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SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

the human skeleton is initially made up of what?

A

cartilages and fibrous membranes

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2
Q

the most abundant cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

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3
Q

at what age do the skeleton completely harndened

A

25 yrs old

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4
Q

how many bones does an adult human skeleton has

A

206

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5
Q

what are the functions of the bone

A

support
protection
allows movement
storage
blood cell formation

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6
Q

these are bones that are longer than they are wider (bone classification)

A

long bones

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7
Q

these are bones that are cube shape in structure and also include sesamoid bones (bone classification)

A

short bones

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8
Q

these bones are thin, flattened and usually curved bones (bone classification)

A

flat bones

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9
Q

these bones does not fit in the 3 categories (bone classification)

A

irregular bones

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10
Q

this is the end of the long bone

A

epiphysis

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11
Q

part of epiphysis that is near to the point of attachment

A

proximal

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12
Q

part of epiphysis that is not in contact with point of attachment

A

distal

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13
Q

this is the shaft of the long bone, this makes up most of the long bone’s length

A

diaphysis

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14
Q

this is the angulation between epiphysis and diaphysis

A

metaphysis

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15
Q

a type of bone tissue that is smooth and homogenous. this forms the hard, dense layer of bones.

A

compact bone (cortical bone)

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16
Q

a type of bone tissue that is spiky and homogenous in appearance. it is lighter and less dense than the compact bone

A

spongy bone (cancellous bone)

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16
Q

a type of bone tissue that is spiky and homogenous in appearance. it is lighter and less dense than the compact bone

A

spongy bone (cancellous bone)

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17
Q

this is the external coverage, somewhat hyaline cartilage that produces smooth surface and decrease friction when lubricating fluid is present

A

articular cartilage

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18
Q

this is the connective tissue that is outside covering of the diaphysis

A

periosteum

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19
Q

this is the connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue

A

endosteum

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20
Q

this is the storage area of red bone marrow in children

A

medullary cavity

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21
Q

red bone marrow produces RBC up to what age?

A

6-7 yrs old

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22
Q

when the child reaches the age of 8, the RBC will be replaces by what adipose tissue?

A

yellow marrow

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23
Q

bone markings that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment

A

projections

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24
Q

a large, rounded projection that may be roughened

A

tuberosity

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25
Q

a narrow ridge of the bone which are usually prominent

A

crest

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26
Q

a projection that is a very large blunt, irregularly shaped

A

trochanter

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27
Q

projection that is a narrow ridge and are less prominent

A

line

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28
Q

a small rounded projection

A

tubercle

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29
Q

projection that is a raise area on/or above condyle

A

epicondyle

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30
Q

this are any bone prominence

A

process

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31
Q

what are the projections that helps to form joints

A

head
condyle
facet
ramus

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32
Q

a bony expansion that have a neck area

A

head

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33
Q

a rounded articular projection

A

condyle

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34
Q

a smooth, nearly flattened, articular surface

A

facet

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35
Q

arm like bar of bone

A

ramus

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36
Q

bone markings for passage of blood vessels and nerves

A

depressions and openings

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37
Q

A furrow in the bone surface

A

groove

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38
Q

a narrow slit opening in the bone

A

fissure

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39
Q

a round or oval opening through a bone

A

foramen

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40
Q

indentation at the end of the bone

A

notch

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41
Q

these are canal-like passage

A

meatus

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42
Q

these are cavities within a bone

A

sinus

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43
Q

shallow basin like depression

A

fossa

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44
Q

the prenatal stage is made up of ______ that will turn into bone.

A

hyaline cartilage

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45
Q

bone development from fibrous membrane

A

intramembranous ossification

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46
Q

bone development from hyaline cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

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47
Q

all bones are endochondral except for what bones?

A

flat bones of the skull, mandible and clavicle

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48
Q

this zone is the end of epiphysis, anchors the epiphysial plates to epiphysis

A

zone of resting cartilage

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49
Q

this zone has many rows of cell undergoing mitosis

A

zone of proliferating cartilage

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50
Q

this zone has cells that are left behind

A

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

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51
Q

this zone has thin dead cells and calcified cellular matrix

A

zone of calcified cartilage

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52
Q

bone retardation is caused by what factor?

A

vitamin A deficiency

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53
Q

fragile bone is caused by what factor?

