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A&P 1 FAU > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

function of connective tissue

A

binding and support, protect and insulate internal organs, compartmentalization and transport, energy reserves and immune responses

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2
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant, widely distributed throughout the body
most diverse tissue group

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3
Q

characteristics of CT different from other tissues

A

mesenchyme - tissue of origin
varying degrees of vascularity
have extracellular matrix

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4
Q

extracellular matrix

A

non-cellular material located between and around connective tissue cells.
consists of protein fibers and ground substance

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5
Q

classes of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

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6
Q

common theme of connective tissue

A

sparse cells surrounded by EC matrix usually secreted by connective tissue cells

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7
Q

what does EC matrix determine

A

tissue qualities

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8
Q

ground substance in EC matric

A

determines consistency and function
unstructured material that fills space between cells
can be fluid, gelatinous, or calcified

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9
Q

structural elements of connective tissue

A

ground substance
fibers
cells

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10
Q

function of ground substance

A

a medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

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11
Q

components of ground substance

A

interstitial fluid - fluid outside of cell that is not part of the blood
cell adhesion proteins
proteoglycans - protein core and large polysaccharides

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12
Q

proteoglycans

A

protein core and large polysaccharide
ex: chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid

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13
Q

types of proteoglycans

A

chondroitin sulfate - makes up cartilage
hyaluronic acid - helps hold onto water

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14
Q

CT secrete 3 common fibers

A

collagen, elastic, reticular

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15
Q

collagen

A

most abundant
tough, high tensile strength
strong but not very stretchy

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16
Q

elastic

A

long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

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17
Q

reticular

A

short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
have a different chemistry and form than collagen fibers
allow for “give”
allows for stretch but has resistance

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18
Q

CT cells

A

blast cells, cyte cells, adipocytes, blood cells

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19
Q

Blast cells

A

immature form, mitotically active, secrete ground substance and fibers

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20
Q

Blast cell types

A

fibroblast - CT proper
chondroblast - cartilage
osteoblast - bone
hematopoetic stem cells - bone marrow

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21
Q

Cyte cells

A

mature form, not very mitotically active, maintain matrix, communicate w younger cells for damage control

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22
Q

Cyte cell types

A

fibrocyte - CT proper
chondrocyte - cartilage
osteocyte - bone

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23
Q

adipocyte

A

mature fat cells, store triglycerides

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24
Q

Blood cells

A

red- erythrocyte
white - leukocyte (macrophage, neutrophils, eosinophil, etc)

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25
Mast cells
initiate locale inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms
26
CT proper
loose - areolar, adipose, reticular (binding and support, diffuse) dense - regular, irregular, elastic (tendons)
27
cartilage types
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage functions to resist compression and provide support
28
bone tissue types
spongy and compact
29
blood tissue types
WBC, RBC, platelets
30
muscle and nerve tissue description
excitable cells, can produce an action potential
31
muscle tissue types
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
32
action potential
can propagate along the plasma membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber due to the presence of specific voltage gated ion channels
33
skeletal muscle description
long, cylindrical, multinucleate, striated - high metabolic rate
34
skeleteal muscle function
voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control
35
skeletal muscle location
skeletal muscle attached to bone or occasionally to skin
36
cardiac muscle description
branching, striated, uninucleate, interdigitate at specialized junctions ( intercalated discs)
37
what junctions are found in cardiac muscle intercalated discs
gap junctions
38
cardiac muscle function
involuntary control, as it contracts it propels blood into circulation
39
cardiac muscle location
walls of the heart
40
smooth muscle description
spindle shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets
41
smooth muscle function
propels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary control
42
smooth muscle location
walls of hollow organs
43
Nervous tissue description
neurons are branching cells. Can be long also contains non excitable supporting cells
44
Nervous tissue function
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity, supporting cells support and protect neurons
45
nervous tissue location
brain, spinal chord, nerves
46
epithelial membranes
some of the simplest organs, combine two or more tissues to create an organ most organs contain the 4 basic tissue
47
epithelial membrane description
epithelium and connective tissue
48
three types of epithelial membranes
mucous, serous, cutaneous
49
mucous membrane function
line interior body surfaces that are open to the outside
50
mucous membrane location
digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract (nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus lining, lung bronchi)
51
serous membrane function
line internal surfaces, closed to exterior
52
serous membrane location
parietal layer, between layers, visceral layer ex. parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
53
cutaneous membrane function
covers the body surface
54
cutaneous membrane location
skin
55
Gland description
one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion
56
what are glands classified by
site of product release, number of cells forming the gland
57
epithelial glands are an example of what
simple organ
58
endocrine glands
secrete contents into the blood
59
exocrine glands
secrete contents into the lumen or duct (into interstitial)
60
exocrine glands secretion
mucus, sweat, oil, earwax (cerumen), saliva, and digestive enzymes
61
unicellular exocrine glands
mucous cells and goblet cells
62
multicellular glands
categorized according to function is based on the manner in which the gland secretes its product from inside the cell to the outside environment
63
types of multicellular glands exocrine
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
64
Merocrine
most common, secreted by exocytosis. No part is lost or damaged
65
Apocrine
bud secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing membrane bound vesicles into the lumen of the gland. End of cell breaks off by decapitation
66
Apocrine
bud secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing membrane bound vesicles into the lumen of the gland. End of cell breaks off by decapitation
67
Holocrine
rupture of the plasma membrane release entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell. Undergo rapid mitosis at basilar region of gland
68
example of holocrine gland
sebaceous (oil) gland
69
parenchyma
cells of an organ consist of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ ( cardiac muscle cells)
70
stroma
everything else that supports the organ tissue (blood vessels, CT, nerves)
71
tissue repair
necessary when barriers are penetrated -cells must divide and migrate to restore integrity -depend of active repair of paremchymal cells and stroma
72
tissue repair ways
regeneration, fibrosis
73
regeneration
same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, original function restored
74
fibrosis
connective tissue replaces majority of destroyed tissue, most of original function is lost

A&P 1 FAU (15 decks)

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