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A&P 1 FAU > lecture 9.5 main points > Flashcards

lecture 9.5 main points Flashcards

1
Q

when is skeletal muscle at low activity? describe ATP use

A

when relaxed, only using a moderate amount of ATP

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2
Q

when is skeletal muscle at high activity? describe ATP use

A

when contracting, using ATP at a rapid pace

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3
Q

why is ATP important for skeletal muscle cells

A

ATP is the only source used directly for contractile activities

move and detach cross bridges, power calcium pumps in SR and sarcolemma , power return of Na and K to normal levels after excitation

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4
Q

how long does accumulated ATP power the muscle contraction at its onset? what must occur if the muscle is to continue contraction?

A

3-6 seconds, in order to continue contraction muscle must make more ATP

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5
Q

regeneration of ATP- direct phosphorylation

A

direct phosphorylation of ADP using creatine phosphate
(adding a phosphate)
especially important in muscle fibers

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6
Q

where is most creatine found in the body

A

in skeletal muscle

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7
Q

regeneration of ATP - anaerobic pathway

A

glycolysis to make lactic acid, no oxygen required
glycolysis followed by fermentation

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8
Q

regeneration of ATP - aerobic pathway

A

glycolysis makes oxygen and modified glycolysis products into mitochondria

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9
Q

what is creatine and where is it made in the body

A

creatine is a small amino acid derived molecule that is made in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas

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10
Q

what are some dietary sources of creatine

A

milk, red meat, some fish

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11
Q

describe ATP production and ATP use by the muscle cell at rest

A

when relaxed, muscle fibers produce more ATP than is needed for resting metabolism (use is low)

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12
Q

at rest, what is the excess ATP used to make

A

creating phosphate

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13
Q

what transfers a phosphate from ATP to creatine creating creatine phosphate

A

creatine kinase (an enzyme)
this forms CP and ADP

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14
Q

what chemical environment is necessary for the formation of creating phosphate - an abundance or declining amount of ATP

A

abundance

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15
Q

at rest, contrast ATP amounts vs CP

A

CP is 3-6 more plentiful than ATP when a muscle is relaxed

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16
Q

what happens to ATP levels when muscle contracts and uses more ATP than it is making

A

during contraction, ATP levels decline

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17
Q

during contraction what happens to ADP levels vs ATP levels

A

ADP levels increase in sarcoplasm

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18
Q

how does creatine kinase respond to the decrease in ATP and rise in ADP with respect to creatine phosphate? how much additional contraction time does this allow for ?

A

CK takes phosphate back from CP and adds its to ADP creating ATP.
allows for roughly 15 seconds of contraction time

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19
Q

at rest, when a phosphate it taken from ATP what is left over?

A

ADP and creatine phosphate

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20
Q

when phosphate is added to creatine, what does creatine become

A

creatine phsophate

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21
Q

during contraction, when is phosphate is taken from creatine phosphate, what is left

A

creatine

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22
Q

during contraction, when a phosphate is added to ADP what is formed?

A

ATP

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23
Q

what is the metabolite (breakdown product) of creatine called

A

creatinine

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24
Q

how is creatinine gotten rid of by the body

A

filtered by the kidneys into the urine

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25
Q

how much creatine do you require per day, on average

A

two grams a day through synthesis or dietary means to replace urinary loss

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26
Q

anaerobic pathway, why is called this ?

A

does not require oxygen

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27
Q

what is the first step of the anaerobic pathway? what is used and what is created? where in the cell does this occur

A

glycolysis is the first step, glucose is degraded into two pyruvic acid. two ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule
happens in the cytosol

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28
Q

at 70% or above maximum contractile activity, what happens to muscle blood flow and delivery/removal of nutrients, O2 and wastes?