A

vitamin C deficiency

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54
Q

means “weakening of bones”, and is caused by vit D, calcium, and phosphate deficiency (with stunted growth)

A

rickets

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55
Q

osteomalacia is caused by what factor? (softening of bones)

A

vitamin D deficiency

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56
Q

a medical condition of having insufficient bone growth/ growth hormones

A

dwarfism

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57
Q

a medical condition of having excessive growth hormones (IGF1), happens during childhood when growth plates are still open

A

gigantism

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58
Q

a medical condition of having excessive growth hormones, happens during adulthood when growth plates are already fused

A

acromegaly

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59
Q

this is an indication that there is insufficient thyroid hormone

A

delayed bone growth

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60
Q

a hormone that promotes the bone formation and stimulates ossification of the epiphysial plate

A

sex hormones

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61
Q

this can also stimulate bone growth

A

physical stress

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62
Q

the axial skeleton is composed of what bones?

A

skull
hyoid bone
thoracic cage

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63
Q

the appendicular skeleton is made up of what bones

A

pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs

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64
Q

3 parts of the skull

A

1) neurocranium
2) sutures
3) membranous viscerocranium

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65
Q

a part of the skull that forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds the brain

A

neurocranium

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66
Q

a part of the skull where two bones meet

A

sutures

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67
Q

part of the skull that forms the bones supporting the face

A

membranous viscerocranium

68
Q

this is the flat bone in the forehead. upper portion of the eye socket

A

frontal bone

69
Q

these are the flat bones in either side of the brain, located behind the frontal bone

A

parietal bones (2)

70
Q

these are irregular bones located in each side of the parietal bone

A

temporal bones (2)

71
Q

this is the flat bone that is located at the very back of the skull. this bone contains an opening in which the spinal column pass through

A

occipital bone

72
Q

a part of the skull in front of the frontal bone

73
Q

a part of the skull in front of the sphenoid

74
Q

what are the 8 cranial bones

A

frontal (1)
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
occipital (1)
sphenoid (1)
ethmoid (1)

75
Q

what are the 2 parts of the frontal bone

A

squamous part
orbital part

76
Q

a part of the frontal bone, the main region of the forehead. the biggest part

A

squamous part

77
Q

a part of the frontal bone that has the 2nd largest region and is the horizontal part

A

orbital part

78
Q

part of the skull that is bilateral that forms the superior and lateral portion of cranium

A

parietal bone

79
Q

this divides the frontal and parietal bone

A

coronal suture

80
Q

this divides the left and right parietal bone

A

sagittal suture

81
Q

a part of the skull that is a cranial dermal bone, and the main bone at the back of the head

A

occipital bone

82
Q

the biggest foramen where the brain stem emerges

A

foramen magnum

83
Q

this articulates with the first cervical vertebra

A

occipital condyle

84
Q

this divides the occipital and parietal bone

A

lambdoidal suture

85
Q

what are the parts of the temporal bone

A

squamous
mastoid
petrous
tympanic

86
Q

what are the parts of the sphenoid bone

A

greater wing
lesser wing
foramen rotundum
foramen spinosum

87
Q

this is the bone that contains the cribriform plates

A

ethmoid bone

88
Q

what are the facial skeletons

A

nasal (2)
lacrimal (2)
inferior nasal concha (2)
maxilla (2)
mandible (1)
palatine (2)
zygomatic (2)
vomer (1)

89
Q

these are air filled sacs located within the bone of the skull and facial bone

A

paranasal sinuses

90
Q

what are the 4 sinuses

A

frontal sinus
ethmoidal sinus
sphenoidal sinus
maxillary sinus

91
Q

the bone that forms the upper jaw

92
Q

these are “L” shaped bones located behind the maxillae

93
Q

these bones are the prominences of the cheeks

A

zygomatic bones

94
Q

part of the facial skeleton that are the medial walls of orbits. groove from orbit to nasal cavity

A

lacrimal bones

95
Q

the bones that forms the bridge of the nose

A

nasal bones

96
Q

part of the facial skeleton that is the inferior part of nasal septum

A

vomer bone

97
Q

part of the facial skeleton that extends from lateral walls of nasal cavity

A

inferior nasal conchae

98
Q

this is the lower jawbone

99
Q

these are fibrous membrane in infants, often referred as “soft spots”

100
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

101
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12 (T1-T12)

102
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

103
Q

how many fused segments are there in the sacral?

104
Q

how many fused segments are there in the coccygeal?

105
Q

what are the 4 curvature in the vertebral column?

A

cervical curvature
thoracic curvature
lumbar curvature
sacral curvature

106
Q

what are the parts of the typical vertebrae

A

1) body
2) pedicles
3) lamina
4) spinous processes
5) transverse processes
6) vertebral foramen
7) facets
8) superior and inferior articular processes

107
Q

this is the C1 in the vertebral column. this bone supports the head

108
Q

this is the C2 in the vertebral column (aka atypical vertebrae)

109
Q

through this foramen, it can help you identify if it is a cervical vertebrae or not.

A

transverse foramina

110
Q

at what vertebral column can you find the bifid spinous processes?

111
Q

this is the vertebral prominence

112
Q

this forms the yes joint

A

occipital condyle and atlas

113
Q

aka yes join

A

atlanto-occipital joint

114
Q

this forms the no joint

A

atlas and axis

115
Q

aka no joint

A

atlanto-axial joint

116
Q

most typical vertebrae

A

thoracic vertebrae

117
Q

what is the shape of the body of thoracic vertebrae

A

heart shape

118
Q

this vertebrae has large bodies and has shorter spinous processes

A

lumbar vertebrae

119
Q

what is the shape of the body of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

kidney shaped

120
Q

sacrum is also known to be what?

A

sacred bone

121
Q

what is the area toward the coccyx called?

122
Q

coccyx is also known as?

123
Q

the thoracic cage includes?

A

ribs
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages

124
Q

this supports the shoulder girdle and upper limbs. also protects the viscera

A

thoracic cage

125
Q

how many pairs of ribs does a human have?

126
Q

how many are the true ribs?

127
Q

how many are the false ribs?

128
Q

what are the structures in the ribs?

A

shaft
head
tubercle
costal cartilage

129
Q

what are the parts of the sternum?

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

130
Q

aka shoulder girdle

A

pectoral girdle

131
Q

what bones does the pectoral girdle have?

A

clavicles and scapulae

132
Q

these bones are s-shaped that articulates with the manubrium and scapula

133
Q

parts of the scapula

A

supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
acromion deltoid
coracoid process

134
Q

what are the bones in the upper limb

A

humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges

135
Q

parts of the humerus (10)

A

head
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
anatomical neck
surgical neck
deltoid tuberosity
capitulum
trochlea
coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa

136
Q

this bone is lateral to the forearm bone

137
Q

parts of the radius

A

head
radial tuberosity
styloid process

138
Q

this bone is medial to forearm bone

139
Q

parts of the ulna

A

trochlear notch
olecranon process
coronoid process
styloid process
head of ulna (located caudally)

140
Q

each hand is made up of?

A

wrist
palm
fingers

141
Q

how many carpal bones are there?

A

8 carpal bones

142
Q

what are the bones in the carpal area?

A

scaphoid
lunate
triquetral
pisiform
hamate
capitate
trapezoid
trapezium

143
Q

this is the smallest bone in the hand, which is commonly fractured

144
Q

this is the cornerstone of the carpal bone

145
Q

how many metacarpal bones are there?

146
Q

how many are the phalangeal bones?

147
Q

3 types of phalanx

A

proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx

148
Q

it is composed of 2 coxal bones

A

pelvic girdle

149
Q

also known as the coxal bones

150
Q

this is where the femur is attached

A

acetabulum

151
Q

what are the bones in the hip bone

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

152
Q

parts of the ilium

A

iliac crest
iliac spines
greater sciatic notch

153
Q

parts of the ischium

A

ischial spines
lesser ischiatic notch
ischial tuberosity

154
Q

also known as the sitting bone

A

ischial tuberosity

155
Q

parts of the pubis

A

obturator foramen
pubic symphysis
pubic arch

156
Q

what kind of pelvis is in below the pelvic brim?

A

true pelvis

157
Q

what kind of pelvis is in above the pelvic brim

A

false pelvis

158
Q

difference of pelvis between male and female

A

female pelvis, the iliac bones are more flared

has broader hips

pubic arch angle is greater

159
Q

what are the parts of the lower limb

A

femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

160
Q

what is the longest bone of the body?

161
Q

parts of the femur

A

head
fovea capitis
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
condyles
epicondyles

162
Q

also known as the knee cap, anterior surface of the knee joint

163
Q

bone that is medial to fibula

164
Q

bone that is lateral to tibia

165
Q

how many bones are there in the foot?

A

26
tarsal bones 7
metatarsal bone 5
phalanges 14

166
Q

parts of the tarsal bones

A

talus
calcaneal
navicular
medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
cuboidal

167
Q

parts of the metatarsal bones

A

proximal 1
medial 2
distal 3

Anaphy_Lec (11 decks)

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