Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 FAU > lecture 11.1 main points > Flashcards

lecture 11.1 main points Flashcards

1
Q

what systems share the responsibility for maintaining homeostasis? what is the objective?

A

nervous and endocrine systems share the responsibility
objective is to keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does the nervous system work to maintain homeostasis

A

rapid responses using AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does the endocrine system work to maintain homeostasis

A

slow response using hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

main structures of nervous system and their function

A

brain - central control center ~ 100 billion neurons
spinal chord - connects brain to nerves of the body - about 100 million neurons
nerves - bundles of hundreds to thousands of axons ( each nerve follows a defined path and serves a specific region of the body)
neuron - basic functional unit of the neuron system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structures of the CNS, found in which body cavity

A

brain and spinal chord, found in the dorsal body cavity
integration and control center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

structures of the peripheral nervous system

A

spinal nerves to and from spinal cord
cranial nerves, to and from brain
found outside the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

two major functional divisions of PNS

A

sensory - afferent
motor - efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

from what do somatic sensory fibers convey information and where do they send it to

A

convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints sent to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

from what do visceral sensory fibers convey information and where do they send it to

A

convey impulses from the visceral organs to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

three subdivisions of the PNS

A

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the job of somatic sensory neurons? list examples of areas they relay information from

A

convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs to the CNS
includes receptors for senses such as hearing, vision, taste and smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the job of the somatic motor neuron? is this response voluntary or involuntary?

A

conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles only
this is voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are the sensory portions of autonomic sensory receptors and autonomic sensory neurons primarily found

A

primarily in the visceral organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where do autonomic motor neurons conducts information from and to ? voluntary or involuntary

A

conducts impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle cardiac muscle, and glands
involuntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the autonomic motor neurons and what is the overall effect?

A

sympathetic - fight or flight
parasympathetic - rest and digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the enteric nervous system also known as

A

the brain of the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of the enteric sensory neurons

A

monitor and communicate conditions of and in the GI tract to the interneurons (integration neurons) of the ENS and to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of enteric motor neurons

A

modify GI propulsion, acid, glandular, and hormonal secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the function of the enteric interneurons

A

may process enteric sensory information and decide to modify GI muscle contraction and secretion through enteric motor neurons if neededs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what division of the ANS was the ENS once considered part of? can ANS still affect ENS functioning

A

parasympathetic nervous system
some actions of ENS can be modified by ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe the composition of nervous tissue

A

tightly packed, high cell density, little extracellular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

list the two principal cell types of the nervous system and their properties

A

neurons (nerve cells)- excitable cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals
neuroglia - small cells that support, surround, and wrap delicate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

list common structures of most neurons

A

cell body, axon, dendrites, axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where do neurons gather or receive their information

A

at dendrites
receive neurotransmitters signals that conducts impulse changes toward the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

list other names for the cell body

A

perikaryon, or soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what structures are found in the cell body of a neuron

A

lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi complexes, SER, rough ER (called nissl bodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the function of an axon

A

conduct impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or effector cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

list the three structures found at the beginning of an axon

A

axon hillock - where axon joins the cell body
initial segment - beginning of axon
trigger zone - junction between axon hillock and initial segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how do axons transmit signals ? in what form

A

nerve impulses (action potentials)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the name of the axon’s plasma membrane

A

axolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the name of the end of an axon

A

axon terminal - secretory region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what occurs at the axon terminal in response to an AP

A

neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminal in response to an AP

33
Q

Do axons always only communicate with one cell? if not, how do they communicate with multiple cells at the same time?

A

can communicate with many different neurons at the same time through axonal branches

34
Q

what structures are not present in the axon? how does this affect the healing of a damaged axon?

A

lacks rough ER and golgi apparatus
if axon is damaged they quickly decay

35
Q

what are the many fine processes of an axon terminal called? what are the bulb shaped ended of these processes called?

A

axon terminals (telodendria)

synaptic end bulbs

36
Q

what is the site of communication between neurons, or neurons and effector cells called?

A

synapse

37
Q

what is the term for the gap between the pre and post synaptic cell called

A

synaptic cleft

38
Q

what is stored in the end bulb of a presynaptic neuron? what structure are these stored in?

A

neurotransmitters are stored in the pre synpatic neuron and they are stored within synaptic vesicles

39
Q

do pre-synaptic neurons contain only one neurotransmitter

A

no, contains many different neurotransmitters each with a different effect on the post synaptic cell

40
Q

what cannot propagate across a synaptic cleft of neuronal synpases

A

electrical impulses (AP)

41
Q

what is a chemical synapse, why is it necessary for communication if pre and post synaptic cells are not connected by gap junctions

A

use neurotransmitters to modify electrical activity in the post synaptic cell
neurotransmitters used to communicate at the synapse and re-establish or inhibit an AP in post synaptic cell

42
Q

what is an electrical synapse?

A

allows an electrical impulse to directly modify electrical activity in the post synaptic cell
uses gap junctions to allow passage of ions between pre and post synaptic cell

43
Q

what are the two types of transport systems used to move substances through the axon?