A

bulging muscles compress blood vessels, oxygen delivery impaired

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29
Q

If oxygen levels are low, what is the next step in the anaerobic pathway that is needed to allow glycolysis to continue

A

pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid in order to regenerate specific molecules needed for glycolysis to continue

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30
Q

how is lactic acid removed from the muscle cell

A

diffuses through the muscle transport proteins into the interstitial fluid and then bloodstream

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31
Q

what organs can use lactic acid for fuel

A

liver, kidneys, and the heart

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32
Q

what can lactic acid be converted back to and what organ can accomplish this

A

can be converted back into pyruvic acid or glucose by the LIVER

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33
Q

compare ATP production in anaerobic vs aerobic (speed and amount)

A

anaerobic yields only about 5% as much as ATP as aerobic respiration, but makes it 2.5 times faster

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34
Q

how long does the anaerobic pathway allow for sustained, strenuous activity

A

30-40 seconds

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35
Q

what are the drawbacks of the anaerobic pathway

A

uses huge amounts of glucose for relatively small amounts of ATP produces and creates lactic acid as a byproduct

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36
Q

when does the aerobic pathway dominate for ATP production in the muscle cell

A

produce 95% of ATP during rest and light to moderate exercise

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37
Q

why is it called aerobic pathway

A

requires oxygen

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38
Q

what is the first step in the aerobic pathway? what is used? what is created? where in the cell does it occur?

A

glycolysis is the first step, pyruvate used to produce CO2, H2O, and a large amount of ATP, occurs in the mitochondria

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39
Q

if there is enough oxygen present in the cell during aerobic respiration, what are the next steps and where do they occur

A

with enough oxygen present in the cytosol, pyruvate is modified and enters the mitochondria where the breakdown of the modified pyruvate during the citric acid cycle produced molecules that are used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce a lot of ATP

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40
Q

what other fuels can be used for the process of the aerobic pathway

A

stored glycogen, blood borne glucose, pyruvic acid from glycolysis, amino acids, free fatty acids

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41
Q

define aerobic endurance

A

length of time muscle is capable of contraction using ATP primarily produced from aerobic pathway

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42
Q

define anaerobic threshold

A

point at which muscle metabolism converts to primarily anaerobic ATP production

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43
Q

contrast energy production during 60 second sprint vs multi hour run

A

sprint uses ATP stored in muscles first, then uses creatine phosphate, then the anaerobic pathway
multi hour run uses aerobic pathway

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44
Q

define EPOC

A

excess post exercise oxygen consumption, the amount of O2 repayment required after exercise

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45
Q

why is EPOC necessary

A

replenish ATP stores, replenish creatine phosphate and myoglobin stores, convert lactic acid back into pyruvate so it can be used in mitochondria to replenish ATP, balance hormones

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46
Q

why is EPOC called the after burn

A

the greater the EPOC, the more fat stores you may potentially use throughout the day to return the muscle back to original state

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47
Q

how are muscles classified by appearance? contrast red and white muscle

A

red muscle fibers - dark meat, high myolobin content, many mitochondria, rich vascularization
white muscle fibers - white meat, high amounts of glycolytic enzymes, low myoglobin content, less vascularization

48
Q

how are muscles classified by function ?

A

speed of contraction and primary metabolic pathways

49
Q

muscle function, characteristics of slow v fast fibers

A

speed at which myosin ATPases split ATP, pattern of electrical activity of motor neurons

50
Q

muscle function, characteristic of primary metabolic pathways used for ATP

A

oxidative - use aerobic pathways
glycolytic - use anaerobic

51
Q

slow oxidative fibers (SO) (Type I)

A

small, appear dark red
least powerful
myosin heads hydrolyze ATP slowly leading to lower rate of contraction
very fatigue resistant
low amount of glycogen stores
highly vascularized
lots of mitochondria
high myoglobin
aerobic respiration
used for endurance activities

52
Q

what activities use slow oxidative fibers

A

postural maintenance, long distance running, swimming, cycling

53
Q

Fast oxidative glycolytic fibers (FOG) (Type IIa)

A

intermediate in size, red to pink in color
more myofilaments than SO
slightly less vascularized than SO
moderately resistant to fatigue
myosin heads hydrolyze ATP 3-5x faste than SO, faster contraction
have the most mitochondria
generate considerable ATP through aerobic respiration
high myoglobin
moderate amount of glycogen
can use anaerobic pathway efficiently when oxygen drops
walking and sprinting

54
Q

what activities use the fast oxidative glycolytic fibers

A

walking and sprinting

55
Q

fast glycolytic fibers (FG) (Type IIx) (IId in humans) (IIb in small mammals)

A

largest, white in color, powerful
many myofibrils
low myoglobin
low amount of mitochondria in comparison to other types
a lot of glycolytic enzymes in sarcoplasm for glycolysis
primarily use anaerobic pathway to generate ATP during contraction
large amounts of glycogen
myosin heads hydrolyze ATP very quickly

56
Q

what activities use fast glycolytic fibers

A

short powerful activities, resistance training programs, lifting weights

57
Q

is a typical muscle made of just one type of muscle fiber?

