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A&P 1 FAU > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

function of connective tissue

A

binding and support, protect and insulate internal organs, compartmentalization and transport, energy reserves and immune responses

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2
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant, widely distributed throughout the body
most diverse tissue group

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3
Q

characteristics of CT different from other tissues

A

mesenchyme - tissue of origin
varying degrees of vascularity
have extracellular matrix

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4
Q

extracellular matrix

A

non-cellular material located between and around connective tissue cells.
consists of protein fibers and ground substance

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5
Q

classes of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

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6
Q

common theme of connective tissue

A

sparse cells surrounded by EC matrix usually secreted by connective tissue cells

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7
Q

what does EC matrix determine

A

tissue qualities

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8
Q

ground substance in EC matric

A

determines consistency and function
unstructured material that fills space between cells
can be fluid, gelatinous, or calcified

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9
Q

structural elements of connective tissue

A

ground substance
fibers
cells

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10
Q

function of ground substance

A

a medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

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11
Q

components of ground substance

A

interstitial fluid - fluid outside of cell that is not part of the blood
cell adhesion proteins
proteoglycans - protein core and large polysaccharides

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12
Q

proteoglycans

A

protein core and large polysaccharide
ex: chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid

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13
Q

types of proteoglycans

A

chondroitin sulfate - makes up cartilage
hyaluronic acid - helps hold onto water

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14
Q

CT secrete 3 common fibers

A

collagen, elastic, reticular

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15
Q

collagen

A

most abundant
tough, high tensile strength
strong but not very stretchy

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16
Q

elastic

A

long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

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17
Q

reticular

A

short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
have a different chemistry and form than collagen fibers
allow for “give”
allows for stretch but has resistance

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18
Q

CT cells

A

blast cells, cyte cells, adipocytes, blood cells

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19
Q

Blast cells

A

immature form, mitotically active, secrete ground substance and fibers

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20
Q

Blast cell types

A

fibroblast - CT proper
chondroblast - cartilage
osteoblast - bone
hematopoetic stem cells - bone marrow

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21
Q

Cyte cells

A

mature form, not very mitotically active, maintain matrix, communicate w younger cells for damage control

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22
Q

Cyte cell types

A

fibrocyte - CT proper
chondrocyte - cartilage
osteocyte - bone

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23
Q

adipocyte

A

mature fat cells, store triglycerides

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24
Q

Blood cells

A

red- erythrocyte
white - leukocyte (macrophage, neutrophils, eosinophil, etc)

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25
Q

Mast cells

A

initiate locale inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms

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26
Q

CT proper

A

loose - areolar, adipose, reticular (binding and support, diffuse)
dense - regular, irregular, elastic (tendons)

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27
Q

cartilage types

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
functions to resist compression and provide support

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28
Q

bone tissue types

A

spongy and compact

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29
Q

blood tissue types

A

WBC, RBC, platelets

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30
Q

muscle and nerve tissue description

A

excitable cells, can produce an action potential

31
Q

muscle tissue types

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

32
Q

action potential

A

can propagate along the plasma membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber due to the presence of specific voltage gated ion channels

33
Q

skeletal muscle description

A

long, cylindrical, multinucleate, striated - high metabolic rate

34
Q

skeleteal muscle function

A

voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control

35
Q

skeletal muscle location

A

skeletal muscle attached to bone or occasionally to skin

36
Q

cardiac muscle description

A

branching, striated, uninucleate, interdigitate at specialized junctions ( intercalated discs)

37
Q

what junctions are found in cardiac muscle intercalated discs

A

gap junctions

38
Q

cardiac muscle function

A

involuntary control, as it contracts it propels blood into circulation

39
Q

cardiac muscle location

A

walls of the heart

40
Q

smooth muscle description

A

spindle shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets

41
Q

smooth muscle function

A

propels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary control

42
Q

smooth muscle location

A

walls of hollow organs

43
Q

Nervous tissue description

A

neurons are branching cells. Can be long
also contains non excitable supporting cells

44
Q

Nervous tissue function

A

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity, supporting cells support and protect neurons

45
Q

nervous tissue location

A

brain, spinal chord, nerves

46
Q

epithelial membranes

A

some of the simplest organs,
combine two or more tissues to create an organ
most organs contain the 4 basic tissue

47
Q

epithelial membrane description

A

epithelium and connective tissue

48
Q

three types of epithelial membranes

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous

49
Q

mucous membrane function

A

line interior body surfaces that are open to the outside

50
Q

mucous membrane location

A

digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract
(nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus lining, lung bronchi)

51
Q

serous membrane function

A

line internal surfaces, closed to exterior

52
Q

serous membrane location

A

parietal layer, between layers, visceral layer
ex. parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

53
Q

cutaneous membrane function

A

covers the body surface

54
Q

cutaneous membrane location

A

skin

55
Q

Gland description

A

one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

56
Q

what are glands classified by

A

site of product release, number of cells forming the gland

57
Q

epithelial glands are an example of what

A

simple organ

58
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete contents into the blood

59
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete contents into the lumen or duct (into interstitial)

60
Q

exocrine glands secretion

A

mucus, sweat, oil, earwax (cerumen), saliva, and digestive enzymes

61
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A

mucous cells and goblet cells

62
Q

multicellular glands

A

categorized according to function is based on the manner in which the gland secretes its product from inside the cell to the outside environment

63
Q

types of multicellular glands exocrine

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

64
Q

Merocrine

A

most common, secreted by exocytosis. No part is lost or damaged

65
Q

Apocrine

A

bud secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing membrane bound vesicles into the lumen of the gland. End of cell breaks off by decapitation

66
Q

Apocrine

A

bud secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing membrane bound vesicles into the lumen of the gland. End of cell breaks off by decapitation

67
Q

Holocrine

A

rupture of the plasma membrane release entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell. Undergo rapid mitosis at basilar region of gland

68
Q

example of holocrine gland

A

sebaceous (oil) gland

69
Q

parenchyma

A

cells of an organ consist of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ ( cardiac muscle cells)

70
Q

stroma

A

everything else that supports the organ tissue (blood vessels, CT, nerves)

71
Q

tissue repair

A

necessary when barriers are penetrated
-cells must divide and migrate to restore integrity
-depend of active repair of paremchymal cells and stroma

72
Q

tissue repair ways

A

regeneration, fibrosis

73
Q

regeneration

A

same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, original function restored

74
Q

fibrosis

A

connective tissue replaces majority of destroyed tissue, most of original function is lost

A&P 1 FAU (15 decks)

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