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A&P 1 FAU > main points lecture 6 part 2 > Flashcards

main points lecture 6 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is ossification

A

process of forming new bone

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2
Q

under what four conditions does ossification occur

A

formation in late stage embryo
growth until adulthood
remodeling of bone
fracture repair

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3
Q

steps of intra-membranous ossification

A

mesenchymal cells develop into osteoblasts in a fibrous membrane

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4
Q

what bones are made by intra-membranous ossification

A

flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle

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5
Q

what type of bone is made by intra-membranous ossification

A

spongy bone

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6
Q

steps of endochondral ossification

A

primary ossification center, bone collar
cartilage calcifies and develops cavities
spongy bone forms
secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses

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7
Q

what bones are made by endochondral ossification

A

long bones

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8
Q

what type of cartilage is used in endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

cartilaginous remnants found on bones produced by endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal growth plate and articular cartialges

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10
Q

what type of bone growth is longitudinal growth

A

endochondral ossification

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11
Q

what does longitudinal growth require

A

the presence of epiphyseal cartilage

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12
Q

five zones within epiphyseal growth plate

A

resting (quiescent) zone
proliferation (growth) zone
hypertrophic zone
calcification zone
ossification (osteogenic) zone

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13
Q

resting (quiescent) zone characteristic

A

relatively inactive

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14
Q

proliferation (growth) zone characteristic

A

rapidly dividing by pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis

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15
Q

hypertrophic zone characterstic

A

older chondrocyte enlarge

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16
Q

calcification zone characteristics

A

matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, blood vessels invade

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17
Q

ossification zone characteristics

A

new bone forms

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18
Q

what happens to the epiphyseal growth plate toward the end of puberty

A

thins and is replaced by bone, bones lengthening decreases, bones of epiphysis and diaphysis fuse

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19
Q

differences in timing for males and females

A

males 21
females 18

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20
Q

how can bone growth plate be affected if epiphyseal growth plate is damaged

A

stunts bone growth, might cause uneven limb size

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21
Q

what type of bone growth is appositional bone growth

A

sideways, thickening of bones

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22
Q

does appositional bone growth end with puberty?

A

no

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23
Q

where is most of new bone matrix laid down during appositional bone growth

A

periosteum

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24
Q

where is most of old bone matrix dissolved during appositional bone growth

A

endosteum

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25
Q

discuss rate of resorption vs. deposition in appositional bone growth

A

must be balanced but usually more building up than breaking down to allow for thickening

26
Q

essential minerals for bone growth and remodeling

A

calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, fluoride, manganese

27
Q

what vitamins are necessary for bone growth and remodeling

A

vitamin A,C, D, K, B12

28
Q

vitamin A importance

A

activity of osteoblasts

29
Q

vitamin C importance

A

synthesis of collagen

30
Q

Vitamin D importance

A

promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the GI tract

31
Q

Vitamin K and B12 importance

A

synthesis of bone proteins

32
Q

what occurs with low vit D and/or calcium deficiency

A

children - rickets
adults - osteomalacia

33
Q

what hormones are necessary for bone growth in children

A

human growth hormone, and growth factors
necessary to stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate. enhance protein synthesis

34
Q

what hormones are necessary for bone growth and remodeling in adolescents and adults

A

thyroid hormones - ensures bone proportions
sex hormones - growth spurt in adolescence

35
Q

negative feedback for calcium

A

parathyroid hormone removes calcium from bone when blood calcium is too low

36
Q

What is PTH, where is it made, what are the results

A

parathyroid hormone
produced in parathyroid glands
removes calcium from bone regardless of bone integrity

37
Q

what is calcitonin, where is it made, what are the results

A

produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
high doses lower blood calcium levels temporarily

38
Q

what hormone is primarily responsible for day to day regulation of bone remodeling

A

PTH
parathyroid hormone

39
Q

what causes the release of PTH

A

low blood calcium levels

40
Q

how and on what does PTH work

A

stimulates osteoclastic activity and raises blood serum calcium levels
stimulates reabsorption of calcium ions in kidney

41
Q

result of PTH release

A

increase blood calcium levels

42
Q

what hormone contributes to daily remodeling to a lesser extent

A

calcitonin, hGH, and sex hormones

42
Q

what hormone contributes to daily remodeling to a lesser extent. how they work, what is result

A

calcitonin, hGH, and sex hormones
stimulate osteoblastic activity and lower serum calcium level

43
Q

how is bone remodeling affected by stress and lack of stress

A

bones thicken where they are stressed the most due to mechanical and gravitational forces

44
Q

what aspect of bone remodeling do hormones control

A

if necessary and when necessary

45
Q

what aspect of bone remodeling do mechanical/ gravitational forces control

A

where remodeling is necessary

46
Q

how are fractures acquired in youth and elderly

A

youth - trauma
elderly - weakness due to thinning

47
Q

fracture classifications - position

A

non-diplaced - bones aligned
displaced - bones out of alignment

48
Q

fracture classification - completeness of break

A

complete - all the way
incomplete - not all the way

49
Q

fracture classification - skin penetration

A

compound (open) - penetrated
simple (closed) - non penetrated

50
Q

four other ways fracture are classified

A

location of fracture, external appearance, nature of break, eponym (name of someone)

51
Q

how are fractures treated

A

reduction - realignment of broken bones
immobilization - cast or traction

52
Q

steps of fracture repair

A

hematoma formation
fibrocartilaginous callus forms - about a week
bony callus forms - about two months
bone remodeling - several months

53
Q

two principle effects of aging on bone

A

loss of bone - loss of calcium
brittleness - decrease of collagen fibers and protein synthesis

54
Q

concentrations of sex hormones change as we reach later years

A

drop in hormone levels
women drop in estrogen is more significant than male drop in testosterone

55
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

bone resorption outpaces bone deposition

56
Q

what causes osteoporosis in youth

A

depletion of calcium from the body

57
Q

what causes osteoporosis in aging and elderly

A

sex hormone changes

58
Q

what bones are highly susceptible to osteoporotic fractures and why

A

spongy bone of spinal column and neck of femur

59
Q

additional risk factors for osteopororisis

A

petite body, insufficient exercise, poor diet in calcium and protein
smoking
hormone related conditions - hyperthyroidism, low blood TSH, diabetes mellitus, low hGH and IGH production
immobility
males with prostate cancer taking androgen suppressing medication

A&P 1 FAU (15 decks)

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