A

no, made of a mixture of all three

58
Q

what skeletal muscle fibers are most common in the average muscle

A

slow oxidative

59
Q

what causes variations in the ratio of the three muscle fiber types in muscles

A

action of the muscle, training program, genetic factors

60
Q

common proportions of muscle fiber types in neck and back

A

SO fibers for postural support

61
Q

common proportions of muscle fiber types in shoulder and arm

A

higher proportion of FG - used for lifting or throwing but not used all the time

62
Q

common proportions of muscle fiber types in leg and thigh

A

SO and FOG - used for support, walking and running

63
Q

are there different types of muscle fibers in a single motor unit or are they all the same type?

A

all of the same type within a particular motor unit

64
Q

in what order and why are the different motor units of a muscle recruited

A

first SO, then FOG, then FG
small, medium, then large
depending on the amount of force required

65
Q

what affects the properties of a muscle

A

regularity of muscle use as well as duration and intensity of activity

66
Q

what are the effects of exercise on a muscles size and ATP production capacity

A

can produce an increase in size and change in muscle cells capacity for ATP production

67
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in size and diameter but not in number, can happen in response to stress

68
Q

during hypertrophy what structures are increased in quantity in an enlarged muscle cell

A

myofibrils- more contractile organelles for more tension generation
mitochondria - bigger muscle cells with more contractile organelles need more ATP to power them
sarcoplasmic reticula - need more Ca storage and release for new myofibrils

69
Q

what are the effects of strenuous exercise on the muscle cell? list structures affected.

A

strenuous exercise produces stress and damage to muscle fibers
torn sarcolemmas, damaged myofibrils, disrupted Z discs

70
Q

what two molecules, normally confined to the inside of the muscle cell, can be found in the blood post exercise

A

myoglobin, creatine kinase

71
Q

what does DOMS stand for

A

delayed onset muscle soreness

72
Q

how long post exercise does it usually take for DOMS to occur

A

12-48 hours post exercise

73
Q

what causes DOMS

A
74
Q

what causes DOMS?

A

cause is not completely understood, microtrauma (microscopic muscle damage) may be a contributing factor

75
Q

what are some of the structures that are affected by DOMS

A

sarcomeres, (Z discs, thin filaments, thick filaments)
calcium homeostasis in muscle cell disrupted, ATP production may slow

76
Q

what time of isotonic contraction causes DOMS?

A

eccentric

77
Q

what is the role of lactic acid in DOMS?

A

does not cause DOMS, lactic acid levels in blood return to normal within an hour after exercise

78
Q

what happens to muscle fibers In response to damage

A

undergo repair and adaptation - become more resilient to type of activity that produces damage This decrease damage and soreness from future activities of similar type

79
Q

what happens to muscle cells if they are not stressed

A

undergo atrophy
decrease in size and diameter

80
Q

define disuse atrophy

A

can occur from not using

81
Q

define denervation atrophy

A

can occur from damage to the nerves that cause contraction

82
Q

what happens if atrophy persists past 6 months to 2 years

A

muscle fibers irreversible replace by fibrous connective tissue

83
Q

what most likely determines the ratio of SO to FG fibers in different muscles

A

genetics

84
Q

what impact does the ratio of muscle fibers have on a person’s ability to excel at certain exercise activities

A

person may be better at some activities than others based on distribution of fibers

85
Q

who may excel at resistance and short duration high intensity activities? list examples

A

higher proportions of FG fibers
weight lifting and sprinting

86
Q

who may excel at long duration low to moderate intensity activities? list examples

A

higher percentage of SO fibers
long endurance cycling, running, swimming

87
Q

do the typical number of muscle fibers increase? is there a difference in number of muscle fibers in a large muscular person, vs a thin person

A

total number of muscle fibers typically does not increase regardless of difference in body size

88
Q

what can affect the characteristics of muscle fibers

A

different types of activity
endurance vs strength

89
Q

list the effects of muscle adaptation to endurance (aerobic) training

A

increased muscle capillaries, number of mitochondria, myoglobin synthesis

90
Q

in endurance training, which muscle fibers experience the greatest result

A

SO fibers

91
Q

in endurance training, what fibers may gradually alter their characteristics

A

some FG fibers to FOG fibers

92
Q

what are the effects of aerobic training on other systems besides muscle

A

cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations that increase the nutrient transport and waste removal for skeletal muscle cells
VO2 max and lactate threshold may come into play

93
Q

list the effects of muscle adaptation to strength (anaerobic) training

A

increase the size and strength, and tension of FG fibers
increase number of myofilaments in muscle cell - results in hypertrophy (bulging muscles)
increase number of mitochondria
increased glycogen stores
increase number of glycolytic enzymes

94
Q

during anaerobic training which muscle fibers experience the greatest result

A

FG fibers

95
Q

during anaerobic training which muscle fibers may gradually alter their characteristics?

A

FOG fibers to FG fibers

96
Q

how long does muscle adaptation take

A

weeks to months

97
Q

what happens to muscle is exercise ceases

A

muscle revert to unexercised state

98
Q

define spasm

A

sudden involuntary activation of a motor unit within the whole muscle - usually painless

99
Q

define cramp

A

involuntary and often painful tetanic muscle contractions

100
Q

causes of cramps

A

inadequate blood flow to muscle - dehydration or blood clot
nerve compression
overuse
injury
abnormal blood electrolyte levels - Ca and Mg levels are important
intracellular vs extracellular Na and K also important

101
Q

what happens to muscles as we age

A

by age 30 sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass) begins
due to decrease in physical activity
with aging, slow progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass tat is replaced largely by fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue

102
Q

compare strength of 25 year old vs 85 year old

A

at 85, muscle strength is approx 40% of what it was at 25

103
Q

what can slow the rate of muscle loss

A

regular exercise

104
Q

why is exercise important for the elderly

A

helps reduce bone density loss, prevents loss of ROM in joints, increases cardiovascular health

105
Q

what are anabolic steroids

A

mimics the effect of testosterone and DHT in the body

106
Q

what are the typical beneficial effects of anabolic streoids

A

increase in muscle size and therefore increase strength, increase lean muscle mass (with proper diet)
cause increased bone growth and remodeling
stimulates red bone marrow

107
Q

list dangerous effects of long term, high dose steroid use

A

can cause increase in all cell types - including cancer cells
liver damage
kidney damage
stunted growth for those still growing
mood swings
increased blood pressure and risk of heart disease
increase LDL levels
increased sebaceous gland secretion - pimples

108
Q

what is stacking and why is it dangerous

A

combining different steroids and non steroid drugs when undergoing a cycle

109
Q

negative affects of steroids in males

A

decreased endogenous testosterone production, conversion of excess testosterone to estradiol - causes female like breast tissue in males
testicular atrophy from decreased sperm production
baldness - increase in androgenic alopecia

110
Q

negative female side affects

A

atrophy of breasts and uterus, menstrual irregularities, sterility, increase male pattern growth of body and facial hair, permanent deepening of voice
clitoral enlargment

111
Q

negative side effects in adolescents

A

stunted growth due to premature skeletal maturation and accelerated puberty changes
risk of not reaching expected height is precedes growth spurt

112
Q

who can actually benefit from vitamin supplements

A

those with nutritional deficiencies or professional athletes

113
Q

what is recommended daily intake for protein (in grams) per 2.2 lbs of body weight

A

0.8 g per 2.2 lbs of body weight

114
Q

who needs more protein intake

A

growing children, pregnant women, post surgical patient, athletes

115
Q

when can protein become dangerous

A

over 200g a day can lead to kidney damage over time

116
Q

why are pre, during, and post workout supplements dangerous

A

can increase blood pressure, cause concentration issues, increase rate of dehydration during activity

117
Q

why do pre, during, and post workout supplements do nothing other than load up with stimulants

A

advertised ingredients are typically below the amounts needed to make it physiologically relevant

A&P 1 FAU (15 decks)

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