Exam 2 Flashcards
function of connective tissue
binding and support, protect and insulate internal organs, compartmentalization and transport, energy reserves and immune responses
connective tissue
most abundant, widely distributed throughout the body
most diverse tissue group
characteristics of CT different from other tissues
mesenchyme - tissue of origin
varying degrees of vascularity
have extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix
non-cellular material located between and around connective tissue cells.
consists of protein fibers and ground substance
classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood
common theme of connective tissue
sparse cells surrounded by EC matrix usually secreted by connective tissue cells
what does EC matrix determine
tissue qualities
ground substance in EC matric
determines consistency and function
unstructured material that fills space between cells
can be fluid, gelatinous, or calcified
structural elements of connective tissue
ground substance
fibers
cells
function of ground substance
a medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
components of ground substance
interstitial fluid - fluid outside of cell that is not part of the blood
cell adhesion proteins
proteoglycans - protein core and large polysaccharides
proteoglycans
protein core and large polysaccharide
ex: chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid
types of proteoglycans
chondroitin sulfate - makes up cartilage
hyaluronic acid - helps hold onto water
CT secrete 3 common fibers
collagen, elastic, reticular
collagen
most abundant
tough, high tensile strength
strong but not very stretchy
elastic
long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
reticular
short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
have a different chemistry and form than collagen fibers
allow for “give”
allows for stretch but has resistance
CT cells
blast cells, cyte cells, adipocytes, blood cells
Blast cells
immature form, mitotically active, secrete ground substance and fibers
Blast cell types
fibroblast - CT proper
chondroblast - cartilage
osteoblast - bone
hematopoetic stem cells - bone marrow
Cyte cells
mature form, not very mitotically active, maintain matrix, communicate w younger cells for damage control
Cyte cell types
fibrocyte - CT proper
chondrocyte - cartilage
osteocyte - bone
adipocyte
mature fat cells, store triglycerides
Blood cells
red- erythrocyte
white - leukocyte (macrophage, neutrophils, eosinophil, etc)
Mast cells
initiate locale inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms
CT proper
loose - areolar, adipose, reticular (binding and support, diffuse)
dense - regular, irregular, elastic (tendons)
cartilage types
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
functions to resist compression and provide support
bone tissue types
spongy and compact
blood tissue types
WBC, RBC, platelets
muscle and nerve tissue description
excitable cells, can produce an action potential
muscle tissue types
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
action potential
can propagate along the plasma membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber due to the presence of specific voltage gated ion channels
skeletal muscle description
long, cylindrical, multinucleate, striated - high metabolic rate
skeleteal muscle function
voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control
skeletal muscle location
skeletal muscle attached to bone or occasionally to skin
cardiac muscle description
branching, striated, uninucleate, interdigitate at specialized junctions ( intercalated discs)
what junctions are found in cardiac muscle intercalated discs
gap junctions
cardiac muscle function
involuntary control, as it contracts it propels blood into circulation
cardiac muscle location
walls of the heart
smooth muscle description
spindle shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets
smooth muscle function
propels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary control
smooth muscle location
walls of hollow organs
Nervous tissue description
neurons are branching cells. Can be long
also contains non excitable supporting cells
Nervous tissue function
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity, supporting cells support and protect neurons
nervous tissue location
brain, spinal chord, nerves
epithelial membranes
some of the simplest organs,
combine two or more tissues to create an organ
most organs contain the 4 basic tissue
epithelial membrane description
epithelium and connective tissue
three types of epithelial membranes
mucous, serous, cutaneous
mucous membrane function
line interior body surfaces that are open to the outside
mucous membrane location
digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract
(nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus lining, lung bronchi)
serous membrane function
line internal surfaces, closed to exterior
serous membrane location
parietal layer, between layers, visceral layer
ex. parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
cutaneous membrane function
covers the body surface
cutaneous membrane location
skin
Gland description
one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion
what are glands classified by
site of product release, number of cells forming the gland
epithelial glands are an example of what
simple organ
endocrine glands
secrete contents into the blood
exocrine glands
secrete contents into the lumen or duct (into interstitial)
exocrine glands secretion
mucus, sweat, oil, earwax (cerumen), saliva, and digestive enzymes
unicellular exocrine glands
mucous cells and goblet cells
multicellular glands
categorized according to function is based on the manner in which the gland secretes its product from inside the cell to the outside environment
types of multicellular glands exocrine
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
Merocrine
most common, secreted by exocytosis. No part is lost or damaged
Apocrine
bud secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing membrane bound vesicles into the lumen of the gland. End of cell breaks off by decapitation
Apocrine
bud secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing membrane bound vesicles into the lumen of the gland. End of cell breaks off by decapitation
Holocrine
rupture of the plasma membrane release entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell. Undergo rapid mitosis at basilar region of gland
example of holocrine gland
sebaceous (oil) gland
parenchyma
cells of an organ consist of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ ( cardiac muscle cells)
stroma
everything else that supports the organ tissue (blood vessels, CT, nerves)
tissue repair
necessary when barriers are penetrated
-cells must divide and migrate to restore integrity
-depend of active repair of paremchymal cells and stroma
tissue repair ways
regeneration, fibrosis
regeneration
same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, original function restored
fibrosis
connective tissue replaces majority of destroyed tissue, most of original function is lost
