NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
this system is a complex collection of nerves
and specialized cells that transmit signals between the different parts of the body.
Nervous System
3 main functions of nervous system
sensory
motor
integrative
This function informs the Central nervous system
about the stimuli from the outside or within us. By doing so, it informs us about any changes in the internal and external environment.
sensory
this function is Planning and Coordinating complex movements starts with the brain and ends with the primary motor cortex where the final output is sent down to the Spinal cord to cause contraction and movement of the specific muscle.
motor
The primary function is to control and
communicate information throughout the body.
integrative
2 divisions of nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
this refers to the membranous coverings of the brain as well as the Spinal Cord. It also Protects the CNS.
meninges
3 layers/ coverings of meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
Outermost layer of the meninges lying directly
underneath the bones of the skull and the vertebral column. This is thick, tough and extensible.
dura mater
2 layer of dura mater
periosteal layer
meningeal layer
layer of dura mater that Lines the inner surface of the bone.
periosteal layer
layer of dura mater that is deep to the periosteal layer inside the cranial cavity. It is the only layer present in the vertebral column.
meningeal layer
The Middle layer of the Meninges lying directly underneath the dura mater. It consists of layers of connective tissue which is avascular.
Arachnoid Mater
layer of arachnoid mater that contains cerberus connective fluid which acts as cushion on the brain.
sub-arachnoid space
layer of arachnoid mater that allow the Cerebrospinal fluid to reenter the circulation via the Dural Venous Sinuses
arachnoid granulations
Located underneath the sub-arachnoid space. It is
very thin and tightly adheres to the surface of the brain as well as the spinal cord.
-Highly vascularized like the dura mater
-also responsible for nourishing the Central Nervous system.
pia mater
3 coverings functions
-Provide supportive framework
-acting in the cerberus spinal fluid
is the slender column of nervous tissue continuous
within the brain and brainstem. It is also the main pathway for the information connecting the brain and the peripheral system.
spinal cord
tract that carry information from the body
such as pain up to the spinal cord going to the brain.
ascending tracts
tract that carry motor information like information to move arm from the brain down to the spinal cord and to the specific body parts.
descending tracts
responsible in providing tactile and proprioceptive or senses for sense of position in the body parts.
fasciculus
fasciculus that sends information to the
lower portions of the body
Fasciculus Gracilis
fasciculus that sends signals particularly the tactile and proprioceptive senses at the upper limb and torso
Fasciculus cuneatus
tract that sends signals from the skin
going to the Thalamus.
Spinothalamic Tracts
2 portions of spinothalamic tracts
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
spinothalamic tract that is responsible for the
sense of pain and temperature
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
spinothalamic tract that is responsible for
sending signals such as crude touch.
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
tract that sends signals from the spinal
cord to the same side of the cerebellum. No crossing
over.
Spinocerebellar Tracts
2 portions of spinocerebellar tracts
Posterior Spinocerebellar Tracts
Anterior Spinocerebellar Tracts
3 major ascending (sensory) tracts
fasciculus
spinothalamic tract
spinocerebellar tract
3 major descending (motor) tracts
corticospinal tract
reticulospinal tract
rubrospinal tract
tract that is responsible for the voluntary
control of the body and the limbs.
Corticospinal tracts
2 parts of corticospinal tract
lateral
anterior
corticospinal tract that is responsible for the movement of the limbs.
lateral
corticospinal tract that is responsible for the movement of the trunk.
anterior
tract that is responsible for maintaining the tone, balance, and posture of our body. They also help in the regulation of the heart rate, circulation, breathing and respiratory rate.
reticulospinal tract
tract that is responsible for large muscle
movement of the upper limb.
rubrospinal tract
The control center of our body.
brain
The largest portion of the brain and located at the frontal aspect of the brain. It is composed of the right and left hemisphere
cerebrum
Connects the cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
left and right hemisphere were separated by _________
falx cerebri
left and right parts of cerebrum
Cerebral Hemisphere
Ridges or convolutions (Isaw-like structures)
gyri
Shallow grooves in surface (spaces that
separates the gyri)
Sulci
sulcus that is prominent on the
topmost portion of the cerebrum.
central sulcus
Deep grooves on the surface.
fissures
longitudinal fissures separates _____
separates the cerebral
hemispheres
transverse fissures separates ______
Separates cerebrum from
cerebellum
5 lobes of the cerebrum
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
insula (island of reil)
this lobe is located at the front side of the brain. The part of the brain that controls important
cognitive skills in humans.
frontal lobe
area that is associated with speech production. Located in the region of the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere.
broca’s area
This lobe is a major interpreter of the sensory world around the body. Is also considered as the primary sensory area.
Parietal Lobe
this lobe is at the lower lobe of the cortex sitting close to the ear level within the skull. It is largely responsible for creating and preserving both conscious and long term memory and responsible for hearing and sequencing the organization.
Temporal Lobe
Wernicke’s Area location
temporal lobe
wernicke’s area is responsible for ________
responsible for understanding spoken
languages.
Located at the rear part of the upper brain. The primary function deals with the aspect of vision including distance, depth perception, color determination, object recognition, movement, face recognition, and memory information.
Occipital Lobe
The function of this lobe is
self-awareness, perception, and recognition.
Insula (Island of Reil)
this sensory area is located at the parietal lobe and interprets sensation in the skin.
Cutaneous Sensory Area
this sensory area is located at the temporal and parietal lobe usually on the left or the dominant hemisphere. This is responsible for understanding and formulating languages.
Sensory Speech Area (Wernicke’s Area)
this sensory area is located at the occipital lobe that interprets vision as the name implies.
Visual Area
this sensory area is located in the temporal lobe and interprets hearing.
Auditory Area
this sensory area is located near the base of the central sulcus, responsible for the sensation of taste.
Sensory Area for Taste
this sensory area arises from the centers deep within the cerebrum.
Sensory Area for Smell
These are the regions that are not primary motor nor
primary sensory areas. These are widespread throughout the cerebral cortex and functions in analyzing and interpreting sensory experiences.
Association Areas
motor area that is located at the frontal lobes and is responsible for the control of the voluntary muscles.
Primary Motor Areas
this motor area controls the muscles needed for speech.
broca’s area
this motor area is located above the Broca’s Area, controls the voluntary movement of the eyes as well as the eyelids.
Frontal Eye Field
what hemisphere is dominant in most individuals?
left hemisphere
if a person is right handed, the person is more likely to have a ______
dominant left hemisphere
this hemisphere controls speech, writing,
reading, verbal skills, analytical skills, as well as
computational skills.
dominant hemisphere
this hemisphere controls nonverbal
tasks, motor tasks, understanding and interpreting
musical and visual patterns, as well as provides
emotional and intuitive thought processes.
nondominant hemisphere
Situated at the lateral aspect of the brain.
diencephalon
Found at the posterior portion of the brain.
cerebellum
Located at the base area of the brain.
brain stem
