfaces of fingers and soles of feet composed of dead keratinized epidermal cells helps touch sensation, protects against harmful effects of the sun and against heat loss
61
what covers the hair making it water resistant
epicuticle, along with insoluble keratin
62
parts of the hair
shaft - above skin surface follicle - below surface of the skin root - penetrates into the dermis (includes epithelial root sheath and dermal root sheath)
63
two types of hairs
vellus and terminal
64
vellus
pale, fine body hair of children and adult females
65
terminal
coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp at puberty appear in axillary and pubic regions of both sexes
66
what determines hair color
amount and type of melanin
67
alopecia
hair thinning in both sexes various causes
68
androgenic allopecia
male and female pattern baldness more common in men caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
69
sebaceous (oil) glands
connected to hair follicles secrete sebum prevents desiccation of hair and skin inhibits growth of certain bacteria widely distributed
70
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands eccrine and apocrine
71
eccrine sweat glands
most numerous abundant in forehead, palms, and soles secrete a water solution that helps cool the body the body and eliminate small amounts of waste Heat and "cold sweats"
72
Apocrine swear glands
located mainly in axilla and anogenital region begin functioning at puberty secrete a slightly viscous sweat (sweat, fatty substances, proteins) uses merocrine method of secretion increased during emotional stress and sexual arousment
73
body odor is exhibited using which sweat glands
apocrine
74
modified apocrine sweat glands
ceruminous glands - located in ear canal and produce cerumen (earwax) mammary gland - human breast milk
75
mammary glands use what method of secretion
merocrine
76
nails
hard, keratinized, dead epidermal cells
77
nail structure includes
free edge, transparent nail body (plate), nail root, nail matrix
78
white part of the nail is called what
lunula
79
what part of the nail is living
nail root
80
types of integumentary wound healing
epidermal - superficial wounds affect only epidermis (normal function return) deep - injury extends to dermis and subQ layer (loss of some function and development of scar tissue)
81
epidermal wound healing
common types - abrasions and minor burns central portion of wound may extend to dermis
82
process of epidermal wound healing
basal cells enlarge and detach from basement membrane, move towards center of open wound. stop migrating due to contact inhibition (meet cells on other side of wound)
83
deep wound healing
occurs when injury extends into dermis and subQ layers, healing is more complex, some function may be lost
84
phases of deep wound healing
inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, maturation
85
inflammatory phase
increase blood flow to increase inflammation and formation of blood clot blood cells become more permeable for repair
86
migratory phase
clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells migrate across the wound, fibroblasts increase in number and begin scar tissue synthesis (collagen fibers and glycoproteins)
87
proliferative phase
extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab, fibroblasts deposit collagen fibers in RANDOM directions, continued growth and repair of blood vessels to region
88
maturation phase
scab comes off, epidermis restored to normal thickness, collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease In number, blood vessels restored to normal
89
scar tissue formation (fibrosis)
dense arrangement of collagen fibers decreased elasticity fewer blood vessels lighter appearance due to less blood flow and dense collagen
90
what causes a burn
excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, corrosive chemicals
91
what functions of the skin do burns affects
thermoregulation, protection
92
first degree burn
only affects the epidermis characterized by mild pain and redness (erythema) no blisters skin function remains intact
93
second degree burn
destroys epidermis and part of the dermis, some function is lost characterized by redness, blister formation, edema, and pain
94
third degree burn
full thickness burn, (all three layers) most skin function is lost, numbness due to nerve ending destruction
95
skin cancer forms
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
96
basal cell carcinoma
about 78% of all skin cancers, tumors arise from stratum basale rarely metastasize (spread to different areas)
97
squamous cell carcinoma
20% of skin cancer arise of squamous cell of epidermis variability in metastasis
98
malignant melanoma
arise from melanocytes 2% of skin cancers metastasize rapidly most dangerous
99
nonmelanoma skin cancer
basal and squamous cell carcinomas highly curable
100
ABCD of skin cancer
asymmetry, border, color, diameter
101
effect of aging on integumentary system
subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease - thin skin sebaceous glands produce less oil - dehydration and cracking melanocytes decreases blood vessels of dermis become more fragile - bruising, bleeding under the skin risk of cancer increases due to lack of melanocytes and dendritic cells nails and hair become more brittle
102
greatest factor of skin changes with age
sun exposure
103
decubitus ulcer
bed sore, increased susceptibility with age

A&P 1 FAU (15 decks)

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