A

slow axonal transport and fast axonal transport

44
Q

what is moved using slow axonal transport and in which direction

A

conveys axoplasm and in one direction only - from cell body toward axon terminals

45
Q

what is moved using fast axonal transport and in which direction ? anterograde? retrograde?

A

moves materials in both direction
anterograde - uses motor proteins to move organelles and synaptic vesicles from the cell body toward the axon terminals
retrograde - uses motor proteins to move membrane vesicles and other cellular material from axon terminals to the cell body for degradation or recycling

46
Q

how can substances taken into the neuron at the axon terminal travel to the cell body

A

by fast retrograde support

47
Q

how can harmful agents take advantage of fast retrograde support

A

can travel back up the axon

48
Q

does location of the wound matter in regards to fast retrograde support

A

yes, a short transit time for the harmful substance can be dangerous

49
Q

list some basic features of how neurons can differ in size and shape

A

can be as long as a person is tall, pattern of dendritic branching is varied and distinctive for neurons in different parts of NS, can have short axons or no axon

50
Q

how are neurons classified by structure

A

based on number of processes (axons on dendrites) extending from the cell body

51
Q

multipolar neuron description

A

many processes extend from the cell body, all are dendrites except for a single axon

52
Q

bipolar neuron descritption

A

two processes extend from the cell body, one is a fused dendrite and the other is in an axon

53
Q

unipolar neuron description

A

one process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral processes which together comprise an axon

54
Q

functional classification of neurons, where they send signals to, type of neuron, where typically found

A

sensory - send signals from sensory receptors to CNS, almost all unipolar, located in cell bodies in ganglia in PNS

motor - carries impulse from CNS to effectors, multipolar, most cell bodies in CNS

interneurons (association) neurons - typically found between sensory and motor neurons, shuttle signals through CNS pathways, mostly confined to CNS although ENS has some as well

55
Q

what type of neurons are the neurons of the brain and spinal cord typically

A

interneurons

56
Q

what are astrocytes and where are they found ? function?

A

most abundant and highly branched
star shaped
cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries
function - support and brace neurons, important role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
guide migration of young neurons
control chemical enviro around neurons
response to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
influence neuronal functioning - participate in information processing in the brain

57
Q

what are microglial cells, where are they found, what is their function

A

small, ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor health of neurons
migrate toward injured neurons
can transform to phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris in CNS

58
Q

what are ependymal cells, where are they found, what is their function

A

range in shape from squamous to columnar, may be ciliated (cilia beat to circulate CSF)
line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column
form permeable barrier between CSF in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells

59
Q

what are oligodendrocytes, where are they found, what is their function

A

branched cells, processes wrap CNS nerve fibers forming insulating myelin sheaths of many neuronal axons

60
Q

what are satellite cells, where are they found, what is their function

A

surround neuron cell bodies in PNS, similar to astrocytes in CNS

61
Q

what are Schwann cells, where are they found, what is their function

A

surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheath around axons of neurons
similar function as oligodendrocytes
vital to regeneration of damage peripheral nerve fibers

62
Q

what is another name for Schwann cells

A

neurolemmocytes

63
Q

what is myelin

A

a whitish, protein lipid substance

64
Q

what is another term for a myelinated axon

A

myelinated fibers

65
Q

what is the function of myelin

A

protects and electrically insulates (keep charge from escaping) axon
increases speed and distance of nerve impulse transmission

66
Q

compare speed of myelinated axons vs un-myelinated

A

un-myelinated conduct more slowly and not as far

67
Q

what cells from myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

68
Q

how do Schwann cells myelinate axons

A

wrap around axon in jelly roll fashion
myelin sheath - concentric layers of Schwann cell plasma membrane around axon
outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm (formerly neurolemma)
-peripheral bulge of Schwann cell containing nucleus and most of cytoplasm
One Schwann cell forms one segment of myelin sheath in PNS

69
Q

what substances are often missing, or in considerable less amount, on the plasma membrane of a myelin sheath? why is this important to the job of the myelin? what locks the layers together?

A

less protein, no ion channels or carries
good electrical insulators (keep charge in or out)
interlocking proteins bind myelin membrane layers together as they wrap around the axon

70
Q

what are myelin sheath gaps, what is the old name?

A

gaps between adjacent Schwann cells
formerly called Nodes of Ranvier

71
Q

what axon membrane proteins that are important for AP are found in myelin sheath gaps

A

high density of ion channels

72
Q

where do axonal branches emerge from?

A

the gaps between myelin sheaths

73
Q

describe non-myelinated fibers in the PNS

A

thin axons not wrapped in myelin
may be surrounded by Schwann cells but no coiling

73
Q

describe non-myelinated fibers in the PNS

A

thin axons not wrapped in myelin
may be surrounded by Schwann cells but no coiling

74
Q

what cells form myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

75
Q

list main anatomical differences in myelination in CNS and PNS

A

no outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm since most organelles in the cell body that is not part of the myelin wrap
thinnest fibers in CNS typically unmyelinated - covered by long extensions of adjacent neuroglia

76
Q

what is CNS white matter

A

regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers, usually nerve fiber tracts (bundles of axons)

77
Q

what is CNS grey matter

A

mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

A&P 1 FAU (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions